贝克抑郁量表第2版中文版在抑郁症患者中的信效度

目的:评估贝克抑郁量表第2版(Beck Depression Inventory-II,BDI-II)中文版的信度和效度。方法:方便选取142名复发性抑郁症患者完成BDI-II和汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)的测试,并随机抽取20名患者1周后进行BDI-II的重测。结果:BDI-II中文版的Cronbachα系数为0.94,各条目间的相关系数在0.18～0.71之间,各条目与BDI-II总分的相关系数在0.56～0.82之间,重测相关系数为0.55(P<0.05);BDI-II分与HAMD分呈正相关(r=0.67,P<0.01)。探索性因子分析显示BDI-II可提取躯体化-情感(13个条目)和认知(8个条目)2个因子。结论:贝克抑郁量表第2版中文版具有良好的信度与效度,能够作为自评工具用来评估抑郁症状严重度。     

心理弹性量表中文版在医学生中的信效度检验

目的:对心理弹性量表中文版(CD-RISC)在医学生样本中进行信效度检验。方法:采用整群抽样的方法对463名大三到大五的中南大学医学生进行问卷调查,利用同质性信度、分半信度、重测信度、校标关联效度、结构效度等统计指标对量表进行信效度分析。同时比较2个条目和10个条目的心理弹性量表与25个条目的心理弹性量表进行信效度系数。结果:对量表进行探索性因素分析得出3个因子,项目分析结果显示心理弹性量表中文版(CD-RISC)各条目分与量表总分相关系数在0.348~0.809之间,各分量表分与总分之间的相关系数在0.512~0.952之间,均达到显著水平(P0.01),27%标准分出的高分组和低分组的平均数的差异检验中中文版CDRISC总分的CR值为35.146,各条目的 CR值在0.568~1.696之间,均达到显著差异(P0.001);总量表的Cronbach’sα系数为0.951,分半信度为0.928,一周后重测信度为0.590;中文版CD-RISC总分与DASS-21总分的相关系数为-0.470,与其分量表分的相关系数在-0.309~-0.506之间,均达到显著水平(P0.01)。验证性因素分析结果显示χ2/df=2.685,CFI=0.935,TLI=0.928,RMSEA=0.060,RMR=0.037。结论:心理弹性量表中文版(CDRISC)在医学生样本中具有良好的信效度,可以用于医学生心理弹性水平测验。     

沉思反应量表中文版在高中生中初步运用结果分析

目的:对沉思反应量表中文版进行条目分析及信、效度分析.方法:采用沉思反应量表中文版(RRS)和CES-D,对593名高中生施测.结果:①由于条目14对其因子的负荷系数为-0.07,因此删除条目14,修订后验证性因素分析GFI=0.946、IFI=0.913、CFI=0.912、RMSEA=0.066;②修订后RRS总分及各因子分与CES-D的相关系数在0.127-0.637之间;③总量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.85,各因子的α系数在0.63-0.82之间;条目间平均相关系数在0.22-0.31之间.结论:修订后的沉思反应量表(RRS-R)有21个条目,其信、效度达到测量学要求.     

少儿述情障碍问卷中文版的信、效度

目的:建立少儿述情障碍问卷(AQC)中文版,并分析其信、效度.方法:整群抽取长沙市某中学584名初中生,要求其完成了由原多伦多述情障碍20条目量表(TAS-20)修订而成的少儿述情障碍问卷,和用于考察该问卷实证效度的流调中心用抑郁量表(CES-D).随机抽取其中的54人于两周后重测AQC.采用信度分析、相关分析、验证性因素分析考察量表的信效度.结果:少儿述情障碍问卷中文版的Cronbach α系数为0.75,重测信度为0.84,总分与各因子的相关系数在0.68～0.82 之间,各因子间的相关系数在0.23～0.52之间,条目对因子负荷系数在0.12～0.73之间;验证性因素分析的指标:GFI=0.949、NFI =0.870、CFI =0.918、TLI =0.902、χ2/df=1.850、REMEA =0.038;AQC总分与流调中心用抑郁量表总分的相关为0.56(P＜0.01);可能抑郁组的述情障碍总分及各因子分均高于非抑郁组[如,总分:(15.5±5.83)vs(9.72±4.34),P＜0.01].结论:少儿述情障碍中文版在本研究初中生中具有良好的信度和效度.     

食物渴求特质问卷在中国女大学生中的信效度

目的:检验食物渴求特质问卷在中国女大学生样本中的信度和效度。方法:以北京两所高校447名女大学生为施测对象,以中文版食物渴求特质问卷(FCQ-T)为工具,通过探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析考察问卷的结构效度。四个月后对其中61人重测。以荷兰进食行为问卷(DEBQ)、进食障碍问卷贪食分量表(EDI-bulimia)和节食成功感知量表(PSRS)为工具考察问卷的效标效度。结果:修订后的FCQ-T有6因子,31个条目。各因子之间呈中等相关(0.40~0.74),各因子与总分之间呈高相关(0.70~0.86)。验证性因素分析显示问卷结构拟合度良好(χ2/df=2.835,RMSEA=0.086,NFI=0.93,GFI=0.76)。中文版FCQ-T问卷具有较好的效标效度,其总分与贪食和问题进食行为总分呈正相关(r=0.65、0.70,P0.001),与节食成功感知负相关(r=-0.19,P0.001)。C-FCQ-T全量表内在一致性系为0.96,各因子内在一致性也较好(α=0.78~0.92)。除生理因素因子的重测信度较低外(r=0.40),其余因子及总分重测信度较好(r=0.63~0.83,P0.001)。结论:修订后的中文版FCQ-T具有良好的信度和效度,可以在中国女大学生样本中使用。     

行动阶段拖延量表中文版在中学生中的信效度检验

目的：修订行动阶段拖延量表（Action Phases Procrastination Scale,APPS），检验其在我国中学生群体中的信效度。方法：采取方便抽样，对627名中学生施测APPS、一般拖延量表（GPS）和广泛性焦虑量表（GAD-7），四周后对其中234名初一和高一被试进行APPS重测。结果：行动阶段拖延量表中文版包含3个维度，共13个条目。项目分析显示各条目与所在维度的相关系数为0.58～0.75；验证性因素分析支持其三维结构，拟合指数为χ2/df=3.41,TLI=0.96,CFI=0.96,RMSEA=0.06,SRMR=0.05;APPS中文版量表总分和三个维度得分与GPS总分之间相关系数为0.61～0.79，与GAD-7总分之间相关系数为0.24～0.34;APPS中文版量表和三个维度的内部一致性信度Cronbach α系数为0.85～0.91，分半信度和重测信度系数为0.65～0.86。结论：行动阶段拖延量表中文版信效度良好，符合测量学标准。     

斯奈思-汉密尔顿快感量表中文版测评抑郁症患者的效度和信度

目的:评估斯奈思-汉密尔顿快感量表(SHAPS)中文版在抑郁症患者中的效度和信度。方法:选取166名抑郁症患者,完成SHAPS、贝克抑郁问卷(BDI-I)和汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)测试,通过效标效度和探索性因子分析评价其效度,通过内部一致性和Pearson相关分析评价其信度。结果:SHAPS与HAMD-17、BDI-I总分间组内相关系数(ICC)分别为0.90、0.91(均P0.001)。探索性因子分析显示SHAPS可提取2个公因子,累积方差贡献率为62.8%。SHAPS的Cronhachα系数为0.94,1周后重测Pearson相关系数为0.91(P0.001),各条目间的相关系数在0.30~0.93之间,各条目与SHAPS总分的相关系数在0.61~0.79之间。结论:斯奈思-汉密尔顿快感量表(SHAPS)中文版具有良好的效度和信度,可在抑郁症患者快感缺失的相关研究中使用。     

中文版压力知觉量表在代表性社区成人群体中的应用

目的:评估中文版压力知觉量表应用于中国成人的效度和信度。方法:提取2015年中国健康与营养调查中人口学特征和压力知觉两部分数据。采用双变量相关分析和高低分组t检验判断区分效度;采用探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析检验结构效度;采用内部一致性信度、折半信度和敏感性分析检验其信度。结果:中文版压力知觉量表两维度与总分的相关系数分别为0.51和0.78(均P<0.001),第8、11、12条目的相关系数较低,其余各条目与总分之间相关系数为0.41~0.68(均P<0.001)。探索性因子分析共抽取2个公因子,解释的总方差为55.4%。验证性因子分析结果显示,TLI=0.93,CFI=0.95,RMSEA=0.07,RMR=0.05。全量表及“紧张感”和“失控感”维度的Cronbachα系数分别为0.75、0.82、0.88;Spearman-Brown系数为0.78,Guttman折半信度系数为0.78;除8、12条目外,删除任一条目后剩余条目Cronbachα系数在0.71~0.74之间波动。结论:中文版压力知觉量表效度、信度良好,在应用于中国成人的研究中建议对第8、11和12条目进行适当修改。     

中文版老年抑郁量表在城市社区老年人群中应用的信效度研究

目的:评价中文版老年抑郁量表(GDS)在城市社区老年人中应用的信度和效度。方法:于北京三个城市社区方便抽取397位60岁以上老年人接受中文版GDS、流调中心抑郁量表(CES-D)和生命质量量表(QOLS)评定,其中45位老年人完成了两周后的GDS重测。结果:中文版GDS条目-总分相关系数在0.248～0.567之间(P均<0.01),平均为0.414;内部一致性Cronbachα系数为0.846,两周重测信度系数为0.812(P<0.01);GDS总分与CES-D总分和QOLS总分的效标关联效度系数分别为0.787和-0.450(P均<0.01);结构效度分析GDS具有单维度特征。结论:中文版GDS在城市社区老年人中具有满意的信效度。     

认知融合问卷中文版的信效度分析

目的:分析认知融合问卷(CFQ)中文版在一般人群中施测的信效度,为研究认知融合提供可靠有效的测量工具。方法:将CFQ译为中文版,包含13个条目。选取两个样本共1022位受试进行施测,样本1(n1=789)用于条目-总分相关系数分析和探索性因素分析,样本2(n2=233)用于验证性因素分析、效标效度和信度检验。用自评抑郁量表(SDS)、自评焦虑量表(SAS)来检验效标效度。间隔2周后,从样本2中随机选取82人进行重测。结果:条目-总分相关系数显示认知解离分问卷(CFQ-D)的4条目均<0.3,予以删除,仅保留认知融合分问卷(CFQ-F)的9条目。修订后探索性因素分析提取出1个因子,方差解释率为60.3%。验证性因素分析显示单因素模型拟合良好(χ2/df=2.01,NFI=0.97,IFI=0.99,CFI=0.99,RM SEA=0.06)。效标效度检验显示,CFQ-F与SDS和SAS得分均呈正相关(r=0.50、0.55,均P<0.01)。CFQ-F内部一致性系数为0.92,重测信度0.67。结论:认知融合问卷(CFQ)应只保留认知融合分问卷(CFQ-F)。CFQ-F中文版具有较好的信效度,可在我国用于认知融合相关研究。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.