rTMS与利培酮治疗阿尔茨海默病患者精神行为症状的疗效观察

目的：观察重复经颅磁刺激（ rTMS）和利培酮对阿尔茨海默病患者精神行为症状（ BPSD ）的临床疗效。方法：将45例患有阿尔茨海默病且伴有BPSD的患者随机分为研究组（20例）和对照组（25例）,研究组患者接受20次5HZ rTMS,对照组接受利培酮治疗,两组治疗期间维持原有的胆碱酯酶抑制剂。治疗前及治疗2周和6周后进行神经精神科问卷（ Neuropsychiatric Inventory ,NPI）和简明精神状态检查（ MMSE）等评分观察疗效。结果：45例患者完成治疗,治疗6周后两组NPI得分均有降低,组内治疗前后比较,差异达统计学意义（ t＝12．18,2．29;P＜0．05）;两组间评分比较无显著性差异（t＝0．68,0．42,0．66;P＞0．05）;两组的MMSE评分有所上升,治疗6周后两组内前后比较,差异有统计学意义（t＝2．45,2．92;P＜0．05）两组间评分无显著性差异（t＝0．17,0．92,0．26;P＞0．05）。结论：重复经颅磁刺激可能是控制轻中度阿尔茨海默病患者BPSD的一种有效而安全的治疗方法。     

低频重复经颅磁刺激影响青少年抑郁症自杀意念

目的:通过实验探讨低频经颅磁刺激作用于右侧背外额叶治疗对有自杀意念的青少年抑郁症群体的作用。方法:选取32名有自杀意念的青少年抑郁症患者(平均年龄17.00岁,SD=2.286, range=13-21)随机分为研究组和对照组,两组均给予常规药物治疗,同时分别给予为期两周的真假经颅磁刺激治疗,在治疗前后分别以汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD24)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、贝克自杀意念量表(BSI-CV)对治疗效果进行评定。结果:两组患者治疗前量表评分无显著差异(P0.05),治疗后两组评分均有不同程度降低,研究组与对照组相比效果更显著(P0.05)。结论:低频重复经颅磁刺激能够在两周的治疗中改善青少年抑郁症患者的症状,改善患者的认知障碍和绝望感等,降低自杀意念强度。     

艾司西酞普兰联合森田疗法治疗强迫症的疗效观察

目的：比较艾司西酞普兰联合森田疗法与单用艾司西酞普兰治疗强迫症的临床疗效。方法：将56例强迫症患者分为研究组和对照组,研究组给予艾司西酞普兰联合森田疗法治疗,对照组只给予艾司西酞普兰治疗。疗程8周。所有患者均评定耶鲁－布朗强迫症状量表（ Y－BOCS ）,并评定康复效果。结果：2周后,研究组Y－BOCS评分低于治疗前（t＝21．5,P＜0．05）,4周后,对照组Y－BOCS评分低于治疗前（t＝2．09,P＜0．05）,且研究组Y－BOCS评分低于对照组（t＝3．27,4．62,6．31;P均＜0．01）;8周后,总有效率研究组高于对照组（χ2＝3．87,P＜0．05）。结论：艾司西酞普兰联合森田疗法治疗强迫症效果优于单纯药物治疗。     

不同重复经颅磁刺激模式对慢性精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效及安全性

目的：比较不同重复经颅磁刺激（ rTMS）模式对慢性精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效及安全性研究。方法：将90例慢性精神分裂症患者随机分为5Hz组、10Hz组、伪刺激组,每组30例。3组在维持原有抗精神病药物种类及剂量不变的基础上,刺激部位均选择左侧前额叶背外侧皮质区（ DLPFC）,刺激强度为80％运动阈值,每天1次,每周5次,共2周。治疗前后采用阳性与阴性症状量表（ PANSS）和阴性症状量表（ SANS）量表评定疗效。结果：3组治疗后比较,PANSS总分、阴性因子分、SANS评分差异有统计学意义（F＝22．99,39．73,31．90;P均＜0．05）,10Hz组较伪刺激组PANSS总分、阴性因子分、SANS评分低,差异有统计学意义（ q＝－5．60,－5．70,－7．67;P均＜0．05）;10Hz组较5Hz组PANSS总分、阴性因子分、SANS评分低,差异有统计学意义（ q＝－4．97,－5．80,－7．40;P均＜0．05）。与治疗前比较,10Hz组PANSS总分、阴性因子分、SANS评分降低,差异有统计学意义（ t＝－5．45,－7．03,－7．23;P均＜0．05）;5Hz组和伪刺激组PANSS总分及各因子分、SANS评分差异无统计学意义（P均＞0．05）。结论：10Hz rTMS模式能改善慢性精神分裂症患者阴性症状,有较好的安全性。     

疏肝解郁胶囊对老年心血管病患者伴发焦虑情绪的疗效观察

目的：探讨疏肝解郁胶囊对老年心血管病患者伴发焦虑情绪的疗效。方法：将88例伴有焦虑情绪的老年心血管病患者随机分为两组,研究组45例,对照组43例。研究组采用疏肝解郁胶囊治疗,对照组采用帕罗西汀治疗。疗效评定采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表（ HAMA）,主观幸福感评定采用费城老年中心信心量表（ PGC）,副反应评定采用治疗中需处理的不良反应症状量表（ TESS）。结果：①有效率比较：分别为88．4％和94．9％（χ2＝0．43,P＞0．05）;②HAMA比较：两组量表评分较治疗前均降低（P＜0．05）,但治疗2周后研究组较对照组下降更明显（t＝2．4002,P＜0．05）;③PGC量表比较：治疗8周后两组量表总分及各项因子分均较治疗前明显改善（P均＜0．05）,但研究组在总分、激越因子、孤独与不满因子较对照组改善明显（ t＝4．0624,2．7058,2．7306,P均＜0．05）;④不良反应发生率比较：分别为6．98％和43．59％（t＝10．34,P＜0．05）。结论：疏肝解郁胶囊对老年心血管病患者伴发焦虑情绪疗效与帕罗西汀疗效相当,不良反应小,适合临床推广使用。     

经络协调治疗躯体形式障碍的临床对照研究

目的：观察经络协调系统对躯体形式障碍的临床疗效及不良反应。方法：选择65例躯体形式障碍患者随机分为两组,研究组给予药物治疗联合经络协调治疗,对照组仅给予单纯药物治疗,均治疗8周。分别于治疗前及治疗后2,4,6,8周时应用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD－24）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）以及临床总体印象量表（ CGI）评定其疗效;应用副反应量表（ TESS）评估其不良反应。结果：在治疗第6周末开始两组HAMD－24总分比较有显著性差异（t＝－5．36,－2．44;P＜0．05）,在治疗第6周末开始研究组焦虑／躯体化因子分明显低于对照组（t＝－5．11,－7．54;P＜0．05）,其余因子无显著性差异（P＞0．05）;治疗的第4周末开始两组HAMA总分比较有显著性差异（t＝－3．29,－3．25,－3．81;P＜0．05）,在治疗第4周末开始研究组躯体性焦虑因子分明显低于对照组（t＝－3．99,－3．33,－524;P＜0．05）,精神性焦虑因子两组比较无显著性差异（P＞0．05）;两组的CGI评分较治疗前均有明显改善,研究组有效率为88％,痊愈率48％,对照组有效率为75％,痊愈率25％,两组有效率比较无显著性差异（χ2＝1．79,P＞0．05）,两组痊愈率比较有显著性差异（χ2＝5．95,P＜0．05）;两组不良反应无显著性差异;两组间TESS评分比较无明显差异性。结论：经络协调治疗合并药物治疗躯体形式障碍优于单纯药物治疗,尤其对躯体症状效果更好,并且两组不良反应相当。     

睡眠脑波调制的与常规的重复经颅磁刺激治疗原发性失眠症的脑电图研究

目的：探讨睡眠脑波调制重复经颅磁刺激与常规重复经颅磁刺激在治疗原发性失眠症中的脑电图（EEG）动态特征及其与临床疗效的关系。方法：按完全随机的方法,将126例原发性失眠症患者分为睡眠脑波调制重复经颅磁刺激组（睡磁组）44例、常规重复经颅磁刺激组（常磁组）42例和假磁刺激治疗组（假磁组）40例。每次持续刺激30min,每日1次,疗程10d。分别观察治疗前、治疗10d时和治疗结束后30d时的Krakow睡眠积分（KSS）、EEG及平均α波绝对功率谱的变化。结果：两磁疗组治疗10d时的KSS显著降低（均P〈0．05）,平均α波绝对功率谱显著升高（均P〈0．05）,尤以睡磁组突出,且持续至治疗结束后30d。治疗10d时磁疗患者平均α波绝对功率谱与其KSS呈显著负相关（n=86,r=0．2136,P〈0．05）。结论：睡眠脑波调制重复经颅磁刺激和常规重复经颅磁刺激对原发性失眠症的异常EEG均有显著的良性调节作用,其疗效与提高平均α波功率谱相关,前者优于后者。     

无抽搐电休克联合文拉法辛治疗抑郁症伴自杀未遂患者的疗效

目的:探讨文拉法辛联合无抽搐电休克(MECT)对抑郁症的疗效及对自杀的影响,为快速改善抑郁症伴自杀未遂患者的症状提供研究依据。方法:选取在芜湖市第四人民医院住院的伴自杀未遂的抑郁症患者84例,随机分为研究组41例(MECT联合文拉法辛治疗)和对照组43例(文拉法辛治疗),两组文拉法辛剂量范围125~225mg/d,均作4周的持续治疗观察。于入组前及入组后1、2、4周末分别采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项版(HAMD-17)及自杀意念自评量表(SIOSS)进行评定。结果:研究组39例完成治疗,对照组43例完成治疗。研究组在治疗后1、2、4周末的HAMD-17总评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗4周后,研究组和对照组有效率比较差异有统计学意义(χ~2=5.190,P=0.023)。治疗前两组SIOSS评分比较差异无统计学意义;在治疗的第1、2、4周末,研究组的SIOSS评分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=-4.229,-5.342,-4.339;P=0.000);在治疗4周末,研究组及对照组的SIOSS评分均低于治疗前(t=18.520,18.112;P=0.000)结论:与单用文拉法辛相比,文拉法辛联合MECT能更快速有效的改善伴有自杀未遂的抑郁症患者的临床症状。     

重复经颅磁刺激合并帕罗西汀治疗 难治性强迫症的临床观察

目的 观察重复经颅磁刺激合并帕罗西汀治疗难治性强迫症的临床疗效。方法 回顾分析2016年10月~2017年10月在我院治疗的140例难治性强迫症患者临床资料,将其随机分为对照组和观察组,每组70例。对照组采用帕罗西汀治疗,观察组在对照组治疗基础上联合重复经颅磁刺激治疗。观察两组患者的临床效果,治疗前后的Yale-Bocs评分、生存质量评分以及不良反应发生情况。结果 观察组治疗总有效率为94.29%,高于对照组的71.43%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;治疗后观察组Yale-Bocs评分为（25.21±5.60）分,低于对照组的（32.44±5.40）分,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;治疗后观察组生存质量评分为（15.87±1.82）分,高于对照组的（10.53±1.95）分,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组患者不良反应发生率与对照组对比,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 重复经颅磁刺激合并帕罗西汀治疗难治性强迫症效果显著,可显著降低患者强迫症评分,改善患者生存质量,且无严重不良反应,值得临床推广和应用。     

齐拉西酮对首发精神分裂症患者疗效及认知功能的影响

目的：探讨齐拉西酮对首发精神分裂症患者疗效及认知功能的影响。方法：将80例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组与对照组各40例。研究组采用齐拉西酮治疗,对照组采用氯氮平治疗,均治疗12周。于治疗前、后用威斯康星卡片分类测验（ WCST）,韦氏记忆量表（ WMS）评定认识功能,阳性与阴性症状量表（ PANSS）评定临床疗效。结果：治疗12周后研究组,对照组PANSS、WCST、WMS均较治疗前显著性下降（ t＝2．872～5．648,P＜0．01）。两组间完成分类数,错误应答数,再生,联想,理解,背数比较差异均有显著性（t ＝2．175～2．683,P＜0．05）,不良反应比较有显著性差异（t＝2．071～2．534,P＜0．05）。结论：齐拉西酮与氯氮平对首发精神分裂症患者疗效相当,但齐拉西酮对认知功能的改善优于氯氮平。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.