呼和浩特市气传致敏真菌曝皿调查分析

目的调查本地区空气中飘浮真菌种类、数量及飘散规律,从而指导真菌变态反应疾病的诊断和治疗。方法20012年6月-2013年5月,在呼和浩特市4个区采用自然沉降法,共设4个采样点。每月下旬曝皿1次,培养鉴定。结果回收144个曝皿,经培养收集真菌菌落875个经鉴定分属42个种属,飘散量最大的前四种是酵母菌、青霉、链格孢霉和枝孢芽枝霉。空气真菌数量具有明显的季节性,高峰期在7-9月份.冬季达最低水平。结论呼和浩特市全年均有真菌孢子飘散和真菌菌落的生长,飘散量大的优势真菌是真菌变态反应疾病主要致敏原。对于呼和浩特地区真菌变态反应患者的诊断、治疗有很大的指导意义。     

镇江市区气传真菌调查结果与哮喘关系的研究

目的 为了探明本地区空气中飘乳真菌种类、数量和季节消长,以及真菌与过敏性哮喘的关系。方法 采用曝皿法对气传真菌进行了全年调查,同时采用过敏原皮内试验对已筛选过的交链孢霉、枝孢芽枝菌等八种常邮真菌进行致敏性研究。结果 曝皿法收集到真菌菌落571个,18个种属。真菌菌落飘散的高峰期是4－11月。曝片法收集到各类真菌孢子7045个,共27个种属。5－11月是真菌孢子飘散的高峰。在376例支气管哮喘病人中,有150人至少对八种真菌中的一种皮试结果呈阳性反应,阳性率为39.9%。从150例皮试阳性的真菌过敏性哮喘病人的发病季节中可以发现：季节性发病的病人最多（101例）占67.3%,其中以秋季发病最多点50％,其闪为夏季发病者占27.2%;常年性发病伴季节性加剧的病人其病情加剧的月份大从在6月－11月间占87％。结论 镇江市城区大气中普遍存在真菌,一年四季均存在,但以秋季最高,优势真菌为交链孢霉、枝孢霉等,真菌过敏性哮喘的发病率为39.8%,其好发季节为秋季。     

空气中致敏真菌数量和种类的调查

采用曝片和曝皿方法调查广州市区全年空气中致敏真菌数量、种类的分布及其季节性消长情况，室内采样设在距市中心１５００米附近大楼四楼内走廊，室外设在该大楼约１００米旅店四楼的顶平台。全年室外曝片３６５张，获得真菌孢子２３４６个，鉴定３２个种属共２２８６个，其孢子优势菌为交链孢霉、黑粉霉和锈菌；室内外曝皿７２个，获得菌落８ｌ２个，其菌落优势为无孢子群、着色芽生菌和青霉。本文就致敏真菌与广州地理环境、季节性消长规律的关系及其意义作了讨论。     

北京市东郊空气中真菌与花粉的调查

为调查北京市东郊空气中飘散真菌和花粉的种类、数量及每月的变化情况,采用重力沉降法,在某宿舍楼楼顶逐日定点曝片进行真菌、花粉采样,并采用曝皿法(每月定点曝皿采样1次)调查真菌的种类以补充在沉降法中容易遗漏的微小的真菌孢子.采样时间为2009年10月1日-2010年9月30日.结果 显示,北京市东郊空气中全年曝片365张,...     

黄石地区气传致敏真菌调查

[目的]调查分析黄石地区气传真菌的种类、数量、季节性消长规律及与气候的关系。[方法]2007年3月～2008年2月,采用空气曝片法进行1年的气传真菌调查,对每日空气中飘散的真菌种类,数量进行整理归类,并分析气候对真菌数量的影响。[结果]曝片法共收集到真菌孢子12667个,22个种属。气传真菌孢子飘散的高峰期主要集中在4～10月份,每月平均气温与真菌数的对数呈正相关关系(r=0.727,P﹤0.01)。[结论]黄石地区大气中一年四季均存在气传真菌,以春夏季最多,优势真菌为链格孢、黑粉菌、枝孢菌等。气传真菌的数量与气温关系密切。     

海南三亚地区气传致敏真菌调查及分析

１９９２年７月至１９９３年６月对三来地区空所中致敏真菌数量、种类、分布及季节消长了调查。本年曝皿２１６个，获得真菌菌落７０５个，鉴定菌种１５种，其中以无孢子群、芽枝霉和青霉为该地区的优势真菌；室外曝片３６５张，收集孢子９８６个，鉴定为３１个种属，其中以锈、黑粉霉和葡萄状穗霉为优势真菌孢子。     

武汉城区不同季节空气中真菌含量调查

目的调查武汉城区空气中真菌的种属及季节性飘散规律。方法 2007年1月1日-2008年12月31日每天进行曝片,显微镜下将曝片进行孢子种类鉴定和数量统计,同时记录每天气象情况。结果武汉城区空气中全年均有真菌飘散;2007年曝片共收集真菌孢子26 734株,其他(菌丝及不知名真菌)686株,合计27 420株,2008年共收集真菌孢子26 531株,其他730株,合计27 261株;收集真菌孢子鉴定种类有17种,空气中优势真菌为交链孢菌、黑粉菌、小窦氏菌、锈菌,其中交链孢菌最多;2007、2008年空气中真菌的种类和数量在3-12月两者间比较,差异无统计学意义,而在1、2月份比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);空气中各种真菌数量在2007、2008年比较,差异无统计学意义;空气中真菌飘散的高峰期主要集中在4-6月份和9-10月份;2007、2008年度空气中真菌含量不同季节比较,差异无统计学意义。结论武汉城区空气中真菌飘散种属、数量有明显的季节分布规律。     

重症监护及移植病房环境真菌监测研究

目的研究重症监护及移植病房环境中真菌的浓度,菌种分布类型,并分析其与季节、温湿度、通风状况以及病房内活动人员的关系,为医院真菌感染的预防和治疗提供参考。方法2005年11月4日-2006年10月24日,对西南医院肝移植病房、脑外ICU与中心ICU空气、物体表面、水源以及外界空气等环境标本进行每月两次的分离培养。结果肝移植病房、脑外ICU、中心ICU及外界空气真菌浓度分别为123.63、139.90、7.00、214.00CFU/m3;空气和物体表面中常见的5种真菌为青霉属、枝孢霉属、链格孢霉属、曲霉菌属和酵母菌属;水源中常见真菌为酵母菌属、假丝酵母菌属、曲霉菌属、青霉属、红酵母属;肝移植病房和脑外ICU空气真菌浓度与病房温度、湿度具有相关性;而与活动人员不具有相关性。结论真菌广泛存在医院环境中,空气中真菌全年均有分布,且5-6、9-10月为2个高峰期,室内外峰期基本一致。     

致敏真菌与哮喘病的发病关系及真菌变应原脱敏治疗效果的研究

应用曝皿和曝片方法,对淄博市某商场内外空气中的真菌种类、数量及季节消长进行了全年调查。曝皿调查共检出56 个属种的真菌;曝片调查共收集到33 个属种的真菌孢子,其中优势真菌大多数均有明显的季节性。高峰期多在4 ～11月之间,这个分布规律与临床真菌过敏病的发病季节较为一致。应用真菌变应原为哮喘患者进行皮内试验,平均阳性率为41-2 % ,对照组为8-06 % (P< 0-01) ,应用真菌抗原为56 例哮喘患者进行特异性脱敏治疗, 有效率为86-6 % , 对照组为48-1 % (P< 0-01)     

上海市气传真菌污染的调查研究

采用平皿沉降法于１９９７年对上海市６个功能区的大气真菌进行了为期１年的监测,并进行了菌株鉴定和影响因素的研究分析。结果表明,上海市全年气传真菌数量变化曲线呈双峰型。上海市空气中常年飘散着多种真菌,芽枝菌属、交链孢属、红酵母属、酵母菌属和青霉属等为优势菌群。红酵母及酵母属所占比例较高。垃圾中转站、火车站、南京路地区的气传真菌数量位居前列,大气中真菌污染较为严重。     

Seasonal variability of culturable fungal genera in the house dust of inner-city residences

House dust samples were collected up to six times over a 1-year period to explore seasonal variability of individual fungal genera in inner-city households in Minneapolis, Minnesota. General linear mixed-effects models were used to explore the variability of 13 fungal genera (Cladosporium, yeasts, Aureobasidium, Alternaria, Penicillium, Epicoccum, Mucor, Rhodotorula, Aspergillus, sterile fungi, Phoma, Pithomyces, and Fusarium) found in more than 20% of total dust samples. The five most common fungi (% of samples detected) were Cladosporium (81%), yeasts (63%), Aureobasidium (57%), Alternaria (56%), and Penicillium (55%), with the remaining genera found in 20-50% of the samples. When expressed as frequency of occurrence (%), genus fraction of total fungal concentration (%), or concentration of individual genera (CFU/g), these five genera also varied substantially by season. In contrast, Aureobasidium, Fusarium, and Mucor levels remained relatively constant throughout the year. The observed concentrations of the five most common fungal genera were higher than levels associated with increased respiratory symptoms reported in previous studies. Our results indicate that seasonal variability in common fungal genera is large: within-home to between-home variance ratios of Penicillium (4.1), Alternaria (4.9), Cladosporium (7.1), and yeasts (20.3) were substantially larger than that observed for total fungi (2.5). These results suggest that future studies attempting to link individual fungal genera to health effects need to characterize and control for this seasonal variability.     

泸州市艾滋病异性传播病例高危性行为史调查分析

目的 调查了解泸州市艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者经异性传播的具体来源。 方法 招募经异性性行为传播的HIV感染者,采用深入访谈的方式调查其诊断HIV之前高危性行为信息和方式,分析其感染HIV最可能的时间和地点。 结果 对300名经异性性行为感染HIV的感染者的调查表明,男性和女性感染HIV的方式差异有统计学意义(χ²=164.834,P<0.001),男性以商业异性性行为为主(90.8%),另外固定性伴性行为占5.1%,临时异性性行为4.1%;而女性中以固定性伴性行为为主(71.9%),商业异性性行为占17.1%,临时异性性行为11.0%。自述经过商业异性性行为感染HIV的调查对象中,25.9%的人自述曾在2个以上地市发生过商业性行为,25.0%在2个及以上的省份发生过商业性行为;64.3%的调查对象自我判断在泸州市感染,而认为自己是在户籍地以外的其他省份感染HIV的调查对象占29.3%。 结论 泸州市艾滋病经异性性传播的情况较为复杂,亟需系统而全面地在全人群和重点人群中开展健康教育和行为干预工作。     

四川省泸州市流行性腮腺炎时空流行病学特征

目的 描述2010—2020年泸州市流行性腮腺炎的时间和空间流行病学特征,构建时间序列ARIMA模型进行短期预测,为泸州市流行性腮腺炎的综合防控提供参考依据。 方法 采用Microsoft Excel 2020整理疫情数据并绘制统计图,ArcGIS 10.6构建空间分布地图并进行空间自相关分析,Eviews 10构建月度发病数ARIMA时间序列模型,对泸州市2010—2020年流行性腮腺炎进行时空流行病学特征分析和发病趋势短期预测。 结果 2010—2020年泸州市7 个区县均有流行性腮腺炎病例报告,每年的高发区县不相同,各年份均不存在空间自相关性;年均报告发病率22.17/10万,高发年份为2012年(37.51/10万)、2013年(35.72/10万)和2019年(31.80/10万),发病低谷在2015年(10.90/10万);整体上有4—7月和11月至次年1月两个季节高峰,以4—7月为主;构建的ARIMA(1,1,1)(1,1,2)₁₂模型是最佳模型,预测2021年4—12月报告发病数稍低于2020年同期。 结论 2010—2020年泸州市流行性腮腺炎发病率总体呈下降趋势,不存在空间聚集性,ARIMA(1,1,1)(1,1,2)₁₂模型能够较好地进行时间序列拟合和短期预测,呈现的时空分布特征及其发病趋势能够为疾病预防控制工作提供参考。     

Fungal levels in the home and allergic rhinitis by 5 years of age

Studies have repeatedly demonstrated that sensitization to fungi, such as Alternaria, is strongly associated with allergic rhinitis and asthma in children. However, the role of exposure to fungi in the development of childhood allergic rhinitis is poorly understood. In a prospective birth cohort of 405 children of asthmatic/allergic parents from metropolitan Boston, Massachusetts, we examined in-home high fungal concentrations (> 90th percentile) measured once within the first 3 months of life as predictors of doctor-diagnosed allergic rhinitis in the first 5 years of life. In multivariate Cox regression analyses, predictors of allergic rhinitis included high levels of dust-borne Aspergillus [hazard ratio (HR) = 3.27; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.50-7.14], Aureobasidium (HR = 3.04; 95% CI, 1.33-6.93), and yeasts (HR = 2.67; 95% CI, 1.26-5.66). The factors controlled for in these analyses included water damage or mild or mildew in the building during the first year of the child's life, any lower respiratory tract infection in the first year, male sex, African-American race, fall date of birth, and maternal IgE to Alternaria > 0.35 U/mL. Dust-borne Alternaria and nonsporulating and total fungi were also predictors of allergic rhinitis in models excluding other fungi but adjusting for all of the potential confounders listed above. High measured fungal concentrations and reports of water damage, mold, or mildew in homes may predispose children with a family history of asthma or allergy to the development of allergic rhinitis.     

2006—2018年泸州市新发职业性尘肺病特征分析

  目的  预防、控制泸州市职业性尘肺病的发生，为当地政府制定尘肺病防治决策提供技术依据。
  方法  收集“职业病与职业卫生信息监测系统”中2006—2018年泸州市新发尘肺病相关数据，分析尘肺病患者的各类分布特征和发病趋势。
  结果  2006—2018年泸州市共报告新发尘肺病2 356例，其中壹期尘肺病1 994例（占84.6%），贰期尘肺病276例（占11.7%），叁期尘肺病86例（占3.7%）；男性2 352例（占99.8%），女性4例（占0.2%）；病例主要分布在煤矿业、私有经济、小型企业；尘肺病以煤工尘肺为主2 055例（占87.22%），其次是矽肺280例（占11.88%）；统计工种以矿山主要工种为主，有1 988例（占84.4%）。以最初接尘时间计，以1998—2007年为主，有1 015例（占43.1%），2008—2013年有532例（占22.6%），2013年之后仅有9例（占0.4%）；实际接尘工龄以5 ~ 9年最多，有732例（占31.1%），其次是10 ~ 19年，有697例（占29.6%），实际接尘工龄 < 5年有487例（占20.7%），其中叁期16例；尘肺病发病逐年增加，特别是2009年和2013年急剧上升，2013年后逐年下降；接尘工龄 < 5年劳动者新发尘肺报告例数占年度报告总例数的比例在2006—2013年呈上升趋势，2013年之后呈下降趋势。煤工尘肺患者在贰期、叁期占比明显低于其他尘肺病患者，差异有统计学意义（P < 0.01）；不同接尘工龄患者尘肺病期别分布不同（P < 0.01），其中接尘工龄越长，贰期、叁期尘肺病期别患者占比越多。
  结论  2013年后泸州市尘肺病高发态势得到有效的遏制，但仍须采取综合措施预防尘肺病。
     

Comparisons of seasonal fungal prevalence in indoor and outdoor air and in house dusts of dwellings in one Northeast American county

Fungi cause allergies and many other adverse health effects. In this study, we characterized the nature and seasonal variation of fungi inside and outside homes in the Greater New Haven, Connecticut area. Three indoor air samples (in the living room, bedroom, and basement) and one outdoor sample were collected by the Burkard portable air sampler. House dust samples were collected in the living room by a vacuum cleaner. The mold concentrations varied widely from house to house in both indoor and outdoor air. No significant difference (p>0.05) in concentration and type of fungi between living room and bedroom or by season was observed. Both concentration and type of fungi were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the basement than other indoor areas and outdoor air in winter. The type of fungi in living room, bedroom, and outdoor air were found to have significant changes among seasons, but there was no significant difference for the basement among seasons. Cladosporium spp. was dominant in both indoor and outdoor air in summer. Penicillium and Aspergillus were dominant in indoor air in winter, but neither was dominant in any season in outdoor air. The type of fungi and their concentrations in house dust samples were not representative of those isolated in indoor air. In dust samples, more Mucor, Wallemia, and Alternaria species, but less Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Penicillium species were found in all seasons. Air sampling in spring or fall in every suspected house is suggested for year-round fungal exposure assessment.     

Correlation between the prevalence of certain fungi and sick building syndrome

OBJECTIVE: To examine the role of fungi in the production of sick building syndrome. METHODS: A 22 month study in the United States of 48 schools (in which there had been concerns about health and indoor air quality (IAQ). Building indoor air and surface samples, as well as outdoor air samples were taken at all sites to look for the presence of fungi or their viable propagules. RESULTS: Five fungal genera were consistently found in the outdoor air and comprised over 95% of the outdoor fungi. These genera were Cladosporium (81.5%), Penicillium (5.2%), Chrysosporium (4.9%), Alternaria (2.8%), and Aspergillus (1.1%). At 20 schools, there were significantly more colony forming units per cubic metre (CFU/m3) (p < 0.0001) of propagules of Penicillium species in the air samples from complaint areas when compared with the outdoor air samples and the indoor air samples from noncomplaint areas. At five schools, there were more, although not significant (p = 0.10), Penicillium propagules in the air samples from complaint areas when compared with the outdoor air samples and the indoor air samples from noncomplaint areas. In 11 schools, the indoor air (complaint areas) fungal ratios were similar to that in the outdoor air. In these 11 schools Stachybotrys atra was isolated from swab samples of visible growth under wetted carpets, on wetted walls, or behind vinyl wall coverings. In the remaining 11 schools, the fungal ratios and CFU/m3 of air were not significantly different in different areas. Many of the schools took remedial action that resulted in an indoor air fungal profile that was similar to that outdoors. CONCLUSIONS: Propagules of Penicillium and Stachybotrys species may be associated with sick building syndrome.