建立孕产妇“全孕期”管理体系降低不良妊娠结局

        不良妊娠结局（APO）是指与妊娠、分娩相关并发症对孕产妇和胎儿近期与远期的影响。APO是一泛指名词,对胎儿影响主要是流产、死胎、胎儿生长受限（FGR）和出生缺陷等;而对孕产妇的主要影响为产后出血、子宫切除和孕产妇死亡等;以及对孕产妇、婴幼儿远期的影响［1-3］。影响APO的因素较多,但孕产妇年龄、妊娠合并症、妊娠并发症对APO影响最受关注。 浏览更多请关注本刊微信公众号及当期杂志。     

孕期发热与不良妊娠结局

发热是孕期常见临床症状。孕期发热是否直接导致不良妊娠结局尚存争议。文章结合近年来有关孕期发热和不良妊娠结局的研究,阐述两者之间的相关性,为孕期发热的临床诊治提供参考依据,以减少妊娠期并发症,改善母婴结局。     

重视妊娠重大疾病的预测和预警

妊娠重大疾病是导致不良妊娠结局的主要原因,全球每年有2000万例高危妊娠,每天有超过800例孕产妇死亡,其中40％～ 70％可以避免[1].建立和发展妊娠重大疾病的预测预警系统,监测具有高危因素的孕妇,以便及时进行干预和治疗,一直是国内外专家研究的热点.妊娠重大疾病预测是根据患者基本特征、辅助检查结果,对疾病未来的发展...     

孕期营养干预对孕产妇妊娠结局的影响研究

目的 探讨孕产妇应用孕期营养干预对妊娠结局的影响。方法 选取160例孕妇,以随机数字表法分为对照组（80例,孕期常规护理指导）与观察组（80例,孕期营养干预护理）,统计对比两组孕妇分娩时体质量指数、分娩方式以及并发症发生情况。结果 观察组孕妇偏瘦以及超重占比均低于对照组,正常占比高于对照组;观察组孕妇自然分娩率高于对照组,剖宫产率低于对照组;观察组孕妇并发症总发生率低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 孕妇在妊娠期间接受孕期营养干预护理能够有效控制妊娠期间体质量指数,降低并发症发生风险,改善母婴健康。     

前置血管围产结局130例分析

目的:探讨前置血管临床特点、孕期管理及围产儿结局。方法:回顾性分析2013年1月至2019年5月在四川大学华西第二医院分娩的130例前置血管患者临床资料,分析其临床高危因素、孕期管理及围产儿结局。结果:130例前置血管患者占我院同期分娩产妇的1.86‰。108例(83.1%)单胎,22例(16.9%)多胎,自然受孕109例(83.8%),辅助受孕21例(16.2%),其中妊娠合并帆状胎盘(68.5%)和前置胎盘(33.8%)占多数,96.2%产前诊断前置血管的患者合并至少一个高危因素。产前诊断111例,70.3%中孕期诊断,29.7%晚孕期诊断,诊断后行严密监测,入院孕周(33.7±2.2周),分娩孕周为35.0±1.6周,34～37周分娩77例。130例分娩活产儿150个,活产儿中存活145个,其出生体质量为2422.8±462.5 g,74例(51.0%)转NICU,在NICU住院时间为8(1～49)天。产前诊断组中,多胎妊娠病例的入院孕周、分娩孕周较单胎早,早产率和新生儿死亡率明显高于单胎妊娠病例(P<0.05)。产前诊断组与产时产后诊断组新生儿早产率为87.8%与55.6...     

孕产妇肺血栓栓塞症临床特点：16例分析

目的总结孕产妇肺血栓栓塞症(pulmonary thromboembolism, PTE)的临床特点、妊娠结局及处理策略。方法回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院2012年1月至2022年12月收治的16例PTE孕产妇的临床资料。总结其临床特点、治疗情况及妊娠结局。采用描述性统计分析。结果 16例患者的年龄为(29.5±3.5)岁(26～35岁)。妊娠期发病者6例, 中位发病孕周为12周(7～38周);产褥期发病者10例, 中位发病时间为产后4 d(16 h～40 d)。高危型2例, 中危型9例(中-高危6例, 中-低危3例), 低危型5例。6例妊娠期发病者中4例有明确高危因素, 静脉血栓栓塞症危险因素评分均≤2分;10例产褥期发病者中9例有明确高危因素, 静脉血栓栓塞症危险因素评分2～9分。妊娠期发病者均无预防性抗凝治疗指征, 产褥期发病者中9例有预防性抗凝治疗指征, 但均未给予预防性抗凝治疗。高危型患者2例行溶栓治疗, 后行低分子肝素序贯华法林/利伐沙班治疗;中危型及低危型患者均低分子肝素序贯华法林/利伐沙班治疗。妊娠期发病者均抗凝±溶栓后适时终止妊娠, 后续抗凝治疗。16例孕产...     

孕期贫血与不良妊娠结局

孕期贫血会导致各种妊娠不良结局,如早产,出血耐受性降低,产后出血甚至失血性休克,产褥感染,以及新生儿低体重,新生儿死亡等,严重危害母胎健康。我国妊娠期铁缺乏和缺铁性贫血诊治指南建议通过积极监测血红蛋白及血清铁,加强饮食补铁,预防孕期贫血,从而避免不良妊娠结局的发生。     

凶险性前置胎盘的妊娠结局及其与产后出血的高危因素分析

目的:探讨凶险性前置胎盘(PPP)的母婴结局及其与产后出血的高危因素。方法:回顾性分析2011年1月至2015年12月上海市第六人民医院住院分娩的前置胎盘患者181例,PPP患者72例(PPP组,其中发生产后出血34例,非产后出血38例),无剖宫产史妊娠的前置胎盘患者109例(非PPP组)。比较PPP组和非PPP组孕妇的年龄、孕周、孕次、产后出血率、输血率、胎盘植入率、子宫切除率、早产率、新生儿窒息率之间的差异;采用单因素与二项分类Logistic回归分析PPP组发生产后出血的高危因素。结果:PPP妊娠总占比0.44%;PPP组孕妇年龄、孕次、产次、前壁胎盘率、中央型前置胎盘率、胎盘粘连率、胎盘植入率、产后出血量、产后出血发生率、子宫切除率、输血率、早产率均明显高于非PPP组(P0.05),PPP组分娩孕周与新生儿体质量明显低于非PPP组(P0.05)。单因素分析显示:PPP患者产后出血组胎盘粘连率、胎盘植入率、中央型前置胎盘率、二级及以下医院剖宫产史占比、非产程中剖宫产史占比、前置胎盘史占比明显高于无产后出血组(P0.05);Logistic回归分析显示:胎盘粘连与中央型前置胎盘是PPP患者产后出血的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论:产后出血与早产是PPP主要的不良妊娠结局;对于前次剖宫产史此次妊娠合并中央型前置胎盘或胎盘粘连患者,应警惕产后出血发生;降低剖宫产率是防止PPP发生与减少产后出血的关键因素。     

经产妇孕期增重及妊娠结局的调查分析

目的:探讨经产妇孕期增重及妊娠结局情况,为孕期保健指导提供依据。方法:回顾分析镇江市妇幼保健院2015年1月至12月分娩的3801例单胎产妇,比较经产妇与初产妇的年龄、孕龄、孕前体重、孕期增重(GWG)、分娩信息等临床资料。结果:经产妇的年龄、孕次、孕前BMI、新生儿体重高于初产妇,孕龄、GWG低于初产妇(P均0.05)。经产妇巨大儿和早产的发生率高于初产妇(P均0.05)。孕前高体重产妇(孕前BMI≥24.0kg/m2)中,经产妇GWG达标率高于初产妇(P0.05)。孕前正常体重的产妇(18.5kg/m2≤BMI24.0kg/m2)中,经产妇低体重儿、早产发生率高于初产妇(P均0.05)。结论:经产妇不良妊娠结局发生率较高,需做好孕期保健指导,应重点关注体重管理。     

Maternal and neonatal outcomes among pregnant women with fibromyalgia: a population-based study of 12 million births

Purpose: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a rheumatologic disorder marked by chronic, widespread pain and associated comorbid conditions. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effect of FM on maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Methods: Using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 1999 to 2013, we conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study consisting of women who delivered during that period. Logistic regression was used to compare maternal and neonatal outcomes among pregnancies in women with and without FM.

Results: Of 12 584 918 births during the 15-year study period, 7758 (0.06%) were to women with FM with rates increasing over the study period. Women with FM were more commonly older in age, overweight or obese, and users of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs. They were more likely to experience anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder. Women with FM were at greater risk of gestational diabetes, preterm premature rupture of membranes, and placental abruption. Women with FM more commonly had cesarean deliveries (odds ratios (OR): 1.11, 95% CI: 1.05–1.16) and births complicated by venous thromboembolism (OR: 2.34, 95% CI: 1.91–2.86). Infants of women with FM were more likely to be premature (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.25–1.46) and have intrauterine growth restriction (OR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.30–1.68).

Conclusions: The prevalence of FM in pregnancy is rising in the US. FM is a high-risk pregnancy condition associated with adverse maternal and newborn outcomes.     

Diabetic ketoacidosis among pregnant and non-pregnant women: a comparison of morbidity and mortality

Purpose: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a critical diagnosis that can cause severe morbidity and mortality in the diabetic population. Although it is rare in pregnancy, the aim of this study is to compare DKA in pregnant women with age-matched non-pregnant women to determine if outcomes are influenced by pregnancy.

Materials and methods: A population-based age-matched retrospective cohort was carried out using data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 1999 to 2013. Pregnant patients with DKA were age-matched with non-pregnant controls also admitted with DKA at a ratio of 1:10. Severe morbidities and mortality were compared among the two groups. Logistic regression was used to adjust for baseline characteristics and comorbidities.

Results: We identified 4661 cases of DKA in pregnancy during our study period, which were age-matched to 46,610 non-pregnant controls. Pregnant women with DKA were more likely to stay in hospital for >3 d (odds ratios (OR) 2.15, 95% CI 2.06–2.25) and had more associated renal failure (OR 2.86, 95% CI 1.76–4.55); however, they were less likely to require ventilation (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.62–0.79), experience systemic inflammatory response syndrome (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.38–0.73), or seizures (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.42–0.57). Among pregnant women, rates of coma (0.04%) and death (0.17%, OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.14–0.39) were lower than previously reported and lower than non-pregnant women.

Conclusion: Pregnant women with DKA are admitted to hospital for longer periods than non-pregnant controls and are at higher risk for renal failure but otherwise have better outcomes and less mortality than non-pregnant controls.     

改善妊娠合并人类免疫缺陷病毒感染者不良结局相关因素分析

目的探讨改善妊娠合并人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染者不良结局的相关因素。方法对2009年5月至2010年5月广州市第八人民医院收治的65例HIV感染孕妇的临床情况进行分析,并对以下分组妊娠结局进行比较(65例中终止妊娠10例,仅对余55例进行分析)。(1)全程实施母婴阻断措施的39例为研究组,未全程实施母婴阻断措施的16例为对照组。(2)研究组中,孕13~27+6周开始实施母婴阻断措施的23例为中孕期组,孕28周后开始实施母婴阻断措施的16例为晚孕期组。(3)产前7d内末梢血CD4+ T淋巴细胞数大于200个/μL者为A组,小于200个/μL者为B组。结果 (1)研究组与对照组早产、低体重儿、胎膜早破、羊水过少、胎儿畸形、胎儿窘迫发生情况比较,除胎儿窘迫外,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)中孕期组与晚孕期组早产、低体重儿、羊水过少、胎儿窘迫、胎膜早破发生情况比较,除胎膜早破外,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(3)A组与B组早产、低体重儿、胎儿窘迫、羊水过少、胎儿畸形和产后发热发生情况比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论婚前检查和产前筛查、孕妇末梢血CD4+ T淋巴细胞数、全程母婴阻断...     

To evaluate the effect of pre-pregnancy body mass index on maternal and perinatal outcomes among adolescent pregnant women

Objective: To evaluate the effect of pre-pregnancy body mass index on maternal and perinatal outcomes among adolescent pregnant women.

Methods: We conducted this prospective cross-sectional study on 365 singleton adolescent pregnancies (aged between 16 and 20 years) at a Maternity Hospital, between December 2014 and March 2015. We divided participants into two groups based on pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI): overweight and obese adolescent (BMI at or above 25.0?kg/m) and normal weight (BMI between 18.5 and 24.99?kg/m) adolescent. We used multivariate analysis to evaluate the association of the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and pre-pregnancy BMI.

Results: The prevalence of maternal overweight/obesity and normal weight was 34.6% (n?=?80) and 65.4% (n?=?261) in the study population, respectively. Compared with normal-weight teens (n?=?234), overweight/obese teens (n?=?71) were at higher risk for cesarean delivery (odds ratio [OR] 0.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.4–1.4), preeclampsia (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.02–0.9) and small of gestational age (odds ratio [OR] 0.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.1–0.9).

Conclusion: BMI increased during pre-pregnancy could be an important preventable risk factor for poor obstetric complications in adolescent pregnancies, and for these patients prevention strategies (e.g., nutritional counseling, weight-loss, regular physical activity) for obesity are recommended before getting pregnant.     

妊娠早期妇女TORCH感染及其妊娠结局的分析

目的探讨妊娠早期妇女TORCH感染状况及其妊娠结局。方法用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）方法对510例妊娠早期妇女进行TORCH检测。将TORCH检测IgM阳性并且自愿要求继续妊娠的68例孕妇（试验组）与同期TORCH检测IgM阴性的442例孕妇（对照组）进行比较。结果在对510例妊娠早期妇女进行TORCH检测中。TORCH—IgM阳性68例，阳性率为13．33％（68／510）；检出TORCH—IgM总阳性数为88例，总阳性数占17．25％（88／510）。结论孕早期是孕妇TORCH感染和导致宫内感染的主要时期。孕期TORCH感染可导致自然流产、致畸和死胎等。孕早期TORCH感染是引起不良妊娠结局的重要原因之一。预防TORCH感染十分重要，尤其是要加强对TORCH感染高危人群的监测。     

既往子痫前期病史者再次妊娠的保健

子痫前期病史是此次妊娠子痫前期发病的独立危险因素,复发性子痫前期有更严重的不良妊娠结局。子痫前期复发受多因素影响,预防尤为重要。全面评估母体风险因素、强化孕期个体化管理、实施早期预防和早期干预、在恰当的时机终止妊娠,是减少或避免子痫前期复发、改善妊娠结局和远期预后的关键。     

Cortisol level and perinatal outcome in pregnant women with posttraumatic stress disorder: a pilot study

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects 12% of women in the United States and could affect childbearing via behavioral and neuroendocrine mechanisms. This pilot study collected preliminary data about the extent to which the low cortisol profile found in patients with PTSD also occurs in the hormonal context of pregnancy, as well as the association between PTSD and less optimal processes and outcomes of pregnancy. Standardized psychiatric diagnostic telephone interviews, salivary cortisol assays, and medical records review were evaluated in a community sample of 25 women pregnant with their first child. Higher PTSD symptom counts correlated with worse overall perinatal outcomes summarized by an Optimality Index Score (n = 22; r = -.725; P < .001). The women whose symptoms met diagnostic criteria for PTSD or partial PTSD had lower peak basal salivary cortisol concentrations (n = 14; mean = .4584 versus .8123; P = .010). Further research on the effects of PTSD on pregnancy processes and outcomes is warranted. Differences in cortisol levels were consistent with the pattern seen in nonpregnant women with PTSD. This finding suggests that salivary cortisol would be a useful biological measure to include in perinatal research on PTSD and childbearing.     

妊娠合并甲状腺功能减退症42例妊娠结局分析

目的探讨妊娠合并甲状腺功能减退症患者经过治疗后妊娠结局。方法回顾性分析42例妊娠合并甲状腺功能减退患者的临床资料,并分析其妊娠结局;终止妊娠前了解外周血促甲状腺素TSH水平,以TSH〈3.0uIU/ml作为治疗目标值并比较其妊娠结局。结果经过治疗后甲状腺功能减退孕妇的剖宫产率,产后出血率,新生儿窒息率与同期相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但甲状腺功能减退组孕妇的糖代谢异常风险（OR=4.000,95%CI0.779～20.531）、胎膜早破（OR=2.969,95%CI0.849～10.375）、羊水胎粪污染风险增加（OR=2.969,95%CI0.849～10.375）;以TSH〈3.0uIU/ml做为治疗目标值比较,两组妊娠结局差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论对于妊娠合并甲状腺功能减退患者及时给予足量甲状腺素补充治疗,可有效地降低不良妊娠结局。晚孕期甲状腺素替代治疗,TSH目标值有待于临床扩大样本量后进一步探讨。     

Headaches in women, including women who are pregnant

There are new concepts in headache definition and pathophysiologic characteristics, but both classification and management remain largely the responsibility of the principal care physician. Women are paticularly vulnerable for some types of headache. When a woman needs medical help she usually turns to her personal physician, who can be expected to diagnose and successfully treat most headaches.