妊娠期及产褥期静脉血栓栓塞症风险评估及预防

目的:评估妊娠期及产褥期女性的静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)发生风险,明确风险因素,并予以针对性预防,为探索妊娠相关VTE风险评估及预防策略提供依据。方法:根据2015年英国皇家妇产科医师学会(RCOG)妊娠期及产褥期静脉血栓栓塞疾病诊治指南推荐量表,对2018年11月1日至2019年12月31日在首都医科大学附属北京妇产医院孕检分娩的2344例孕妇自早孕期进行妊娠及产褥期VTE风险评估。结果:2344例孕妇中,低危组(0~2分)2284例(97.44%),中危组(3分)44例(1.88%),高危组(4分及以上)16例(0.68%)。高危因素中前三位分别是年龄≥35岁(494例,21.08%),体外受精-胚胎移植术后(189例,8.06%)和卧床保胎≥3天(171例,7.30%)。研究队列中已分娩877例,对其进行产褥期VTE风险评估,低危组750例(85.22%),中危组84例(9.58%),高危组43例(4.90%),高危因素中前3位分别是择期剖宫产(214例,24.40%),年龄≥35岁(170例,19.38%)和体质量指数≥30kg/m2(144例,16.42%)。3例患者出现下肢深静脉血栓(发病率1.28‰),其中2例出现在妊娠期,1例出现在剖宫产术后。结论:我国孕产妇发生VTE的高危因素不同于西方国家,遗传因素少,高龄、卧床保胎、剖宫产术等高危因素多。按RCOG评分标准,产褥期VTE评分≥2分者占30.67%,因此完全参照国外指南标准是否适合我国人群尚需进一步研究确认。     

妊娠期及产褥期静脉血栓栓塞16例临床分析

目的 探讨妊娠期和产褥期静脉血栓栓塞(venous thromboembolism,VTE)的高危因素、病因、诊断、治疗和预防. 方法 对1992年1月至2011年4月间本院收治的16例妊娠期及产褥期VTE患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.采用病例对照研究方法,配对t检验比较VTE患者(病例组)发生VTE前与正常孕妇(对照组)血常规及凝血功能的差异. 结果 收治的16例VTE患者经彩色多普勒超声或CT肺动脉造影确诊,5例(31.2％)发生于妊娠期,11例(68.8％)发生于产褥期;2例(12.5％)继发肺血栓栓塞;≥35岁者6例(37.5％);有妊娠合并症或并发症者12例(75.0％).病例组发病前红细胞压积为0.29±0.06,低于对照组(0.39±0.02),差异有统计学意义(t=4.56,P=0.01),但组间凝血功能的差异无统计学意义.经抗凝、手术及对症支持等治疗,15例VTE患者恢复良好出院,1例继发肺血栓栓塞患者因合并风湿性心脏病,在抗凝治疗后仍持续性休克,放置下腔静脉滤网后行溶栓治疗,但出现持续呼吸道出血,抢救无效死亡. 结论 产褥期较妊娠期更易发生VTE,筛查VTE的实验室指标仍需进一步研究,抗凝是VTE的首选治疗方法.对有VTE高危因素的孕产妇应积极预防、早期诊治,以减少并发症及远期后遗症的发生.     

妊娠相关静脉血栓栓塞症的预防和治疗

妊娠相关静脉血栓栓塞症(pregnancy associated venous thromboembolism,PA-VTE)系指妊娠期及产褥期发生的静脉血栓栓塞症(venous thromboembolism,VTE)。PA-VTE可以发生在妊娠的不同时期,产褥期风险最高,发生率为产前的2～5倍,尤以产后6周内风险最高。PA-VTE危害极大,目前已成为发达国家孕产妇死亡的重要原因之一。PA-VTE的提出,意在强调其预防和诊治应基于妊娠这一特殊阶段的病理生理学特征,制定专科管理规范。而目前一些国家已有针对PA-VTE的防治指南和共识,但中国仅在少数VTE管理指南中提及对该类疾病的防治,具体防治方案仍不明确,临床中迫切需要制定适合我国妊娠患者VTE预防和治疗的指南,以规范临床实践。本文综述PA-VTE病理生理学特征、临床筛查、预防、治疗和我国临床实践现状。     

妊娠和产褥期静脉血栓栓塞的临床特征及治疗

目的分析妊娠和产褥期静脉血栓栓塞(venous thromboembolism,VTE)患者的临床特征、治疗方式及妊娠结局。方法本研究为回顾性研究。研究对象为2014年1月至2017年12月山西医科大学附属大医院血管外科收治的81例妊娠和产褥期VTE患者。根据VTE的发生时机,分析妊娠和产褥期发病患者的临床资料。采用t检验、秩和检验或χ^2检验(或Fisher精确概率法)对数据进行统计分析。结果(1)研究对象年龄为(30.9±5.2)岁,20例(24.7%)年龄≥35岁。妊娠期患者41例(50.6%),产褥期患者40例(49.4%)。产褥期发病的患者中,34例(85.0%)发生在产后30 d内。(2)VTE首发症状和体征主要表现为肿胀[43.4%,33/76,剔除5例单纯肺血栓栓塞症(pulmonary thromboembolism,PTE)患者]和疼痛(28.9%,22/76),以急性发病为主。血栓范围以周围型为主(61.8%,47/76),其中妊娠期患者多为周围型(80.0%,32/40),而产褥期患者以混合型为主(44.4%,16/36,χ^2=13.417)。血栓部位主要是下肢深静脉(74.1%,60/81),其中妊娠期患者下肢深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)较多(87.8%,36/41),而产褥期DVT合并PTE较多(30.0%,12/40,χ^2=7.961)。累及静脉以肌间静脉最多(72.4%,55/76),其中妊娠期患者主要累及肌间静脉(85.0%,34/40),而产褥期患者累及肌间(58.3%,21/36)、股(58.3%,21/36)、腘(50.0%,18/36)、髂(47.2%,17/36)、胫(44.4%,16/36)和腓(38.8%,14/36)等多条静脉。(3)占比例最高的危险因素是年龄≥35岁(24.7%,20/81);其次是抗凝血酶缺乏(23.5%,19/81)和妊娠期高血压疾病(21.0%,17/81)。不同危险因素在妊娠期和产褥期患者间的分布差异均无统计学意义。产褥期患者D-二聚体水平较高[1029(639~1778)与619(355~1117)μg/L,Z=-3.336,P<0.001]。(4)所有患者均行系统抗凝治疗。24例患者(29.6%,包括妊娠期5例,产褥期19例)因血栓范围广泛而行溶栓治疗。住院时间为(7.3±2.1)d。(5)41例妊娠期VTE患者中,治疗后9例(21.9%)选择引产,其余32例继续妊娠至分娩,包括26例剖宫产,6例经阴道分娩;8例(25.0%)为早产儿,1例(3.1%)为巨大儿。结论孕产妇相关VTE主要发生于妊娠晚期和产后30 d内。其中产褥期VTE累及静脉多、血栓范围广。对于年龄≥35岁、抗凝血酶缺乏或合并妊娠期高血压疾病的孕产妇,要尤其警惕VTE。妊娠期VTE可能影响患者的妊娠结局,要密切观察。     

妊娠相关静脉血栓栓塞症风险评估模型研究进展

妊娠相关静脉血栓栓塞症（pregnancy associated venous thromboembolism，PA-VTE）包括妊娠期和产褥期发生的静脉系统的血栓形成疾病，由深静脉血栓形成（deep vein thrombosis，DVT）和肺栓塞（pulmonary embolism，PE）组成的PA-VTE是发达国家孕产妇发病和死亡的主要原因。采用高效、便捷的风险评估模型评估PA-VTE的发病风险并进行分级预防是目前多个国家推荐的主要措施，但由于各国医学水平、经济发展和传统习惯的不同，各国相继开发风险评估模型或根据实际情况对其他国家的风险评估模型进行改良，进而对妊娠期及产褥期VTE风险进行个体化评估，并实施相应的血栓预防策略。通过回顾国内外的PA-VTE风险评估模型，旨在为我国进一步建立孕产妇的VTE防治指南提供依据，为产科医务工作者制定出适合我国产科人群的VTE风险评估模型提供参考。     

妊娠相关静脉血栓栓塞症74例对照研究

目的:探讨孕产妇静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)的临床特征、危险因素及其预防措施。方法:选取2013年5月～2019年9月在四川大学华西第二医院住院并诊断为VTE孕产妇的临床资料74例作为病例组,1∶3匹配选择222例非VTE对象作为对照组。收集病例-对照组临床资料,应用成组t检验及Cox回归模型进行分析。结果:产褥期孕产妇VTE发病率高,好发于下肢静脉血栓(71.62%),深静脉血栓主要症状为肢体肿胀(71.62%)、疼痛(43.24%),而肺栓塞者主要表现为低氧血症(14.86%),少见胸闷、咳嗽(2.7%)。Cox回归模型多因素分析结果显示高龄(OR 1.895,P=0.022)、VTE病史(OR 2.145,P=0.044)、静脉曲张(OR 6.559,P=0.010)、制动(OR 2.293,P=0.004)、胎死宫内(OR 3.509,P=0.020)、急诊剖宫产(OR 4.824,P=0.001)、择期剖宫产(OR 2.916,P=0.01)及多胎妊娠(OR 2.225,P=0.009)为我院孕产妇VTE发生的危险因素。结论:早期识别妊娠相关VTE的危险因素,进行有效的院内妊娠相关VTE预防管理。     

Caprini血栓风险评估表评估妊娠期及产褥期静脉血栓栓塞疾病风险的有效性研究

目的探讨Caprini血栓风险评估表预测妊娠期及产褥期静脉血栓栓塞疾病(venous thromboembolism,VTE)发病风险的有效性。方法采用病例对照研究,回顾性分析2004年1月至2015年12月入住福建医科大学附属第一医院的39例妊娠期及产褥期发生VTE的患者,作为病例组;随机选取同期妊娠期及产褥期非VTE患者156例作为对照组。根据Caprini血栓风险评估表对两组患者进行Caprini评分、危险度分级,分析危险度分级与VTE发病风险的相关关系,并分析Caprini风险评估量表中影响妊娠期及产褥期VTE发病的主要危险因素。结果妊娠期及产褥期血栓发生率为0.13%。病例组的VTE评分(5.7±2.9)高于对照组(3.6±1.7),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。病例组的高危和极高危级别所占比例最大,为94.8%,比例高于对照组(75.0%),两组Caprini危险度分级的构成之间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。Caprini风险评估量表的危险度分级与VTE发病存在显著的正相关关系(P0.05),极高危级是影响VTE发病的主要危险因素。随着危险度分级的升高,妊娠期及产褥期患者发生VTE的风险随之升高。极高危(评分≥5)患者发生VTE的风险为低中危(评分0~2分)患者的16.107倍。Caprini风险评估表中的静脉曲张、BMI≥25、需卧床休息的内科患者、大手术(手术时间45 min)是妊娠期及产褥期发生VTE的主要危险因素。结论Caprini血栓风险评估表在妊娠期及产褥期患者中也适用,对妊娠期及产褥期VTE发病风险有很好的预测性,在临床上适合推广应用。     

孕产妇合并甲型H1N1流感对母儿结局的影响

目的 探讨孕产妇合并甲型H1N1流感(简称甲流)对母儿结局的影响及产科处理.方法 收集2009年11月7日至2009年12月15日中国医科大学附属盛京医院收治的19例合并甲流的孕产妇资料,回顾性分析甲流对母儿的影响. 结果 19例患者中,产褥期妇女3例,占15.8%,均为轻症,愈后良好.孕期患者16例,占84.2%,其中早期妊娠2例(12.5%),中期妊娠7例(43.8%),晚期妊娠7例(43.8%).16例孕期患者按病情严重程度分,轻症6例(37.5%),重症2例(12.5%),危重症8例(50.0%).2例早期妊娠患者均为轻症,甲流治愈后选择人工流产;中期妊娠的4例轻症患者甲流治愈后足月分娩,3例重症及危重症患者中1例甲流治愈后足月分娩,1例孕27周胎死宫内和1例孕23周因孕妇发生严重并发症,均行剖宫取胎术,后者胎儿娩出后死亡;妊娠晚期的7例均为重症及危重症患者,均行急诊剖宫产术终止妊娠,2例胎儿孕晚期胎死宫内,余5例存活,包括4例早产儿和1例足月儿.行急诊剖宫产手术的全部9例(56.3%,9/16)重症及危重症孕妇中,活产新生儿6例,存活的5例均未感染甲流;2例孕产妇术后死亡(10.5%,2/19). 结论妊娠晚期孕妇感染甲流极易发展为重症及危重症,及时终止妊娠是挽救母儿生命又使新生儿避免甲流病毒感染的有效方法之一.     

妊娠合并复发性下肢静脉血栓伴家族性血栓病史一例并文献复习

分析吉林大学第二医院收治的1例妊娠合并复发性下肢静脉血栓伴家族性血栓病史病例的临床资料,并回顾分析既往相关文献及资料。妊娠妇女发生下肢静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)风险是非妊娠妇女的5倍左右,既往下肢VTE史、家族性血栓病史均是VTE的高危因素。本例患者既往产褥期下肢静脉血栓溶栓治疗后再次复发,此次给予抗凝治疗后未出现不良后果。对于VTE高危型孕产妇,适当的抗凝治疗利大于弊,产褥期格外需要重视。如今剖宫产率的增加更提高了术后VTE发生的风险,因此产前的评估、产后的严密观察以及适当的抗凝治疗可以降低妊娠相关的复发性VTE发生率。     

妊娠合并复发性下肢静脉血栓伴家族性血栓病史一例并文献复习

分析吉林大学第二医院收治的1例妊娠合并复发性下肢静脉血栓伴家族性血栓病史病例的临床资料,并回顾分析既往相关文献及资料。妊娠妇女发生下肢静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)风险是非妊娠妇女的5倍左右,既往下肢VTE史、家族性血栓病史均是VTE的高危因素。本例患者既往产褥期下肢静脉血栓溶栓治疗后再次复发,此次给予抗凝治疗后未出现不良后果。对于VTE高危型孕产妇,适当的抗凝治疗利大于弊,产褥期格外需要重视。如今剖宫产率的增加更提高了术后VTE发生的风险,因此产前的评估、产后的严密观察以及适当的抗凝治疗可以降低妊娠相关的复发性VTE发生率。     

Incidence,clinical characteristics,and timing of objectively diagnosed venous thromboembolism during pregnancy

Objective: To determine the incidence, timing, and associated clinical characteristics of objectively diagnosed pregnancy-associated venous thromboembolism (VTE).Methods: A retrospective review of VTE cases occurring between 1978 and 1996 was performed. Cases of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) were identified by ICD-9 discharge diagnosis code and review of antepartum and coagulation laboratory databases. Study inclusion criteria required the objective diagnosis of VTE with either Doppler ultrasound, impedance plethysmography, pulmonary angiography, ventilation-perfusion scanning, or CT/MRI.Results: Among 268,525 deliveries there were 165 (0.06%) episodes of VTE (1/1627 births). There were 127 cases of DVT and 38 cases of PE. Only 14% (23/165) had a prior history of DVT or PE. Most DVTs occurred in the left leg (104/127, 81.9%). Nearly three quarters of the DVTs (95/127, 74.8%) occurred in the antepartum period. Among the antepartum DVT cases, half were detected prior to 15 weeks of gestation (47/95, 49.5%), with only 28 cases occurring after 20 weeks (P < .0001). The majority of the PEs occurred in the postpartum period (23/38, 60.5%). There were only 3 maternal deaths due to PE, all associated with cesarean section. Only 1 patient developed PE while on heparin therapy for DVT while 11 others had complications attributable to heparin use.Conclusion: Most pregnancy-related VTE occurs in the antepartum period. The risk of deep venous thrombosis appears to begin early in pregnancy, even before the second trimester. The highest risk period for pulmonary embolism is after cesarean delivery. Maternal complications of heparin anticoagulation during pregnancy are rare.     

Can we identify risk factors during pregnancy for thrombo-embolic events during the puerperium and later in life?

Objectives: To investigate parturients at risk to develop venous thrombo-embolic events (VTE) in the puerperium or later in life, during a follow-up of more than a decade and compare risk factors for VTE during the puerperium with VTE later in life.

Methods: A nested case–control study was conducted to profile parturients at risk for VTE and a secondary analysis to compare risk factors for VTE during or after puerperium. We used a cohort of 95?257 women who gave birth between the years 1988 and 1998.

Results: Independent risk factors to develop VTE were peripartum hysterectomy, stillbirth, cesarean delivery (CD), obesity, pregnancy-related hypertension, grandmultiparity and advanced maternal age. Women undergoing CD and those receiving blood transfusion were more likely to develop early versus late VTE (OR?=?2.0, 95% CI?=?1.15–3.5 and OR?=?11.0, 95% CI?=?2.25–55.5; respectively). Patients that encountered VTE during the puerperium had more pulmonary emboli and less deep vein thrombosis, compared with the late VTE group (p?Conclusions: Maternal age, grandmultiparity, pregnancy-related hypertension, CD, obesity, stillbirth and peripartum hysterectomy are independent risk factors for the development of VTE. CD and blood transfusion were predictive of early versus late VTE.     

妊娠合并子宫肌瘤130例临床分析

目的探讨妊娠合并子宫肌瘤的临床处理。方法回顾性分析我院5年来130例妊娠合并子宫肌瘤患者处理方法以及产科结局。结果发现妊娠期间肌瘤增大者共11例，72．73％发生于孕早中期，变性类型多样，红色变性占57．69％；130例妊娠合并子宫肌瘤者中，发生早产14例，占10．77％(14／130)，发生产后出血6例，占4．62％(6／130)，其发生率高低与肌瘤的数量、部位及大小之间无明显关系；剖宫产者122例，占93．85％。结论妊娠合并子宫肌瘤易发生各种产科并发症，剖宫产率高，剖宫产术中行肌瘤剔除术应慎重。     

改良Caprini血栓风险评估量表预测妊娠相关静脉血栓栓塞疾病的价值

目的:探讨改良Caprini血栓风险评估量表预测妊娠相关静脉血栓栓塞疾病(pregnancy associated venous thromboembolism,PA-VTE)的价值.方法:采用病例对照研究,以2012年10月—2019年10月在北京大学第三医院产科住院的49例PA-VTE病例为研究组,随机抽取同期非P...     

Effect of second trimester and third trimester weight gain on immediate outcomes in neonates born to mothers with gestational diabetes: a retrospective observational study from India

Abstract

Aim: To evaluate the effect of second trimester and third trimester rate of weight gain on immediate outcomes in neonates born to mothers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM).

Method and material: This retrospective observational study enrolled 593 eligible mothers. The records of all pregnant women booked before 24?weeks and screened for diabetes were eligible if they were diagnosed with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) anytime during pregnancy. All the necessary maternal and neonatal details were collected from hospital database. The rate of weight gain was calculated at 18–24?weeks, 28–30?weeks, and that before delivery. The enrolled women were categorized into: poor weight gain, normal weight gain, and increased weight.

Results and discussion: The mean birth weight, length, and head circumference of neonates were significantly lower in women who had poor rate of weight gain in comparison with normal weight gain group. The mean prepregnancy BMI was significantly high in women with increased rate of weight gain when compared to normal weight gain women in second and third trimester. Regression analysis done to evaluate the independent effect of weight gain on C section and neonatal complications, showed that the independent predictors for cesarean section were previous cesarean section or 12.5 (95% CI 6.7–23) and conception by assisted reproductive technologies or 1.75 (95% CI 1.01–4.3), and the neonatal complications were influenced by birth weight or 1.5 (95% CI 1.1–2.2) and weight gain during second trimester or 1.26 (95% CI 1–1.6).

Conclusion: In women with GDM, reduced weight gain during pregnancy is associated with small for gestational age neonates. Caesarean section is predicted by previous C-section, and mode of conception whereas neonatal complications were predicted by birth weight and maternal weight gain during second trimester.