抗白念珠菌天然抗体的检测与分析

目的检测正常机体内是否存在抗白念珠菌天然抗体。方法取饲养于无菌条件下的C57BL/6小鼠和SCID小鼠外周血,ELISA和流式细胞术检测血清中抗白念珠菌IgM和IgG抗体的水平。结果ELISA结果显示,与SCID小鼠相比,C57BL/6小鼠血清中存在一定滴度的抗白念珠菌IgM,但没有抗白念珠菌IgG;经白念珠菌预先吸附后,正常血清IgM与白念珠菌的结合明显减弱。流式细胞术分析显示,C57BL/6小鼠血清与白念珠菌的反应明显增强。结论正常机体内天然存在与白念珠菌结合的以IgM型为主的天然抗体。     

培养的大鼠脊髓神经元中微管相关蛋白5与溶酶体的相关性

目的 探讨微管相关蛋白5(MAP5)与溶酶体之间的相互关系。方法 神经细胞培养、免疫荧光细胞化学方法、激光共聚焦扫描显微镜。结果 在培养脊髓神经元中，MAP5及组织蛋白酶D均分布在胞质及突起中，融合图像中两者分布大致相似。分别使用Nocodazole及PMA处理后MAP5及组织蛋白酶D在培养脊髓神经元的变化具有一致性。结论 提示MAP5和溶酶体的形态及分布依赖于微管的完整性。     

ALA和HMME水凝胶栓剂的制备和体内外释药研究

目的 制备光敏剂5-氨基酮戊酸(ALA)和血卟啉单甲醚(HMME)水凝胶栓剂,评价其对直肠肿瘤组织的光敏剂递送效率.方法 将皮下移植人直肠癌细胞SW837的BALB/c小鼠随机分为水凝胶栓剂直肠局部给药组、皮肤局部给药组、瘤内注射给药组和静脉注射给药组.用荧光光谱仪测量直肠壁、皮肤和皮下肿瘤中原卟啉(PpⅨ)和HMME的浓度,荧光光谱系统测定相应的光敏剂分布情况.结果 ALA水凝胶栓剂直肠局部给药组的PpⅨ浓度分别是皮肤局部给药组的9.76倍(1 h)和5.80倍(3 h),差异均具有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).皮肤局部给药后2h,ALA在肿瘤组织内达到最大穿透深度(3～6 mm).而HMME水凝胶栓剂直肠局部给药后,直肠壁中的HMME浓度极低,且皮肤局部给药后的最大肿瘤穿透深度不足2 mm.结论 与皮肤相比,ALA更易穿透黏膜屏障,以水凝胶栓剂形式直肠局部给药有望成为ALA用于光动力疗法治疗直肠癌的一种给药方式.     

小鼠Dectin-1胞外区的融合表达及其识别白念珠菌β-葡聚糖的研究

目的 克隆、表达并纯化小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞Dectin-1基因胞外区,探讨其识别并结合真菌β-葡聚糖的能力.方法 应用RT-PCR方法从小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞RNA中扩增Dectin-1基因胞外区,构建原核重组表达载体pET28-CRD,进行融合表达、纯化和复性.将融合蛋白与白念珠菌酵母相共同孵育,检测其识别、结合白念珠菌细胞壁β-葡聚糖的功能.结果 成功克隆并构建原核重组表达质粒pET28-CRD,表达并纯化了融合蛋白,该蛋白能识别、结合白念珠菌酵母细胞壁β-葡聚糖.结论 构建的原核重组表达载体能够在原核细胞内表达,表达产物有识别、结合真菌胞壁β-葡聚糖的功能,为进一步研究相应的真菌检测方法奠定了基础.     

芍药苷对白色念珠菌生物膜的作用

背景：研究证实中药赤芍有效成分对白色念珠菌有较好的抑制作用,但其单体芍药苷对白色念珠菌生物膜是否有抑制作用未见报道。  目的：观察芍药苷对体外白色念珠菌生物膜的影响。 方法：用RPMI-1640分别按2倍稀释法制备5个浓度梯度(4,2,1,0.5,0.25 g/L)的芍药苷溶液。用RPMI-1640稀释洗必泰为5个浓度梯度(2%,1%,0.5%,0.25%,0.125%)。采用琼脂扩散法检测不同浓度梯度芍药苷或洗必泰对白色念珠菌的抑菌直径。MTT法检测不同浓度洗必泰或芍药苷对白色念珠菌细胞黏附的作用,以及对白色念珠菌生物膜的抑制作用,并且利用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜和死菌活菌荧光染色技术相结合方法观察常态及药物作用下的白色念珠菌生物膜。 结果与结论：洗必泰与芍药苷均有抑菌能力,抑菌环直径与药物浓度呈正相关;除2 g/L芍药苷组与1%,2%洗必泰组抑菌环直径无差异外,其余组间两两比较差异均有显著性意义。不同质量浓度芍药苷对白色念珠菌的细胞黏附都具有抑制作用,对白色念珠菌生物膜也具有抑制作用,且抑制率与药物质量浓度呈正相关。观察48 h时常态生物膜结构中大部分是活菌,有少量死菌存在;随芍药苷质量浓度改变白色念珠菌生物膜中死菌比例不断增高,其抑菌活性相对弱于洗必泰。表明芍药苷对体外白色念珠菌生物膜有较明显的抑制作用。|中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

热灭活白念珠菌通过Dectin-1诱导外周血单个核细胞表达IL-12和IFN-γ

为研究Dectin-1在热灭活白念珠菌刺激外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)免疫应答中的作用。我们用不同浓度昆布多糖(Dectin-1封闭剂)与PBMC共培养1 h后,再用热灭活白念珠菌刺激PBMC 4 d;同时用不同剂量的Dectin-1激活剂酵母聚糖(zymosan)刺激PBMC 4 d,收集培养液上清,经ELISA检测IL-12和IFN-γ水平。结果发现,昆布多糖可以部分抑制热灭活白念珠菌刺激PBMC合成IL-12和IFN-γ的能力,酵母聚糖可以诱导PBMC合成IL-12和IFN-γ。因此,Dectin-1是介导热灭活白念珠菌诱导PBMC产生IL-12和IFN-γ的受体之一。     

5-羟色胺免疫阳性纤维和终末在大鼠舌下神经伸、缩舌肌运动神经元的分布

5-羟色胺（5－HT）参与舌和面口部精细运动的调节。5－HT对舌下神经运动神经元功能的调控表现为兴奋性作用。本文首先采用免疫组化方法，在光镜下观察了大鼠舌下神经核内5－HT免疫阳性纤维的形态和分布特征。又进一步采用荧光逆行追踪结合固定脑片细胞内LuciferYellow染色和荧光免疫组织化学染色，通过共聚焦激光扫描显微镜观察了伸舌肌（颏舌肌、颏舌骨肌）和缩舌肌（茎突舌肌）运动神经元与5－HT免疫阳性纤维及其终末的解剖学关系。结果证明：舌下神经核有较丰富的5－HT阳性纤维，以尾侧段的背侧部和吻侧段的腹侧部较为密集；根据纤维及其膨体的形态特征，本文将此阳性纤维分为三种类型。5－HT免疫阳性膨体样纤维及其终末与舌下运动神经元的胞体、树突分枝和轴丘及轴突起始段形成紧密接触；这些接触多呈不均匀的簇状（由2～7个紧密接触点组成）分布。定量分析发现：在额舌肌神经元和茎突舌肌神经元，除少量分布在胞体（密度为3．4～6．7／1000μm2）外，主要分布在近段和中段树突分权处附近；但是在颏舌骨肌神经元则集中分布在跑体（密度为10．8～17．6／1000μm2）和近侧树突上。以上所见提示：5－HT对舌下神经核整体行为的调节在不同功能的亚核可能有所选择；5－HT调制舌下运动神经元兴奋性的方式可     

特比萘芬与氟康唑或伊曲康唑联合对氟康唑诱导耐药稳定白念珠菌的影响

目的探讨特比萘芬与氟康唑或伊曲康唑联合抗氟康唑诱导产生的耐药稳定白念珠菌的作用.方法采用多步诱导法,在YEPD培养基中,利用氟康唑诱导白念珠菌敏感株产生耐药稳定菌株.根据美国国家临床实验标准委员会（NCCLS）制定的标准,采用棋盘微量稀释法测定特比萘芬与氟康唑或伊曲康唑对耐药稳定菌株的联合药敏试验,并对诱导耐药稳定菌株ERG11基因的编码区序列进行DNA测序.结果临床敏感菌株和标准敏感菌株能被诱导形成耐药菌株,但大部分不稳定,诱导耐药稳定株ERG11基因的编码区DNA测序有突变点存在,特比萘芬与氟康唑或伊曲康唑联用对诱导耐药稳定株可产生协同作用.结论特比萘芬与氟康唑或伊曲康唑联合应用对基因突变产生的耐药株有协同作用,可阻止或延迟氟康唑诱导的耐药性白念珠菌菌株的产生.     

白念珠菌AP-PCR基因分型与耐药性关系研究

目前白念珠菌的耐药表型与基因型的关系仍不清楚，寻找一种恰当的基因分型方法，探讨其与耐药表型的关系，对监测耐药株的分子流行病学以及深化耐药分子机制的研究有重要的临床意义。以我院近3年出现的8株耐药白念珠菌（MIC〉64μg/ml），及用体外氟康唑诱导的方法，诱导了2株耐氟康唑白念珠菌，同期选择了48株临床敏感白念珠菌，共58株采用AP-PCR（Arbitrary primod-PCR, AP-PCR）技术对其进行了基因分型。将其电泳图谱扫描入计算机后采用Lab-work 4．0软件转化为数值图表后进行聚类分析，以探讨耐氟康唑白念珠菌基因多态性是否与其耐药性相关。     

白念珠菌感染特异性Csa2蛋白双抗体夹心ELISA体系的建立与评价

目的以白念珠菌Csa2蛋白为靶标,建立双抗体夹心ELISA检测体系,评价该方法的检测灵敏度和特异性。方法构建pPIC9K-Csa2重组表达载体,电转化毕赤酵母GS115,甲醇诱导表达、纯化重组蛋白rCsa2。rCsa2蛋白分别免疫新西兰大白兔和豚鼠制备免疫血清。以纯化兔多抗和豚鼠抗血清配对,利用棋盘滴定法,确定最佳实验条件,建立双抗体夹心ELISA检测系统。检测rCsa2和白念珠菌不同培养时间的上清,确定检测方法的灵敏度;检测其他3种念珠菌、5种曲霉、新型隐球菌和马尔尼菲青霉的培养上清,评价检测方法的特异性。结果成功构建表达载体并获得真核表达重组蛋白rCsa2,经SDS-PAGE鉴定相对分子质量(Mr)为13 300,符合预期值;Western blot法证实该蛋白可与特异性抗体结合。免疫动物获得高效价免疫血清,并以此成功建立双抗体夹心ELISA,可检测rCsa2蛋白的灵敏度约为240 pg/mL,并最早可检测到培养18 h的白念珠菌培养上清,与其他10种临床常见真菌的培养上清无交叉反应。结论建立了有较高的检测灵敏度和特异性的Csa2的双抗体夹心ELISA,为区别诊断白念珠菌感染提供新的方法。     

Histamine-immunoreactive neurons in the brain of the teleost Gasterosteus aculeatus L. Correlation with hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase- and serotonin-immunoreactive neurons

The distribution of putative histaminergic neurons in the brain of a teleost, the three-spined stickleback, was investigated by means of immunocytochemistry using specific antibodies against histamine (HA), and conventional microscopy as well as confocal laser scanning microscopy. Histamine-immunoreactive (HAir) neurons form discrete populations ventral to the nucleus of the posterior recess (NRP) and in the nucleus saccus vasculosus (NSV), which belong to the periventricular hypothalamic nuclei. The neuronal somata are subependymally located, and do not possess apical neurites contacting the cerebrospinal fluid. They give rise to both long-range and local axonal projections. The local projections give rise to a field of dense punctate immunoreaction dorsal to the NRP and lateral to the NSV. Long-range projections are comprised of ascending projections to the thalamus, habenula, preoptic area and dorsal telencephalon; and descending projections via the posterior tuberal nucleus, ventrally to the nucleus interpeduncularis, and dorsally into the central gray. HAir neurons occur together with serotoninergic cerebrospinal fluid-contacting (CSFc) neurons in the NRP, and with tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (THir) neurons in the NSV. Although HAir elements occur together with THir ones in many brain areas, direct contacts between the two neurotransmitter systems are rare. The putative histaminergic neurons in the brain of the three-spined stickleback constitute a very discrete neuronal system, with a major projection area in the dorsal telencephalon in a region which is considered homologous with the dorsal pallium of land vertebrates.     

探索双重荧光染色并利用两种不同显微镜在Hep-2细胞上观察抗核抗体荧光模式的临床价值

目的 探索荧光显微镜,激光扫描共聚焦显微镜以及双重荧光染色法在Hep-2细胞上观察抗核抗体荧光模式的临床价值.方法 选取临床上抗核抗体呈阳性的血清样本结合到抗原片上,先后用异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)和4 ',6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI)两种荧光染料孵育,之后在两种不同的显微镜下观察.结果 FITC荧光出现的部位是抗原抗体结合处,DAPI荧光出现的部位为细胞核,当通过DAPI荧光对细胞核定位后,可使得FITC的荧光模式更易于观察.本实验通过利用两种荧光标记的方法在两种显微镜上分别观察了斑点型、均质型、着丝点型、核点型、核膜型、胞浆颗粒型——抗高尔基体抗体.结论 综合各种因素,利用双荧光染色法染色,并在激光扫描共聚焦显微镜下观察,对于在Hep-2细胞上观察抗核抗体荧光模式最具临床价值.     

Neurons possessing enzymes of dopamine synthesis in the mediobasal hypothalamus of rats. Topographic relations and axonal projections to the median eminence in ontogenesis

We evaluated the topographic relations between tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- and/or aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC)-immunoreactive neurons in the arcuate nucleus (AN), as well as between TH- and/or AADC-immunoreactive axons in the median eminence (ME) in rats at the 21st embryonic day, 9th postnatal day, and in adulthood. The double-immunofluorescent technique in combination with confocal microscopy was used. Occasional bienzymatic neurons but numerous monoenzymatic TH- or AADC-immunoreactive neurons were observed in fetuses. There was almost no overlap in the distribution of monoenzymatic neurons, and therefore few appositions were observed in between. In postnatal animals, numerous bienzymatic neurons appeared in addition to monoenzymatic neurons. They were distributed throughout the AN resulting in the increased frequency of appositions. Furthermore, specialized-like contacts between monoenzymatic TH- and AADC-immunoreactive neurons appeared. The quantification of the fibers in the ME showed that there were large specific areas of the monoenzymatic TH-immunoreactive fibers and bienzymatic fibers in fetuses, followed by the gradual reduction of the former and the increase of the latter to adulthood. The specific area of the monoenzymatic AADC-immunoreactive fibers in fetuses was rather low, and thereafter increased progressively to adulthood. The fibers of all the types were in apposition in the ME at each studied age. Close topographic relations between the neurons containing individual complementary enzymes of dopamine synthesis at the level of cell bodies and axons suggest functional interaction in between.     

Regulation of IL-8 production by complement-activated product,C5a,in vitro and in vivo during sepsis

Excessive complement-activated product complement 5a (C5a) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of sepsis development. Herein, we employed in vitro and in vivo models of sepsis to investigate the functional relationship between overtly produced C5a and IL-8. Our data revealed that C5a could strongly amplify IL-8 expression from human whole blood cells induced by LPS and other types of TLR agonists. ERK1/2 and p38, but not JNK, were mainly participated in signaling pathways for IL-8 production. In the whole blood stimulated by Escherichiacoli, C5a levels were quickly elevated and blockage of C5a significantly decreased E. coli-elicited IL-8 production. In the mouse model of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), the markedly increased keratinocyte-derived cytokine (KC) could be strongly suppressed by blockage of C5a. These data suggest that excessive C5a functions as a critical inflammatory mediator to enhance IL-8 production mainly through MAPK signaling pathways.     

Automated 5-D analysis of cell migration and interaction in the thymic cortex from time-lapse sequences of 3-D multi-channel multi-photon images

This paper presents automated methods to quantify dynamic phenomena such as cell-cell interactions and cell migration patterns from time-lapse series of multi-channel three-dimensional image stacks of living specimens. Various 5-dimensional (x, y, z, t, λ) images containing dendritic cells (DC), and T-cells or thymocytes in the developing mouse thymic cortex and lymph node were acquired by two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM). The cells were delineated automatically using a mean-shift clustering algorithm. This enables morphological measurements to be computed. A robust multiple-hypothesis tracking algorithm was used to track thymocytes (the DC were stationary). The tracking data enable dynamic measurements to be computed, including migratory patterns of thymocytes, and duration of thymocyte-DC contacts. Software was developed for efficient inspection, corrective editing, and validation of the automated analysis results. Our software-generated results agreed with manually generated measurements to within 8%.     

The kinetics and distribution of C9 and SC5b-9 in vivo: effects of complement activation.

Many diseases associated with complement activation are characterized by tissue deposition of components of the terminal complement complex (TCC). The ninth component of complement (C9) plays an important role in the cytolytic effects, and may contribute to the non-lethal cell-regulating functions of the TCC. In this study we examined the behaviour of radiolabelled human C9 and its soluble complexed form SC5b-9 in vivo in order to determine the effects of complement activation on its turnover, distribution and molecular size. In normal rabbits the metabolic parameters of 125I-C9 (median and range) were: plasma half-life (t1/2) 25.9 (20.6-29.5) h, fractional catabolic rate (FCR) 5.7 (5.3-7.0)%/h, and extravascular/intravascular ratio (EV/IV) 0.7 (0.6-1.1). The distribution of radiolabelled C9 amongst body tissues was similar to that observed for rabbit serum albumin (RSA). Activation of the complement cascade with i.v. injection of cobra venom factor (CVF) resulted in rapid disappearance of C9 from the plasma and accumulation of protein-bound radiolabeled in the spleen (exceeding the plasma concentration) and the liver. RSA metabolism and distribution were unaffected by CVF. Fine performance liquid chromatography (FPLC) gel filtration of plasma samples suggested that monomeric C9 was the only major radiolabelled protein present during normal turnovers, whereas CVF administration was accompanied by the prompt appearance of a high mol. wt species consistent in size with SC5b-9. When injected directly, 125I-SC5b-9 disappeared rapidly from the plasma, falling by 50% in 0.7 (0.6-0.8) h, and less than 15% remaining after 4 h with accumulation of protein-bound label in the spleen and liver. These results demonstrate the complexity of C9 metabolism during complement activation.     

Comparison of the suppressive effects of soluble CR1 and C5a receptor antagonist in acute arthritis induced in rats by blocking of CD59

We investigated the effects of suppression of complement activation at C3 level and inhibition of C5a on acute synovitis in rats. Acute synovitis was induced in Wistar rats by intra-articular (i.a.) injection into one knee of 0.3 mg of MoAb 6D1 (anti-rat CD59 antibody). In the treatment groups, soluble CR1 (sCR1) or C5a receptor (C5aR) antagonist was administered intra-articularly or intravenously and effects on the course of the acute synovitis were monitored. Synovitis induced by 6D1 was characterized by joint swelling, thickening of synovial tissue, cellular infiltration and deposition of membrane attack complex (MAC) on the synovial surface. Neither inflammatory change nor MAC deposition was found in rats which received an i.a. injection of sCR1 to suppress complement activity in the joint. Intra-articular injection of sCR1 did not reduce plasma complement activity. Intravenous administration of sCR1 suppressed plasma complement activity but had no effect on the course of the arthritis and synovitis with MAC deposition was observed. Neither i.a. nor i.v. injection of C5aR antagonist had any suppressive effects on inflammatory change or MAC deposition in synovium. The data show that inflammatory change induced by 6D1 was mediated by local complement activation and was not accompanied by systemic complement activation. C5a generation was not responsible for the observed inflammation, suggesting that other complement activation products, possibly MAC, mediate the inflammatory change observed in this model of acute synovitis in rats.     

Combinatorial expression patterns of heparan sulfate sulfotransferases in zebrafish: III. 2-O-sulfotransferase and C5-epimerases.

Heparan sulfate (HS) is an unbranched chain of repetitive disaccharides, which specifically binds ligands when attached to the cell surface or secreted extracellularly. HS chains contain sulfated domains, termed the HS fine structure, which give HS specific binding affinities for extracellular ligands. HS 2-O-sulfotransferase (2-OST) catalyzes the transfer of sulfate groups to the 2-O position of uronic acid residues of HS. We report here the characterization and developmental expression patterns of 2-OST in several tissues/organs throughout early zebrafish development, including early cleavage stages, eyes, somites, brain, internal organ primordial, and pectoral fin. The 2-OST gene has spatially and temporally distinct expression, which is a surprise given the essential role of 2-OST in HS fine structure formation. Furthermore, although 2-OST and C5-epimerase are predicted to be interdependent for protein translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, their expression is not coordinately regulated during zebrafish development.     

Cofactor regulation of C5a chemotactic activity in physiological fluids. Requirement for the vitamin D binding protein, thrombospondin-1 and its receptors

Factors in physiological fluids that regulate the chemotactic activity of complement activation peptides C5a and C5a des Arg are not well understood. The vitamin D binding protein (DBP) has been shown to significantly enhance chemotaxis to C5a/C5a des Arg. More recently, platelet-derived thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) has been shown to facilitate the augmentation of C5a-induced chemotaxis by DBP. The objective of this study was to better characterize these chemotactic cofactors and investigate the role that cell surface TSP-1 receptors CD36 and CD47 may play in this process. The chemotactic activity in C-activated normal serum, citrated plasma, DBP-depleted serum or C5 depleted serum was determined for both normal human neutrophils and U937 cell line transfected with the C5a receptor (U937–C5aR). In addition, levels of C5a des Arg, DBP and TSP-1 in these fluids were measured by RIA or ELISA. Results show that there is a clear hierarchy with C5a being the essential primary signal (DBP or TSP-1 will not function in the absence of C5a), DBP the necessary cofactor and TSP-1 a dependent tertiary factor, since it cannot function to enhance chemotaxis to C5a without DBP. Measurement of the C5a-induced intracellular calcium flux confirmed the same hierarchy observed with chemotaxis. Moreover, analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) demonstrated that C5a-dependent chemotactic activity is significantly decreased after anti-DBP treatment. Finally, results show that TSP-1 utilizes cell surface receptors CD36 and CD47 to augment chemotaxis, but DBP does not bind to TSP-1, CD36 or CD47. The results clearly demonstrate that C5a/C5a des Arg needs both DBP and TSP-1 for maximal chemotactic activity and suggest that the regulation of C5a chemotactic activity in physiological fluids is more complex than previously thought.