乳腺微腺腺病一例

患者女,46岁。发现右乳腺包块1年,于2002年11月5日入院。体检：右乳腺外上方触及3cm×2cm包块,质韧,界不清。B超示右乳房外上方低回声结节,有少量血流信号,手术切除治疗。[第一段]     

卵巢室管膜瘤一例

患者女,38岁。反复下腹疼痛伴盆腔包块1年余,于2003年9月入院。妇科检查：子宫如孕40多天大小,右附件区扪及一9cm×8cm×5cm包块,囊实性感,活动,无明显压痛。B超：右附件区肿物8cm×6cm×6cm,中等回声,其中有一直径3．5cm液性暗区,左附件未见异常。临床诊断：右卵巢巧克力囊肿。行右卵巢巧克力囊肿剥除术,术中见：右卵巢5cm×4cm×3cm,其上缘有2．0cm×0．3cm×0．3cm的灰白色细蒂,[第一段]     

乳腺多形性腺瘤1例

患者女性,43岁,因左乳腺肿物3年入院。查体：患者左乳腺内上象限触及5cm×4cm×4cm肿物,活动度好,无触痛。[第一段]     

乳腺原发性实体型腺泡状横纹肌肉瘤1例

患者女性,47岁。因发现左侧乳腺肿物2周,皮肤破溃1天入院。体检：左侧乳晕区靠外上象限见一直径6 cm的肿物,表面皮肤淤血、破溃,破溃范围3．5 cm ×2．5 cm;双侧腋窝未触及肿大淋巴结。实验室检查：白细胞4．35×109/L。B超检查：左侧乳腺乳晕区靠外上象限探及一大小6．8 cm ×6．5 cm ×4．0 cm低回声反射区,边界不清,形态欠规则,无明显包膜,其内回声不均匀。甲状腺、肝脏、胆囊、胰腺、双肾及脾脏均未见异常。     

乳腺细粒棘球蚴病1例

患者,女,44岁,因“左乳隐痛10余年,左乳肿块1月余”以“左乳肿物性质待查”入院。体检：左乳内上象限10-11点距乳晕5cm处可触及一约1．0cm×2．0cm大小的肿块,质硬,活动欠佳,边界尚清,有压痛。于人院后第3天行左乳肿块切除术。术中见左胸大肌筋膜近乳腺有一直径1．5cm大小的囊性包块,切除送检。[第一段]     

肾脏原始神经外胚叶肿瘤一例

患者男,31岁。因右腰痛伴小便带血1年余于2005年8月8日入院。入院前行放射治疗1个月。体检：右肾区扣击痛,右肋缘下可触及肿大肾体,质硬。B超检查：膀胱充盈差,壁光滑,右肾上极探及9．5cm×6．9cm实性不均质回声团块,左肾未见异常,右肾实性占位。患者曾于6月6日行肾脏CT扫描：右肾上中极肿块约12cm×12cm×11cm大小,外上缘突破肾包膜与腹膜及肝下内缘分界不清,其内密度欠均匀,腹膜后无明显肿大淋巴结。诊断：右肾癌周围侵犯。7月25日肾脏CT扫描：右肾中上部可见一约8．0cm×6．5cm大小弱低密度肿块,CT值约28Hu,其内可见不规则更低密度灶肿块,上缘向后上膨突并与肝脏分界不清,肾门及腹膜后无肿大淋巴结,与前片比较瘤灶明显缩小,诊断：右肾癌放疗后所见。在连续硬膜外麻醉下行右肾切除术,手术所见：右侧腹膜后肾脏区巨大肿块,与肝脏下缘粘连,质地硬。将右肾完整切除送检。     

富有砂砾体钙化的乳腺浸润性微乳头状癌1例

患者，女，35岁，5年前发现右乳外上方肿块，约蚕豆大小，月经前胀痛，月经后缓解。半年后肿物迅速增大，约鸡蛋大小，B超提示：右乳腺外上有一高回声区3cm×2．5cm×3cm，边界清，光滑，分叶状。患者即往健康，家族中无乳腺疾病史。查体：双乳外形对称，未见皮肤红肿、桔皮样改变、酒窝征及乳头内陷，无乳头溢液。     

乳腺纤维瘤病样梭形细胞癌

1　临床资料 患者女性,69岁,因发现左乳肿块1个月余入院。查 体:左乳外上象限扪及2cm×2cm肿块,质硬,界欠清,活动 差。患侧皮肤和乳头正常,左侧腋下淋巴结未触及。B超 左乳外上象限探及28mm×23mm×25mm不规则低回声 边界欠清,内部回声不均,提示:左乳外上象限实质性占位性 病变(癌可能)。临床诊断:左乳腺癌。术中切除肿块送冷 冻切片检查。 2　病理检查 2.1　眼观　乳腺组织4.5cm×4.5cm×3.0cm,切面见一 肿物3.0cm×2.5cm×2.5cm,灰白色,质硬,无包膜。大部 分区域肿瘤边界较清,小区与周围脂肪组织界限不清(图 1)。 2.2　镜检　肿瘤细胞…     

肾透明细胞癌伴肾盂血管瘤及肾上腺皮质腺瘤一例

患者 男．63岁。因高血压3个月,左肾区疼痛伴肉眼血尿10余天,恶心、呕吐半天于2006年7月18日入院。体检：左肾区叩痛,血压210／100mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）。B超检查：左肾近下极见5．7cm×5．2cm多囊性肿物;左肾门区见3．5cm×3．5cm实性肿物,突人肾盂内;右肾上腺见3．0cm×2．8cm圆形均质回声结节,包裹在肾上腺内。临床诊断为左肾多发性肿瘤,右肾上腺肿瘤。遂行左肾全切及右肾上腺肿瘤摘除术。手术中血压无波动,手术后血压135／75mmHg。     

直肠癌乳腺转移1例

患者女性,35岁,因无明显诱因下反复出现大便次数增多1个月入院,7~8次/日,偶有大便带血,大便成形,下腹坠胀感伴消瘦.入院体检:距肛门5~10 cm处可见1溃疡型肿物,大小4 cm×3 cm.血清学检查示:CEA 10.38 ng/ml (0~3.4 ng/ml),CA19-9 143.90 IU/ml(0~27 IU/ml),CA125 62.85 IU/ml (0~35 IU/ml), AFP 1.88 ng/ml(0~35 ng/ml).活检病理诊断为腺癌行直肠癌根治术.术后4个月,右乳腺发现一肿块.乳腺超声检查:双乳结构清晰,内均探及散在片状低回声,左乳腺内未探及明显异常结节及团块回声,右乳外上象限探及低回声,大小0.9 cm×0.6 cm×1.0 cm,边界不清,内回声不均匀,双腋窝未探及异常肿大淋巴结,提示:(1) 双侧乳腺组织增生;(2)右乳腺实性占位性病变.随行乳腺肿块切除术,术中联系快速病理,考虑转移性腺癌而行单纯肿块切除.3个月后,因胸闷、憋喘,活动后加重入院.胸透示双肺转移瘤并右胸腔积液;彩超示肝、胆、胰、脾和肾正常.     

Level of functioning of siblings and parents of probands of varying degrees of retardation

A further analysis of already published data supports the position that retardates of low ability level less frequently have retarded siblings, retarded parents, and parents low in occupational level than do retardates higher in ability level. The analysis supports the position that there are two types of retarded individuals, persons retarded as a result of gene or chromosomal anomalies, brain injury, etc., who more frequently occur in the lower-level retardate group, and persons whose retardation represents polygenic segregation, who more frequently occur in the higher-level group.     

Modes of Inheritance of Errors of Refraction

Eighteen families in which both parents had refractions within the range of +4·0 D to −4·0 D and axial lengths seen in emmetropia (22·3-26·0 mm) showed coefficients of correlation of the order 0·5 indicative of polygenic inheritance. Such coefficients were seen for axial length (0·407) and for the cornea (0·487), but not for the lens (which is known to be yoked to the axial length). No such coefficients were seen in 19 families in which one of the parents had axial length outside the emmetropic range (nine families with long axes and 10 with short axes).

The pattern of polygenic inheritance for emmetropia (completely correlated optical components) and errors of refraction up to 4·0 D (inadequately correlated components: correlation ametropia) follows that seen in stature and other measurable characters. In contrast the high refractive errors with their abnormal axial lengths (component ametropia) are—like the extremes in stature—pathological anomalies with monofactorial inheritance.