乳腺分叶状肿瘤的彩色多普勒超声诊断

乳腺分叶状肿瘤(phyllode tumor of the breast,PTB)是一种少见的乳腺疾病,占乳腺肿瘤性病变的0.3%～1.0%[1]。本文回顾性分析经手术病理证实的34例乳腺分叶状肿瘤的彩色多普勒超声声像图特征,以提高彩色多普勒超声对乳腺分叶状肿瘤的诊断水平。     

乳腺叶状肿瘤的诊断和治疗

目的研究乳腺叶状肿瘤的基本的组织特征、病理诊断、鉴别诊断和分类标准,筛选各型肿瘤外科治疗的适宜术式,寻找临床和病理预后因素。方法对203例乳腺叶状瘤的病理形态学特征、临床因素和不同术式的疗效,按统计学软件SPSS（10．0）要求,建立数据库作Cluster、Focater、Logistic及Cox regression分析。结果203例叶状肿瘤可分为良性、交界和恶性三型,分别为133、42和28例;局部复发分别为28、19和18例;因瘤死亡分别为0、2和16例;在131例随访5年以上的病例中,5年生存率分别为1000A、92％和33．3％。结论肿瘤性坏死具有重要的诊断价值。肿瘤性坏死、生长方式、异型性和核分裂数是在无错判条件下的肿瘤病理诊断参数集,亦是目前文献中最简化的诊断方案。良性、交界性和恶性叶状肿瘤应废止以往常用的肿物单纯切除术式;对于良性和交界性肿瘤至少应选择肿物连同周围2cm正常乳腺组织一并切除的扩大切除术;复发的交界性和恶性肿瘤要选择乳房单纯切除术式。叶状肿瘤的病理组织学等级（类型）与肿瘤的局部复发和因瘤死亡有统计学线性关系（P〈0．01）;肿瘤的浸润性生长方式与肿瘤的复发有线性关系（P〈0．01）;肿瘤性坏死和核分裂数值是独立的预后因素;术式等11个临床病理因素为单风险预后因素。     

乳腺叶状肿瘤的3.0T MRI表现

【摘要】目的：分析乳腺叶状肿瘤的MRI特征,提高对本病的MRI诊断水平。方法：回顾性分析51例经手术病理证实的乳腺叶状肿瘤的MRI资料,其中良性31例、交界性15例、恶性5例。结果：51例叶状肿瘤的主要MRI表现：分叶状或类圆形肿块,边界清晰,T2WI信号多不均匀、可见低信号分隔,动态增强扫描可见低信号分隔不强化,时间-信号强度曲线以渐进型和平台型为主。良性、交界性及恶性叶状肿瘤的ADC值分别为(1.66±0.18)×10-3、(1.54±0.17)×10-3和(1.33±0.23)×10-3mm2/s;恶性和交界性合并后（非良性）ADC值为(1.46±0.21)×10-3mm2/s,与良性肿瘤比较,差异有统计学意义（t=3.08,P<0.05）。结论：MRI能够准确显示乳腺叶状肿瘤的形态学及血流动力学特征,为术前明确诊断提供诊断依据。     

乳腺良恶性叶状瘤X线与超声检查诊断现状

叶状瘤占乳腺肿瘤的1%，约占乳腺上皮样肿瘤的2～3％。与纤维腺瘤一样，叶状瘤是由上皮成份及结缔组织基质构成的，但叶状瘤具有更完善的基质细胞结构。内眼观察叶状瘤呈内质。分叶、囊状，Mueler J首先于1838年将叶状瘤描述为“叶状囊性内瘤”，并认为该肿瘤为良性。1931年Lee B报道％，局部复发约为20首例转移性叶状瘤，此后相继有转移性叶状瘤的报道。叶状瘤转移的发生率为6%-22％，并常由于不完全性外科手术切除引起，绝大多数复发病灶其组织学上类似于原发肿瘤，但其侵袭性更强。     

乳腺叶状肿瘤临床病理分析

目的:探讨乳腺叶状肿瘤(PTs)的临床病理学特点.方法:时6例乳腺叶状肿瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果:PTs大体上均表现为界限清楚的肿块,且呈分叶状.肿瘤由具有双层排列的上皮成分以及过度生长的间质成分组成.根据间质的过度生长程度、细胞的异型程度、核分裂数、有无异源性成分以及肿瘤性坏死等继发性改变将其分为良性、交界性和恶性3个级别.结论:乳腺叶状肿瘤发病率低.术前诊断困难,其诊断主要依据组织学观察.     

乳腺分叶状肿瘤的临床及X线钼靶表现分析

目的：探讨乳腺分叶状肿瘤的临床及影像学表现。方法：回顾性分析5例经手术、病理证实的乳腺分叶状肿瘤患者的临床和乳腺X线摄影资料．良性1例,恶性1例。患者均为女性．年龄20～51岁,病程1周～4年。首发症状为乳腺无痛性包块,3例患者肿块近期迅速长大。结果：所有肿块触诊质地坚韧．表面光滑,活动度好。乳腺X线摄影片共显示瘤体6个．多位于乳腺外上象限（46）,均为高密度．无毛刺肿块,分叶形3个、圆形1个、椭圆形2个。肿块直径2．5～7．5cm。4个肿块边缘;青晰、光滑．3个可见薄层透明晕环绕;另2个瘤体边缘部分清楚。肿块内未见钙化,未见异常血管像,邻近结构紊乱及腋下淋巴结增大。结论：分叶状肿瘤在临床及影像学表现上与纤维腺瘤有很多相似之处,但年龄较大的女性、乳腺发现较大肿块且短期内迅速长大应高度怀疑分叶状肿瘤可能。     

乳腺叶状肿瘤9例临床病理分析

乳腺叶状肿瘤旧称叶状囊肉瘤，是一种呈分叶状结构、由乳腺纤维结缔组织和上皮成分组成的少见的纤维上皮性肿瘤，约占所有乳腺肿瘤的0．3％-0．5％。乳腺叶状肿瘤的生物学行为较难预测，其组织学分类也是一个难题。本文收集1988—2002年9例，现报告如下。     

乳腺叶状肿瘤的X线表现及病理对照分析

目的 分析乳腺叶状肿瘤(phyllodes tumors of the breast, PTs)的X线特征,并与病理结果相对照.方法 回顾性分析60例经手术病理证实PTs的X线特征及病理表现.良性PTs 5例,交界性PTs 45例,恶性PTs 10例,其中1例含有软骨肉瘤成分,1例含有脂肪肉瘤成分,其余PTs含有纤维肉瘤成分.结果 (1)60例PTs,53例X线片表现为肿块,7例为肿块伴钙化,包括交界性PTs 4例,恶性PTs 3例.46例有"透亮晕征".(2)肿物圆形6例,卵圆形14例,分叶形35例(其中14例表现为深分叶或多结节样堆积或肿块周围伴发结节),不规则形5例.26例肿块边缘清楚光滑,28例边缘模糊,6例边缘呈浸润性改变. 结论良性PTs常为边缘清楚的分叶状肿块,边缘浸润的分叶状肿块常为恶性.     

乳腺叶状肿瘤26例数字钼靶X线分析

目的分析乳腺叶状肿瘤的X线表现,探讨钼靶X线摄影对乳腺叶状肿瘤的诊断价值。方法回顾分析我院26例经手术病理证实的乳腺叶状肿瘤患者术前乳腺X线检查资料。结果26例乳腺叶状肿瘤中,良性21例(80.8%)交界性3例(11.5%)恶性2例(7.7%)。其中18例乳腺叶状肿瘤多位于外上象限,直径1.7～9.3cm,19例肿块表现为圆形、边缘光整,5例表现为分叶状,7例为多发肿块,2例为边缘模糊、有毛刺征,1例发现钙化灶,21例发现"透明晕"。结论妇女乳房内肿块大、分叶状且周边有"透明晕"是乳腺叶状肿瘤较特征的X线征象,近期肿块迅速增大有助于叶状肿瘤的诊断。X线表现与组织学分型有一定关系,边缘模糊,有毛刺提示恶性程度较高。认识乳腺叶状肿瘤的病理表现和X线特征,有助于提高术前诊断率。     

乳腺分叶状肿瘤的超声表现与病理对照分析

目的:分析乳腺分叶状肿瘤的超声表现,提高对该病的认识。方法:回顾性分析我院18例经手术病理证实的乳腺分叶状肿瘤患者的临床及影像资料,探讨其超声表现。结果:18例中,病理为良性者14例,交界性3例,恶性1例。乳腺超声主要表现为分叶状肿块11例;最大径≥3cm 7例;11例内部回声不均匀。乳腺超声与病理诊断的符合率为55.5%。结论:乳腺分叶状肿瘤的超声表现有一定特征性,肿瘤分叶状形态及不均匀内部回声是其特征性表现。     

ED breast cases and other breast emergencies

Patients with pathologic processes of the breast commonly present in the Emergency Department (ED). Familiarity with the imaging and management of the most common entities is essential for the radiologist. Additionally, it is important to understand the limitations of ED imaging and management in the acute setting and to recognize when referrals to a specialty breast center are necessary. The goal of this article is to review the clinical presentations, pathophysiology, imaging, and management of emergency breast cases and common breast pathology seen in the ED.     

数字乳腺断层摄影在乳腺筛查中的应用进展

目前全数字化乳腺摄影（full-field digital mammography, FFDM）仍是乳腺癌早期发现、早期诊断的首选检查方法。而数字乳腺断层摄影技术能够克服常规FFDM中重叠纤维腺体组织干扰诊断这一主要局限性,增强对乳腺病变的可见性,显著提高诊断的敏感性和特异性,有效地降低了召回率。本文重点对于DBT在乳腺筛查中的优势及局限性进行综述。     

Lymphoscintigraphy in breast cancer: the value of breast lymphoscintigraphy in breast sentinel node staging

A 28-year-old woman with an infiltrating ductal carcinoma in the upper outer quadrant of the left breast diagnosed by excisional biopsy underwent lumpectomy, intraoperative lymphatic mapping, and sentinel node dissection. This was followed by an immediate completion axillary node dissection using a hand-held gamma probe and isosulfan blue to map the lymphatics. Preoperative breast lymphoscintigraphy showed drainage into the axilla and an apparent area of radiocolloid accumulation in the inferior hemisphere of the left breast. Because our protocol called only for removal of axillary sentinel nodes, the inferior hemisphere radiocolloid accumulation was not removed. The patient did not complete local regional therapy with breast irradiation and developed a mass in the inferior hemisphere of the left breast, which on biopsy was shown to be metastatic breast cancer in an intramammary lymph node. This case illustrates the potential value of breast lymphoscintograms to identify unusual sites of lymphatic drainage that may prove to be clinically relevant.     

Characterisation of breast papillary neoplasm on automated breast ultrasound

Intraductal papillary neoplasms of the breast form a wide spectrum of pathological changes with benign intraductal papilloma and papillary carcinoma. They can occur anywhere within the breast ductal system. This review illustrates some characteristic appearances of breast papillary neoplasms on coronal planes reconstructed by automatic breast volume scan. Such manifestations are not uncommon in papillary neoplasms, and familiarity will enable confident diagnosis.Papillary lesions of the breast are a heterogeneous group of breast lesions, including intraductal papilloma, atypical papilloma and intraductal papillary carcinoma [1,2]. Although the management of intraductal papillomas is varied, surgical excision is generally recommended as a precaution against the risk of a subsequent carcinoma [3,4]. Recently, some studies have suggested that patients with a tumour measuring <1.5 cm and an ultrasound Breast Imaging—Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) category of 3 or 4a can be potentially selected for vacuum-assisted biopsy, but only if the tumour does not extend into the branching ducts [5,6]. Ueng et al [2] recommended that localised papillary lesions should be excised completely with a small rim of uninvolved breast tissue without any prior needle instrumentation if and when the papillary nature can be determined by imaging. Therefore, a careful imaging evaluation is necessary because it could help to identify the papillary neoplasm nature and select the high-risk lesions for proper treatment.Ultrasound has a greater sensitivity for detecting all papillary lesions than mammography [7]. Recently, automated breast ultrasound scanners have been developed, and the ultrasound volume data set of the whole breast can be acquired in a standard manner [8]. They have already shown potential for characterisation of breast tumours [9,10]. However, these studies did not detail the ultrasound features of intraductal papillary neoplasms on automated breast ultrasound. The reconstructed coronal views are also expected to provide more information and thus help to differentiate these lesions from other focal breast abnormalities.     

Periductal mastitis mimicking breast cancer in a male breast

Periductal mastitis in a male patient rarely has been reported in the English literature. Herein, we now present a rare case of periductal mastitis mimicking breast cancer, both clinically and radiologically, in a 37-year-old man. Mammogram and sonogram showed a mass with irregular shape, spiculated margin and a nipple retraction, mimicking a male breast cancer. Radiologic and pathologic correlation is provided.     

Two-dimensional breast dosimetry improved using three-dimensional breast image data

Conventional mammographic dosimetry has been developed over the past 40 years. Prior to the availability of high-resolution three-dimensional breast images, certain assumptions about breast anatomy were required. These assumptions were based on the information evident on two-dimensional mammograms; they included assumptions of thick skin, a uniform mixture of glandular and adipose tissue, and a median breast density of 50%. Recently, the availability of high-resolution breast CT studies has provided more accurate data about breast anatomy, and this, in turn, has provided the opportunity to update mammographic dosimetry. Based on hundreds of data sets on breast CT volume, a number of studies were performed and reported which have shed light on the basic breast anatomy specific to dosimetry in mammography. It was shown that the average skin thickness of the breast was approximately 1.5 mm, instead of the 4 or 5 mm in the past. In another study, 3-D breast CT data sets were used for validation of the 2-D algorithm developed at the University of Toronto, leading to data suggesting that the overall average breast density is of the order of 16–20%, rather than the previously assumed 50%. Both of these assumptions led to normalized glandular dose (DgN) coefficients which are higher than those of the past. However, a comprehensive study on hundreds of breast CT data sets confirmed the findings of other investigators that there is a more centralized average location of glandular tissue within the breast. Combined with Monte Carlo studies for dosimetry, when accurate models of the distribution of glandular tissue were used, a 30% reduction in the radiation dose (as determined by the DgN coefficient) was found as an average across typical molybdenum and tungsten spectra used clinically. The 30% average reduction was found even when the thinner skin and the lower average breast density were considered. The article reviews three specific anatomic observations made possible based on high-resolution breast CT data by several different research groups. It is noted that, periodically, previous assumptions pertaining to dosimetry can be updated when new information becomes available, so that more accurate dosimetry is achieved. Dogmatic practices typically change slowly, but it is hoped that the medical physics community will continue to evaluate changes in DgN coefficients such that they become more accurate.     

The role of breast scintigraphy in detecting breast masses

127 breast scans were performed on 83 female patients using technetium-99m diphosphonate. 46 out of 48 patients with breast cancer had positive breast scans manifested by a focal increased uptake in 37 patients and a diffuse increased uptake in the remaining 9 patients. Benign breast lesions such as fibrocystic disease, fibroadenoma and fat necrosis may also concentrate the radioactive agent in a focal or a diffuse pattern. So breast scanning is a sensitive though nonspecific modality to detect malignant breast lesions and it is worthwhile performing it on all women referred for bone scan.