国人眼眶容积及骨性径线测量

目的　为眼眶手术安全和眼眶重建术提供形态学资料。方法　应用摩立逊定位仪、游标卡尺等工具对 30例骨性眼眶进行解剖测量。结果　眶外侧缘点至眶上裂距离为 35 2 5mm ;眶外侧缘点至视神经孔外侧缘距离为 4 8 4 0mm ;眶下点至眶上裂距离为 4 5 6 2mm ;眶下点至眶下裂距离为 19 5 8mm ;眶下点至视神经孔外侧缘距离为 5 2 0 8mm ;眶内侧缘点至筛前孔距离为 18 5 9mm ;眶内侧缘点至筛后孔距离为 32 4 9mm ;眶内侧缘点至视神经孔内侧缘距离为 4 1 15mm ;眶上切迹至眶上裂距离为 39 0 4mm ;眶上切迹至视神经孔上缘距离为 4 5 93mm ;眶上缘中点至视神经孔上缘距离为 4 7 13mm ;眶下点至眶上裂距离为 4 5 35mm ;眶下缘中点至视神经孔外缘距离为 4 9 6 4mm ;眶深为 4 9 6 4mm ;颅最大长度为 175 34mm ;眶容积为 2 7 0 0ml。结论　同一个体双侧眼眶除了眶下点至视神经孔外侧缘距离右眼大于左眼 (P =0 0 16 )外 ,其他无显著差异 ;眶深与颅最大长度无直线相关关系。     

Microsurgical anatomy of the superior orbital fissure

The microanatomy of the superior orbital fissure (SOF) was studied in 96 sides of cadaver specimens. The SOF is a narrow bony cleft that lies at the apex of the orbit between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid. Through this fissure, many important structures enter the orbit from the middle cranial fossa including the third, fourth, sixth cranial nerves, and the ophthalmic branch of the fifth nerve. In addition, the superior opthalmamic vein exits the orbit to drain into the cavernous sinus via the SOF. The fissure can be divided into three anatomical regions by the annulus of Zinn (common annular tendon): the lateral, central, and inferior regions. The lateral wall of the SOF can also be divided between the upper and lower segments, and the angle between them was measured to be 144.27 degrees +/- 20.03 degrees . Defining these regions is useful in describing the course and placement of the nerves and vasculature in the SOF. Managing lesions at the orbital apex requires an extensive knowledge of the cranial base and the intracranial and extracranial relationships of the anatomical structures coursing through the SOF. The goal of this study was to describe the microanatomy of the SOF region in detail and to provide a reference for surgical procedures involving the orbital apex.     

Localization of important facial foramina encountered in maxillo-facial surgery

Knowledge of the location of foramina in the maxillo-facial region is necessary in clinical situations requiring regional nerve blocks and in open as well as endoscopic surgical procedures to avoid injury to corresponding nerves. In this study, measurements were taken on 79 adult dried human skulls to determine the position of the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina. Supraorbital foramina were found to be approximately 25 mm lateral to the midline, 30 mm medial to the temporal crest of the frontal bone, and 2-3 mm superior to the supraorbital rim. Additional exits for branches of the supraorbital nerve were present in 14% of skulls. The intersection of the zygomatico-maxillary suture with the inferior orbital rim was a readily palpable landmark for locating the infraorbital foramen. This foramen was approximately 7 mm inferior to the inferior orbital rim and 28.5-mm lateral to the midline. Mental foramina were on average, 25.8-mm lateral to the midline and about 13-mm superior to the inferior mandibular margin. Both the infraorbital and mental foramina were most often on a vertical line with the second premolar (Position 3). The distances of the foramina from the midline were similar on both sides demonstrating facial symmetry. In about 80% of skulls, the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina/notches were along the same vertical line. These measurements may be of value to clinicians in localizing and safeguarding these nerves and providing effective nerve blocks.     

The orbit: A re‐appraisal of the surgical landmarks of the medial and lateral walls

The anterior ethmoidal foramen (AEF) and posterior ethmoidal foramina (AEF and PEF, respectively) on the medial wall and the cranio‐orbital foramen (COF) on the lateral wall are used as landmarks in orbital surgeries. In surgery these foramina, the neurovascular structures they transmit and other orbital structures in close proximity need to be identified to minimise their risk of damage. Despite the clinical importance, the current understandings lack consistency in the precise location, microanatomy and morphology of the foramina. This study therefore aimed to document and analyze the microanatomy, location, and morphometric relations of the EF and COF to determine a standardized guideline to accessing the foramina. One hundred dry orbits were morphometrically analyzed, and a further six orbits were micro‐dissected to determine the locations of the EF and COF. The orbital size dimensions were measured for each dry orbit and correlated with the morphometric distances. A complete morphometric and quantitative analysis showed the distances of the EF and COF to be variable, with greater variations observed in the incidence of the accessory EF and PEF distances in the medial wall, and in the presence of the COF and the accessory COF in the lateral orbital wall. Significant correlations were observed between the length of the medial orbital wall and some EF distances. This study is the first to suggest a standardized method of locating these foramina in the orbit irrespective of population and sex differences, in order to help improve clinical applications in crucial orbital surgeries. Clin. Anat. 29:998–1010, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Anatomical Consideration of the Anterior and Lateral Cutaneous Nerves in the Scalp

To better understand the anatomic location of scalp nerves involved in various neurosurgical procedures, including awake surgery and neuropathic pain control, a total of 30 anterolateral scalp cutaneous nerves were examined in Korean adult cadavers. The dissection was performed from the distal to the proximal aspects of the nerve. Considering the external bony landmarks, each reference point was defined for all measurements. The supraorbital nerve arose from the supraorbital notch or supraorbital foramen 29 mm lateral to the midline (range, 25-33 mm) and 5 mm below the supraorbital upper margin (range, 4-6 mm). The supratrochlear nerve exited from the orbital rim 16 mm lateral to the midline (range, 12-21 mm) and 7 mm below the supraorbital upper margin (range, 6-9 mm). The zygomaticotemporal nerve pierced the deep temporalis fascia 10 mm posterior to the frontozygomatic suture (range, 7-13 mm) and 22 mm above the upper margin of the zygomatic arch (range, 15-27 mm). In addition, three types of zygomaticotemporal nerve branches were found. Considering the superficial temporal artery, the auriculotemporal nerve was mostly located superficial or posterior to the artery (80%). There were no significant differences between the right and left sides or based on gender (P>0.05). These data can be applied to many neurosurgical diagnostic or therapeutic procedures related to anterolateral scalp cutaneous nerve.     

Localization of the supraorbital,infraorbital, and mental foramina using palpable,bony landmarks

The purpose of this study was to locate the infraorbital, supraorbital, and mental foramina by using palpable anatomical landmarks that are conducive to surgical use. Fourteen embalmed cadavers (27 sides) were dissected to expose the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina. Measurements were made from the lateral orbital rim at the zygomaticofrontal (ZF) suture to both the supraorbital and infraorbital foramina. The distance from the inferior orbital rim at the zygomaticomaxillary (ZM) suture to both foramina was also measured. The distance to the mental foramen was measured from the angle and the inferior border of the mandible. The supraorbital foramen was located 26.2 ± 2.8 mm medial and 13.5 ± 3.7 mm superior to the ZF suture. The infraorbital foramen was located 23.8 ± 3.1 mm medial and 30.9 ± 3.8 mm inferior to the ZF suture, on average. Vertical measurements made from the ZM suture to the supraorbital foramen averaged 34.4 ± 3.6 mm and from the ZM suture to the infraorbital foramina averaged 7.6 ± 2.2 mm. The mental foramen was 64.2 ± 6.4 mm medial to the angle of the mandible and 12.9 ± 1.6 mm superior to the inferior border of the mandible. This study provides data that may be useful in predicting the location of the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina using palpable landmarks. These data may be particularly helpful for surgery in patients with missing teeth or fractures of the maxillary bone. Clin. Anat., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Variations of supraorbital traits

More than one notch and/or foramen may be found in the supraorbital region due to branching of the supraorbital nerves and vessels. A total of 360 adult Anatolian-Ottoman skulls (212 male, 148 female) were examined for some characteristics of the notches and/or foramina in the supraorbital region. The distribution of the supraorbital traits: 335 (93%) in medial, 24 (6.7%) in both medial and lateral, only 1 (0.3%) in lateral position. Of 360 skulls, 197 (54.7%) had one notch on either side, 32 (8.9%) had one foramen on one side and one notch on the other side, 24 (6.7%) had one foramen and notch on one side and one notch on the other side, 19 (5.3%) had one foramen on either side and 88 (24.4%) had other combinations. The distances of the notches from the midline, and between of the foramina from the midline and the supraorbital margin were measured. Knowledge of the anatomy of the supraorbital region is important for the plastic and maxillofacial surgery.     

Consistency of the lateral canthus as an anatomic landmark and its clinical implications

Successful oculofacial procedures require the availability of a reliable surgical and anatomic landmark. This study aimed to determine the usefulness of the lateral canthus as a surface landmark. Seventy‐seven from 42 Korean cadavers were dissected. The horizontal distance from the lateral canthus to the lateral orbital margin and the vertical distances from the zygomaticofrontal suture and the inferior orbital margin to the lateral canthus were measured. The mean horizontal distance from the lateral canthus to the lateral orbital margin was 7.8 mm. Although the horizontal position of the lateral canthus appears to alter with age, the variation was only 2–3 mm. The mean vertical distances from the zygomaticofrontal suture and inferior orbital margin to the lateral canthus were 8.1 and 17.2 mm. The vertical position of the lateral canthus did not vary with age, being located inferiorly within a fingernail width from the zygomaticofrontal suture. The lateral canthus, which is easily accessible and supported by muscular and fibrous lateral orbital attachments, exhibits small anatomic variations. Thus, the lateral canthus could act as a reliable surface landmark for identifying the location of underlying structures and describing a lesion on the face. Clin. Anat. 32:630–634, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Surgical anatomy of the superficial temporal artery to prevent facial nerve injury during arterial biopsy

To investigate the topographical relationship between the frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery (FSTA) and the temporal branch of the facial nerve (TFN) with the aim of preventing nerve injury during FSTA biopsy. Fifty‐seven hemifaces of 33 cadavers were dissected. Vertical lines drawn to the lateral orbital margin (LOM) and the superior root of the helix were used as the anterior and posterior reference positions, respectively. Horizontal lines drawn through the supraorbital margin and lateral canthus were used as the superior and inferior reference points, respectively. The depth and course relationships of the FSTA and TFN were examined. Midpoints between the FSTA and TFN are situated approximately 6.0 and 4.5 cm posterior to the lateral orbital margin at the levels of the lateral canthus and supraorbital margin, respectively. The TFN is generally situated 1–2 cm anteriorly and inferiorly to the FSTA in the temporal region. However, in two cases (3.6%), the TFN ran just underneath the FSTA with only a very small safe distance, making it highly vulnerable to iatrogenic injury. In conclusion, when performing an FSTA biopsy, the surgeon should not dissect below the superficial temporal fascia because there is an overlap between the course of the FSTA and the TFN in a minority of cases. Also, surgical incisions should be made outside the area delineated by an oblique line passing through the points 6.0 and 4.5 cm posterior to the lateral orbital margin at the levels of the lateral canthus and the supraorbital margin, respectively. Clin. Anat. 31:608–613, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The relative locations of the supraorbital,infraorbital, and mental foramina: A cadaveric study

The purpose of this study is to investigate the applicability of the current surgical guideline stating that the main facial foramina that transmit cutaneous nerves to the face (supraorbital notch/foramen, infraorbital foramen, and mental foramen) are equidistant from the midline in European and Hispanic populations. Previous studies suggest this surgical guideline is not applicable for all ethnicities; however, to our knowledge, no data have been published regarding the accuracy of this guideline pertaining to the Hispanic population. An experimental study was performed on 67 cadavers donated to the Human Anatomy Program at UT Health San Antonio. The supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina were dissected and midline structures including the crista galli, internasal suture, anterior nasal spine, and mandibular symphysis were identified. The distance from each foramen to midline was recorded using a digital caliper. For all cadavers/ethnicities studied, the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina were 25.32 mm, 29.57 mm, and 25.55 mm to the midline, respectively. Thus, the infraorbital foramen is located significantly more lateral compared to the supraorbital (p < 0.0001) and mental foramina (p < 0.0001). After dividing the sample based on ethnicity, this relationship was also true for the European sample and tended to be true for the Hispanic sample. Significant anatomical variations exist in the current surgical guideline stating that the supraorbital foramen, infraorbital foramen, and mental foramen are equidistant from the midline. Clinicians may need to adjust their methodology during surgical procedures of the face in order to optimize patient care.     

Morphometric measurements from various reference points in the orbit of male Caucasians

The aim of this study was to determine the morphometric variations from various reference points to decrease risks in orbital surgery. Sixty-two orbits obtained from 31 skulls of male adult Caucasians were measured with a millimetric compass. On the medial orbital wall, the midpoint of the anterior lacrimal crest was the reference point; from this point we measured distances of 23.9+/-3.3 mm, 35.6+/-2.3 mm, 41.7+/-3.1 mm and 6.9+/-1.5 mm respectively to the anterior ethmoidal foramen, posterior ethmoidal foramen, midpoint of the medial aspect of the optic canal and posterior lacrimal crest. On the same wall, distances from the plane of the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina to the ethmoido-maxillary suture and distance from the posterior ethmoidal foramen to the anterior ethmoidal foramen and midpoint of the medial margin of the optic canal were 14.9+/-2.3 mm, 9.8+/-2.9 mm and 6.8+/-2.2 mm respectively. On the inferior orbital wall, the main reference point was the infraorbital foramen, and from this point to the midpoints of the lateral margin of the fossa for the lacrimal gland, inferior orbital fissure, inferior orbital rim and inferior aspect of the optic canal was 23.8+/-7.2 mm, 31.9+/-3.9 mm, 6.7+/-1.9 mm and 50.3+/-3.2 mm respectively. On the superior orbital wall, the distances from the supraorbital foramen to the midpoints of the superior orbital fissure, fossa for the lacrimal gland and superior aspect of the optic canal were 45.7+/-3.6 mm, 26.0+/-2.5 mm and 45.3+/-3.2 mm respectively. Furthermore, on the same wall, the distance from the posterior ethmoidal foramen to the midpoint of the superior orbital fissure was 14.6+/-2.8 mm. Finally, on the lateral orbital wall the frontozygomatic suture was the reference point. From this point distances to the midpoints of the fossa for the lacrimal gland, superior orbital fissure, lateral aspect of the optic canal and inferior orbital fissure were 17.5+/-2.1 mm, 37.7+/-3.6 mm, 44.9+/-2.5 mm and 33.4+/-3.1 mm respectively.     

眶尖区的断层解剖学研究及临床意义

目的　为眶尖区影像诊断提供断层解剖学资料。方法　应用 5 0侧成人头颅湿标本制成 0 5mm的火棉胶连续切片 ,用计算机图像分析系统对 3 6侧冠状位标本上的眶尖结构进行测量。结果　视神经管眶口处面积最小 ,管内段视神经从颅端到眶端逐渐变细 ,眼动脉进入神经经管从视神经内下方向外下方走行 ,眶上裂被Zinn腱环分为外侧区、中央区、下区 3部分。结论　冠状位是观测眶尖结构的理想层面 ,对眶尖部病变的诊断具有重要意义。     

Anatomic study of the distal supraorbital nerve

This investigation was designed to extend our present knowledge of the supraorbital n. (SO n.) distal to the supraorbital notch. It is based on 40 dissected hemi-faces and the position of the notch and the periosteal and frontalis cutaneous branches of the SO n. were studied. The notch was 33.05 mm from the midline on the right side and 30,70 mm on the left. The periosteal branch arises from the lateral frontalis cutaneous branch. Its ascends in an oblique direction laterally and ends in two terminal branches. The frontalis cutaneous branch, after a very short trunk, divides into two branches, medial and lateral. The medial or deep branch enters the corrugator supercilii m. between its fibers. Most frequently, it passes under the inferior fasciculus and superficial to the middle and superior ones. Leaving the corrugator m., it ascends medially into the frontalis m., supplying the median cutaneous frontalis region. The lateral or superficial branch crosses superficial to the corrugator supercilii m. to penetrate the frontalis m. in an ascending and lateral direction, supplying the lateral frontalis region. The two branches enter the frontalis m., displaying a zigzag pattern in order to adapt its length during expressive movements. They cross the frontalis region together with the SO a. and two veins supplying the nerve and the frontalis m. These anatomic data may explain some of the complications after surgery for ptosis and blepharospasm.     

The Circumorbital Bones of the Gekkota (Reptilia: Squamata)

The enormous variation of the orbit in lepidosaurs is better conceptualized in terms of composition and configuration. Broadly, the orbit varies from having totally closed rim to being open posteriorly. Two processes are responsible for changes in the components of the circumorbital series, element loss and fusion. The resulting contacts among elements are the main factors determining orbital configuration. Here, we present a revision of the gekkotan circumorbital bones in the general context of the Lepidosauria. From observations of a sample of 105 species of gekkotans prepared using different techniques, we describe the main changes in the orbit and corroborate the presence or absence of some of the ambiguous elements such as the lacrimal and the jugal. The supraorbital bones of squamates are reviewed and some problems of homology are evaluated using recent phylogenenetic hypothesis. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

眶内眼神经的断层解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的：为影像检查和眶内手术提供断层解剖学资料。方法：应用50侧成人头颅湿标本制成0．5mm的火棉胶连续切片，对额神经、鼻睫神经、泪腺神经的位置、走行和毗邻进行观测。结果：眼神经的分支额神经、鼻睫神经和泪腺神经均经眶上裂人眶。额神经发出滑车上神经和眶上神经内外支，鼻睫神经与眼动脉伴行，泪腺神经在外直肌上方前行。结论：火棉胶连续切片能够准确显示眶内眼神经的分支、走行，对影像诊断和避免手术损伤均有重要参考价值。     

Anatomical study of the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves: A new classification and application to understanding some migraine headaches

The frontal nerve is the largest branch of the ophthalmic nerve. This nerve gives rise to two terminal branches, the supraorbital (SON) and supratrochlear nerves (STN). To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports describing the detailed proximal course of these nerves while inside the orbit. Therefore, the goal of this study was to clarify the anatomy of the SON and STN inside and at their exit from the orbit. Twenty sides from ten fresh-frozen cadavers were used in this study. Intra and extra orbital dissections were performed to observe the course of the SON and STN. Additionally, measurements of the nerves were made at these locations. The course of the SON and STN inside the orbit was classified into three groups depending on the STN branching pattern from the SON. The group without any branch from the SON and STN inside the orbit was the most common. The exit points of these nerves were via the supraorbital notch, foramen, or neither a notch nor foramen. A distinct fibrous band was consistently found tethering the nerve except in specimens with nerves traversing a bony foramen. The mean diameters of the SON and STN were 1.3 ± 0.2 and 0.7 ± 0.1 mm, respectively. The results of this study further our knowledge of the course and morphology of the SON and STN and might be useful for better understanding and potentially treating some forms of migraine headache due to SON or STN compression/entrapment. Clin. Anat. 33:332–337, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The cranio-orbital foramen, the groove on the lateral wall of the human orbit, and the orbital branch of the middle meningeal artery

The cranio-orbital foramen, a foramen in the lateral wall of the orbit, contains an anastomosis between the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery and the lacrimal artery. Previous workers have speculated that the groove starting either from the cranio-orbital foramen or the lateral extremity of the superior orbital fissure contains the anastomotic artery. We investigated the cranio-orbital foramen and the groove on the lateral wall of the orbit in a series of 170 dried adult human skulls, and the course of the orbital branch of the middle meningeal artery in 74 specimens from 37 cadavers. We observed the cranio-orbital foramen in 141 skulls (82.9%). It was unilateral in 55 (32.4%) and bilateral in 86 (50.6%) skulls. The groove on the lateral wall of the human orbit was observed in 122 skulls (71.8%). It was unilateral in 40 (23.5%) and bilateral in 82 (48.2%). The groove on the lateral wall of the orbit started from the cranio-orbital foramen in 20 skulls (11.8%). The orbital branch of the middle meningeal artery was found in 48 cadaveric specimens (64.9%): 32 (43.2%) passed through the cranio-orbital foramen and 12 (16.2%) passed through the superior orbital fissure. In four specimens (5.4%), orbital branches of the middle meningeal artery passed through both the superior orbital fissure and the cranio-orbital foramen. The anatomy of the cranio-orbital foramen and the course of the orbital branch should be well known by surgeons reconstructing the anterior base of the skull, the orbit after orbital base surgery, and during excision of meningiomas.     

Different ophthalmic artery origins: Embryology and clinical significance

This retrospective study gives a summary of ophthalmic artery (OA) variations to serve as guidelines for surgical interventionists and trainees. Pubmed and Medline searches were conducted. The OA usually arises intradurally (superomedial, anteromedial, or rarely superolateral) from the internal carotid artery (ICA). Rare extradural origin (primitive dorsal OA) (PDOA) remnant and extremely rare interdural origin (primitive ventral OA) (PVOA) remnant are of significance when sectioning the dural ring. Rarely, a persistent PDOA with ICA origin, or a PDOA remnant with inferolateral trunk origin, enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure (SOF) for sole or partial orbital supply. Extremely rare, the PDOA and PVOA persist and form double OAs that arise from the ICA and run via the SOF and optic foramen. Occasionally, the OA arises from the middle meningeal artery (MMA), when both the PDOA and VDOA regress and enter the orbit via the SOF. Sole orbital supply via the external carotid artery (ECA), i.e. meningo‐ophthalmic artery and/or MMA branches, or dual OAs (ECA and ICA origins) may occur. Other rare OA origins include anterior or posterior communicating artery; anterior or middle cerebral artery; basilar artery; posterior inferior cerebellar artery; and the carotid bifurcation. Primitive arteries (persistent or remnant), and/or abnormal anastomoses play pivotal roles in manifestations of OA variations. Of clinical importance are orbital collateral routes and dangerous extracranial‐intracranial anastomoses. Awareness of OA origins and collateral routes is imperative for transarterial embolizations or infusion chemotherapy in the ECA territory to prevent visual complications. Clin. Anat. 28:576–583, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

皱眉肌与降眉间肌的形态及其与血管神经的关系

目的：为解决临床鼻额部除皱不彻底,人 路伤及范围大等问题。方法：对１４例成人男性尸体头部标本行大体及显微解剖。结果：皱眉肌分为横向型、斜向、斜向分束型,以斜向型为主,该肌起点恒定,止点变化大,轮末梢骨车上血管神经出眶后４０％行于皱眉肌内侧起起端的浅面,６０％行于该肌起点侧起端的深面。眶上身秋神经出眶后１００％行于皱眉肌外侧止端的深面。降眉间肌起行鼻骨与鼻外侧软骨连接处以上,止于两眉内侧的水平线。结     

The Localization of the Supraorbital Notch or Foramen is Crucial for Headache and Supraorbital Neuralgia Avoiding and Treatment

The aim of this study was to provide the morphological and morphometric data of the supraorbital foramina or notches related to sex, side, and the climatic conditions where the population lived. It was hypothesized that the distribution of the occurrence and location of these openings depends on climatic conditions in which the population lived. Orbits from 866 dried skulls obtained from three climatic regions: warm, temperate, and cold were examined. The examination concentrated on the configuration (notch/foramen) and on the distances to the reference points: nasion, frontomalare orbitale, infraorbital foramen and the superior orbital rim. In 14.3% of cases a smooth supraorbital rim was observed while different variants of the structures were observed in 85.7% of the cases. In cold climatic conditions, supraorbital foramina were found in the highest frequency (35.4%). In warm and temperate climates, the observed frequencies of supraorbital foramen were the lowest (18.8% and 19.9%, respectively). Frequency of supraorbital notches was the lowest of those skulls from a cold climate (44.0%) and the highest in those from a warm climate (59.0%). These results support the hypothesis that the occurrence of the supraorbital notches is greater in populations from warm compared with cold regions. This would provide a greater exit route for the neurovascular bundle and this may be related to the thermoregulatory processes in the supraorbital region. Furthermore, knowledge of precise locations of supraorbital structures is important when a supraorbital nerve block is given, for example, in the treatment of migraine headaches. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.