2014年一汽总医院Ⅰ类切口手术围手术期预防性抗菌药物的使用情况分析

目的分析一汽总医院Ⅰ类切口手术围手术期预防性抗菌药物的使用情况,促进临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法选取2014年一汽总医院Ⅰ类切口手术围手术期使用的抗菌药物进行回顾性分析,分别对抗菌药物科室分布、联用情况、抗菌药物给药时机、用药疗程和预防用药情况进行统计分析。结果Ⅰ类清洁切口手术围手术期抗菌药物的使用率为22.0%,预防性应用抗菌药物的患者主要分布于眼科和骨科,构成比分别为36.9%、34.8%;给药时机主要集中于术前0.5~2 h,有316例,占94.9%;24 h内停药的有203例,占61%;品种选择以头孢替唑和头孢唑啉为主。结论一汽总医院Ⅰ类清洁切口手术围手术期预防性抗菌药物的使用基本合理。     

Ⅰ类切口手术围术期抗生素预防性应用情况分析

目的分析Ⅰ类切口手术围术期抗生素预防性应用情况,为加强Ⅰ类切口手术感染防控提供依据。方法选取765例行Ⅰ类切口手术患者作为研究对象,对患者围术期预防性应用抗生素药物情况进行分析,并对不合理用药患者的不合理情况及药物种类进行分析。结果 765例患者中,预防性应用抗生素药物的患者共261例,占比为34.12%;于术前0.5~1.0 h开始预防性应用抗生素药物的患者共251例,占比为96.17%;预防性应用抗生素药物用药疗程<24 h的患者共165例,占比为63.22%;预防性应用抗生素药物用药疗程在24~48 h的患者共31例,占比为11.88%;预防性应用抗生素药物用药疗程>48 h的患者共65例,占比为24.90%。261例行Ⅰ类切口手术预防性应用抗生素药物患者中,预防性应用抗生素用药不合理患者74例,占比为28.35%;其中预防用药率过高14例,占比为18.92%;给药时机不合理11例,占比为14.86%;无适应证用药13例,占比为17.57%;选择药物不合理14例,占比为18.92%;用法用量不合理9例,占比为12.16%;首次用药时机不合理13例,占比为17.57%。74例预防性应用抗生素用药不合理患者的药物种类包括克林霉素、头孢唑林、奥硝唑、头孢噻肟钠、头孢西丁钠、氨曲南。结论Ⅰ类切口手术围术期预防使用抗生素日趋合理,但仍存在不合理用药现象,应对抗生素不合理用药情况进行针对性的指导,以提高Ⅰ类切口手术围术期预防使用抗生素的合理水平。     

2018年西安医学院附属宝鸡医院Ⅰ类切口围手术期抗菌药物预防使用合理性分析

目的了解2018年西安医学院附属宝鸡医院Ⅰ类切口围手术期抗菌药物预防性使用现状,分析评价用药合理性,为抗菌药物合理性应用管理提供客观依据。方法抽取西安医学院附属宝鸡医院2018年1~12月Ⅰ类切口手术病例共872份,从适应症、品种选择、用法用量、用药时机、术中追加以及用药疗程等内容进行评价分析。结果Ⅰ类切口手术病例预防应用抗菌药物288例,使用率为33.03%;使用品种有14个,使用频率最高的是第2代头孢菌素头孢呋辛,构成比为50.68%;术前0.5~1 h给药的患者263例,合理率为91.32%;用药疗程≤24 h的患者55例,合理率为19.1%;联合用抗菌药物6例,均无联合用药指证。结论西安医学院附属宝鸡医院Ⅰ类切口围手术期预防用抗菌药物存在用药指证把握不严、药物选择不合理、用药疗程过长等问题,需加强规范管理,促进抗菌药物的合理应用。     

县医院I类切口手术预防用抗菌药物合理应用的影响因素*

目的:探讨与分析影响县医院Ⅰ类切口手术预防用抗菌药物合理应用的因素,以促进抗菌药物的合理使用。方法:收集2018年6月到2019年6月在本院进行Ⅰ类切口手术的患者2131例,调查患者的一般资料与预防用抗菌药物使用情况。结果:2018年第三季度、第四季度Ⅰ类切口手术抗菌药物预防使用率分别为40.5%、33.73%;2019年第一季度、第二季度Ⅰ类切口手术抗菌药物预防使用率分别为24.0%、25.0%。在2131例患者中,合理用药892例,合理率为41.9%;不合理用药1239例,不合格率为58.1%。单因素分析显示,基础疾病、手术时机、年龄、支付费用方式均为影响合理用药的重要因素(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,基础疾病、手术时机、年龄、支付费用方式为影响县医院Ⅰ类切口手术预防用抗菌药物合理应用的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论:县医院Ⅰ类切口手术预防用抗菌药物的不合理用药比例较高,多为使用时机、使用疗程不当,基础疾病、手术时机、年龄、支付费用方式为主要的影响因素。     

2018年安徽医科大学附属阜阳医院Ⅰ类切口围手术期预防用抗菌药物的使用合理性分析

目的 了解2018年安徽医科大学附属阜阳医院Ⅰ类切口围手术期预防用抗菌药物的使用情况,并分析评价其用药合理性。方法 抽取安徽医科大学附属阜阳医院2018年1～9月Ⅰ类切口手术病历共600例,从适应症、品种选择、给药时机、用药疗程、用法用量、联合用药等方面进行分析。结果 Ⅰ类切口围手术期使用抗菌药物的病例有279例,使用率为46.58%,使用品种有13种,第2代头孢菌素头孢呋辛钠的使用最多,构成比为62.63%;其中术前0.5～1 h用药251例,合理率89.96%。用药疗程<24 h的有223例（79.93%）。用法用量不适宜的有6例,其中美洛西林钠和头孢西丁钠均3例。联合用抗菌药物2例,占0.72%,均无联合用药指征。结论 安徽医科大学附属阜阳医院Ⅰ类切口预防用抗菌药物存在不合理现象,需加强规范管理,促进抗菌药物的合理使用。     

卵巢囊肿患者围手术期抗菌药物使用调查分析

目的:了解妇科卵巢囊肿手术患者围手术期预防性使用抗菌药物的情况。方法:回顾性分析2011年1–6月某院卵巢Ⅰ类手术切口患者预防性使用抗菌药物的情况,对其合理性进行分析、评价。结果:174例患者预防性抗菌药物使用率为100%,无感染病例发生;抗菌药物使用频次由高到低依次为:硝基类、二代头孢、青霉素类;预防性抗菌药物二联使用率为81.03%;预防性用药多在术前>2 h和术后使用;术后持续用药时间>48 h的患者占82.76%;手术持续时间<2 h术后仍用药的患者占87.93%。结论:某院妇科卵巢Ⅰ类手术切口预防性使用抗菌药物存在不合理现象:妇科Ⅰ类切口围手术期用药指征控制不严;用药品种掌握不合理;围手术期预防性抗菌药物联用现象频繁;围手术期预防性使用抗生素的时机选择不当;手术后预防性使用抗生素的时间过长;手术时间较短患者术后不宜给药;应进一步加强围手术期预防性使用抗菌药物的监督和管理,规范卵巢Ⅰ类手术切口围手术期抗生素的预防性应用。     

2017-2018年解放军第九四六医院普外科Ⅰ类切口手术围术期预防用抗菌药物的合理性分析

目的 分析2017-2018年解放军第九四六医院普外科Ⅰ类切口手术围术期预防用抗菌药物的合理性。方法 选取解放军第九四六医院普外科2017-2018年收治的Ⅰ类切口手术患者381例为研究对象,对围术期抗菌药物的适应症、给药时机、用药疗程、抗菌药物品种、联合用药情况进行分析。结果 选取的381例Ⅰ类切口手术患者中,使用抗菌药物的患者有157例（41.21%）,使用率较高的手术有体表肿物切除术（58.24%）、其他手术（59.42%）和静脉曲张术（46.15%）,而甲状腺手术（34.33%）、乳腺手术（23.08%）、腹股沟氙修补术（24.51%）的抗菌药物使用率均超过20%。抗菌药物品种使用频率最高的是头霉素类的头孢西丁、头孢米诺,占比34.39%,其次为氨基糖苷类的硫酸依替米星,占比33.12%,以及硝基咪唑类的奥硝唑,占比17.20%。术前0.5~1 h给药的患者有137例（87.26%）,术前>1 h或术后给药的患者有20例（12.74%）;用药疗程<24 h的患者有143例（91.08%）,用药疗程>24 h的患者有14例（8.92%）。联合用药均为二联用药,构成比为48.41%,其中奥硝唑联合头孢西丁使用例数最多,共45例（59.21%）。结论 解放军第九四六医院在Ⅰ类切口手术围术期预防性抗菌药物的使用存在诸多问题,存在用药指征把握不严、药物品种选择不够恰当、联合用药情况严重等,尚需进一步建立健全的合理应用抗菌药物的管理制度。     

骨科Ⅰ类切口患者围手术期预防使用抗菌药物的合理性分析

目的：分析骨科Ⅰ类切口患者围手术期预防使用抗菌药物的合理性。方法：调取本院于2020年5月—2022年5月收治的行骨折Ⅰ类切口手术患者126例作回顾性研究,统计围术期预防性抗菌药物使用情况,记录预防性抗菌药物类别、品种、使用频率及不同骨科Ⅰ类切口术式给药时机及持续时间,分析预防性抗菌药物不合理使用类型。结果：126例骨科Ⅰ类切口手术患者中共有80例使用预防性抗菌药物,使用率为63.49%;骨科Ⅰ类切口手术患者应用预防性抗菌药物以头孢唑林居首位（45.00%）,二、三位分别为头孢呋辛（17.50%）、头孢拉定（12.50%）;给药时机以术前0.5～1 h居多（96.25%）,持续时间≤24 h居多（67.50%）;预防性抗菌药物不合理使用类型以预防用药品种选择错误、预防用药持续时间过长居一、二位,构成比分别为25.00%、23.75%。结论：我院骨科Ⅰ类切口患者围手术期预防使用抗菌药物存在不合理情况,尤以药品种选择错误、预防用药持续时间过长等问题最为突出,应高度重视,加强管理,以便促进本院预防性抗菌药物合理使用。     

清洁手术切口围手术期抗生素的临床药师干预措施分析

目的 探讨临床药师干预对清洁手术切口围手术期抗生素的预防使用情况。方法 选取2018年1~12月本院460例清洁手术切口围手术期患者作为对照组,另选取2018年8月~2019年1月本院305例清洁手术切口围手术期患者作为观察组。对照组患者未实施临床药师干预,观察组患者实施临床药师干预。比较两组患者抗生素使用情况、人均用药时间及干预后抗生素不合理使用情况(预防用药率过高、给药时机不合理、无适应证用药、选择药物不合理、用法用量不合理、首次用药时机不合理)。结果 观察组抗生素使用率为37.05%,对照组抗生素使用率为32.17%,比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组人均用药时间(14.74±0.36)h短于对照组的(16.52±1.61)h,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组干预后预防用药率过高、给药时机不合理、无适应证用药、选择药物不合理、用法用量不合理、首次用药时机不合理占比分别为1.77%、0.88%、1.77%、0.88%、0、0.88%,均低于对照组的8.11%、6.76%、7.43%、8.78%、6.08%、8.11%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 对清洁手术切口围手术期患者实施临床药师干预能够降低抗生素不合理使用率,提高抗生素药物的合理用药水平,值得在临床上推广应用。     

2016年解放军总医院海南分院Ⅰ类切口围手术期抗菌药物预防使用情况分析

目的 了解解放军总医院海南分院Ⅰ类切口围手术期抗菌药物预防使用情况,为规范围手术期抗菌药物预防使用和管理提供参考.方法 收集解放军总医院海南分院2016年Ⅰ类切口围手术期抗菌药物预防使用的相关数据,对用药具体情况进行分析,并对用药合理性进行点评.结果 Ⅰ类切口围手术期抗菌药物预防使用率为42.69%;其中男性高于女性,18岁以下人群使用率最高,为77.08%;脑外科手术使用率最高,达94.28%;预防用药病例数以第3代头孢菌素为主,占81.32%,以注射用头孢他啶使用人数最多,占70.23%;给药时机大于术前1 h的人数比例为61.87%;24 h内停药的患者比例为63.81%;适应症、用药品种选择、给药时机、用法用量、给药疗程及联合用药的合理率分别为73.74%、16.34%、8.56%、73.74%、63.81%和99.61%.结论 解放军总医院海南分院Ⅰ类切口围手术期抗菌药物预防使用存在使用率偏高、合理率偏低的不合理问题,尤其是品种选择及给药时机的合理性较低,应进一步规范用药和加强管理.     

Interaction between anticoagulants and contraceptives: an unsuspected finding

To assess the effects of oral contraceptives on anticoagulant treatment the prothrombin times of 12 patients were measured while they were taking both drugs simultaneously and while they were taking only anticoagulants. The mean prothrombin time ratio was significantly higher when patients were taking both drugs than when they were taking only anticoagulants and their doses of anticoagulant were significantly lower. During both periods most of the prothrombin values remained in the therapeutic range. These findings suggest that, contrary to the common belief that oral contraceptives diminish the effects of anticoagulants, contraceptives in fact potentiate the action of the anticoagulants.     

心房颤动的药物治疗研究进展

药物是心房颤动一线治疗的首选。由于传统的抗心律失常药物潜在的致心律失常作用和心外不良反应,使其在心房颤动的治疗中受到限制;抗凝治疗也存在明显的使用限制,因此使得新药的研发显得尤为重要。胺碘酮类似物、选择性心房离子通道阻滞剂、新的抗凝药物及非抗心律失常药物的联合应用,给心房颤动的药物治疗带来了新的希望。现就心房颤动药物治疗进展作简要概述。     

新型口服抗凝药的特点和临床研究

口服抗凝药在心脑血管血栓疾病的防治中发挥了重要作用,新型口服抗凝药包括直接凝血酶抑制剂达比加群,Xa因子抑制剂利伐沙班、阿哌沙班、贝曲西班和依杜沙班,无需监测、相互作用少,循证医学试验证实在术后血栓、心房颤动,以及急性冠脉综合征中疗效及安全性好于华发林、依诺肝素等,不良反应小。     

新型口服抗凝药的药物相互作用

新型口服抗凝药（NOACs,达比加群酯、利伐沙班、阿哌沙班、依度沙班）与华法林相比,起效更快且剂量固定,具有更宽的治疗窗口和更少的药物或食物相互作用及同等或更高的安全性等优点,现被广泛应用于临床。考虑它们是P-糖化蛋白和（或）代谢酶P450的底物,又具有抗凝功效,针对NOACs的药物相互作用的探索是近几年来国际上的研究热点。从药动学角度出发,NOACs与许多药物存在药物相互作用。其中,NOACs与P-gp和CYP3A4的强效抑制剂存在显著的药物相互作用,且具有临床相关性;与质子泵抑制剂和心血管药物存在主要的药物相互作用。从药效学角度出发,NOACs与非甾体抗炎药、抗凝药物、抗血小板聚集药物也有潜在药物相互作用。本文主要从药动学和药效学两方面综述了NOACs与临床常用药物和天然药物之间的相互作用,旨在为临床医师合理用药提供参考。     

Dabigatran etexilate in clinical practice: confronting challenges to improve safety and effectiveness

A number of novel anticoagulants are moving through various stages of drug development. Recently, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved the oral direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran etexilate to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Although dabigatran offers a number of advantages over existing oral and parenteral anticoagulants, challenges exist for clinicians who must ensure its safe and effective use. Limited data are available on dabigatran use in patients with renal dysfunction and in obese patients, or in combination with other drugs. Clinical experience is lacking in populations for whom anticoagulants are routinely used, such as patients with a previous stroke, acute coronary syndromes, or pregnancy-associated thrombosis, or those requiring ablation therapy. More important, clinicians will be faced with incorporating dabigatran into hospital guidelines for transitioning between oral and parenteral anticoagulants, measuring anticoagulant intensity, managing anticoagulant-related hemorrhage, ensuring safe use around neuraxial anesthesia, and implementing computer-based alert or warning systems. Since anticoagulants are ubiquitously used in the prevention or treatment of venous and arterial thrombosis, both clinicians and patients must be provided structured education on dabigatran's benefits and limitations. In this article, our goal was to provide practical advice to enhance clinician understanding of dabigatran, identify clinical and operational challenges to its use, and offer system improvements that can ensure safe and effective use of dabigatran.     

新型口服抗凝药和唑类抗真菌药相互作用及其机制研究进展

新型口服抗凝药(new oral anticoagulants,NOACs)已广泛用于防治静脉血栓栓塞以及预防非瓣膜性房颤患者的系统性栓塞.NOACs是细胞色素P4503A4(CYP3A4)和/或P糖蛋白的底物,NOACs的暴露量易受CYP3A4和/或P糖蛋白抑制剂的影响.唑类抗真菌药是CYP3A4和/或P糖蛋白抑制剂...     

Prediction of pharmacokinetic drug/drug interactions from In vitro data: interactions of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug lornoxicam with oral anticoagulants.

CYP2C9 is involved in the metabolism of the oral anticoagulants warfarin, phenprocoumon, and acenocoumarol. It is also responsible for the 5'-hydroxylation of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug lornoxicam. Therefore, lornoxicam and the oral anticoagulants are potential inhibitors of their metabolism. Their inhibitory potency was investigated in microsomes from six human livers. An approach to predict pharmacokinetic interactions of lornoxicam from in vitro inhibition data was developed. Where possible, the forecasts were verified by comparison with data from clinical interaction studies. The following increases in steady-state plasma concentrations or areas under the plasma concentration-time curve of the oral anticoagulants by concomitant lornoxicam medication were predicted (values in parentheses are for healthy volunteers): (S)-warfarin, 1. 58-fold (1.32-fold for racemate); racemic-acenocoumarol, 1.28-fold (1.09-fold); (R)-acenocoumarol, 1.10-fold (1.0-fold); racemic-phenprocoumon, 1.11-fold (1.18-fold); and (S)-phenprocoumon, 1.13-fold (1.24-fold). Lornoxicam 5'-hydroxylation was competitively inhibited in vitro by both phenprocoumon (K(i) = 1.2 +/- 0.4 microM) and acenocoumarol (K(i) = 5.5 +/- 3.5 microM). The present results indicate that relatively close predictions of the interactions of lornoxicam with oral anticoagulants from in vitro data are possible under the assumption that hepatic lornoxicam concentrations are similar to its total plasma concentrations. The degree of pharmacokinetic interactions exhibited by oral anticoagulants and lornoxicam is dependent on the respective contribution of CYP2C9 to their total clearance.     

The efficacy and safety of novel oral anticoagulants for the preventive treatment in atrial fibrillation patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background: Novel oral anticoagulants, including direct factor Xa inhibitors and direct factor IIa inhibitors, have been used to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) for a decade. In this study, the efficacy and safety of the novel oral anticoagulants were assessed in AF patients.

Methods: No language restrictions were applied. Study selection and data extraction were carried out by searching PubMed, EMBASE, OVID, the BIOSIS, the Web of Science, Clinical Trials Registers, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the China Academic Library and Information System. Each database was searched from its inception date to June 2013. Using odds ratio (OR) as an indicator, we systematically evaluated the primary efficacy endpoints and safety endpoints, as well as 10 secondary endpoints.

Result: Compared to the control drugs, the novel oral anticoagulants showed an OR decreased by 26% (OR: 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.62–0.88) for stroke or systemic embolism, decreased by 24% (OR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.64–0.90) for major bleeding, decreased by 10% (OR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.84–0.95) for death from any cause, decreased by 27% for disabling or fatal stroke (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.54–0.97), decreased by 31% (OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.60–0.8) for fatal bleeding, and decreased by 8% (OR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.88–0.95) for serious adverse events. However, there was no significant difference in acute myocardial infarction, systemic embolism, major bleeding or clinically relevant non-major, all bleeding events, all adverse events and liver function disorder, between the novel oral anticoagulants and control drugs (p?>?0.05).

Conclusions: Compared to the control drugs, the novel oral anticoagulants showed higher efficiency and safety in patients with AF, as evidenced by their superior performance not only in reducing the risk of stroke or systemic embolism with a lower risk of major bleeding but also in decreasing the incidence of death from any cause, disabling or fatal stroke, serious adverse events and fatal bleeding.     

Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most widely used drugs. Drug interactions with this class of compounds are frequently reported and can be pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic in nature. The pharmacokinetic interactions can be divided into 3 classes: (1) drugs affecting the pharmacokinetics of an NSAID. (2) an NSAID interfering with the pharmacokinetics of another NSAID and (3) NSAIDs altering the pharmacokinetics of another drug. Although the pharmacokinetics of some NSAIDs may be significantly affected by the concurrent administration of certain other drugs (including other NSAIDs), this type of interaction only occasionally leads to serious complications. Concurrent administration of antacids or sucralfate may delay the rate of oral absorption of NSAIDs but generally has little effect on the extent. Use of antacids increases urinary pH, leading to increased renal excretion of unchanged salicylic acid and decreased plasma concentrations of this antirheumatic agent. The H2-receptor blocking agent cimetidine inhibits the oxidative metabolism of many concurrently administered drugs, including certain NSAIDs. Probenecid inhibits the renal secretion of drug glucuronides and this will lead to accumulation in plasma of those NSAIDs eliminated primarily by the formation of labile acyl glucuronides such as naproxen, ketoprofen, indomethacin, carprofen. Cholestyramine decreases the oral absorption of many concurrently administered drugs, including NSAIDs. It may also decrease plasma concentrations of those NSAIDs undergoing enterohepatic circulation (e.g. piroxicam, tenoxicam) by interrupting the enterohepatic cycle. Corticosteroids stimulate the clearance of salicylic acid, leading to low plasma salicylate concentrations. Plasma concentrations of many NSAIDs are significantly reduced when the NSAID is coadministered with aspirin. The clinical relevance of most of these interactions is not well established. However, in those cases where the interaction results in elevated plasma concentrations of the NSAID, special caution should be exercised to avoid excessive accumulation of the NSAID especially in elderly and/or very sick patients who may be more sensitive to the more serious gastroduodenal and renal side-effects of these agents. By virtue of their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, NSAIDs may significantly affect the disposition kinetics of a number of other drugs. They can displace other drugs from their plasma protein binding sites, inhibit their metabolism or interfere with their renal excretion. If the affected drug has a narrow therapeutic index, the interaction may be clinically significant. The pyrazole NSAIDs (phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone, azapropazone) inhibit the metabolism of many drugs such as the coumarin anticoagulants, oral antidiabetics and anticonvulsants such as phenytoin. Salicylates displace oral anticoagulants from their plasma protein binding sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)