双额叶挫裂伤致中央型脑疝的治疗体会

一、资料与方法1.临床资料:男14例,女9例,年龄19～45岁,平均32.5岁。病人伤后就诊时间为1.5-78h,伤后意识障碍由朦胧至中度昏迷,入院时生命指征(BP、P、R)不稳定者9例,瞳孔变化者(包括明显缩小或放大者)13例。肢体运动障碍者(单侧及双侧)7例。锥体束征( )者17例。14例CT示双额叶广泛脑挫裂伤,鞍上池、环池、四叠体池等明显受压变小或消失,中线居中,第三脑室受压变小或消失,双侧脑室前角受压变小,移位,而脑室后角正常。9例除上述表现,还伴有顶枕叶脑挫裂伤,双侧脑室受压变小。合并有蛛网膜下腔出血及少量薄层硬膜下血肿,中线居中或轻度偏移< 0.5cm。     

创伤性天幕裂孔疝前驱期特征性临床征象分析

目的总结创伤性天幕裂孔疝前驱期特征性的临床征象,以提高此类患者的疗效。方法回顾分析我科近5年425例脑疝发生前2h内的临床表现和辅助检查特点,并与同期390例未发生脑疝的重型颅脑损伤患者进行对比分析。结果脑疝组患者在脑疝发生前昏迷加深、尿失禁、侧脑室或侧裂和脑基底池受压变窄呕吐、明显躁动、生命体征的改变及ICP>20mmHg的发生率明显高于非脑疝组患者,两者相差非常显著。结论重型颅脑损伤早期,意识障碍程度加深、呕吐、躁动且有尿失禁及侧脑室或侧裂和脑基底池受压变窄是脑疝前驱期特征性临床征象,为早期开颅手术的指征。     

双侧同时开颅去骨瓣减压治疗广泛额颞叶脑挫裂伤及脑疝的临床观察

目的探讨治疗广泛额颞叶脑挫裂伤及脑疝的手术方式.方法68例广泛额颞叶脑挫裂伤及脑疝的重型颅脑损伤的患者分为两组.A组39例,采用开颅血肿清除及去骨瓣减压术,B组29例,均行双侧同时开颅去骨瓣减压术治疗.结果A组39例,恢复良好12例,重残3例,植物生存1例,死亡23例.B组29例,恢复良好18例,重残6例,植物生存2例,死亡3例.结论双侧同时开颅去骨瓣减压手术可提高广泛额颞叶脑挫裂伤及脑疝的重型颅脑损伤患者治疗效果.     

126例侧裂区脑挫裂伤术后病人的转归与分析

一、资料与方法 自1997年1月至2007年8月共手术治疗126例侧裂区脑挫伤病人.男89例2,女37例;年龄平均35岁.交通事故伤115例,坠落伤9例,打击伤2例.受伤到手术时间1-4h.入院后行CT和MRI检查,侧裂区损伤合并硬膜下血肿123例,硬膜外血肿11例,蛛网膜卜腔出血126例.对冲伤108例,直接暴力伤18例,79例中线移位>0.5cm,环池消失.本组均采用标准大骨瓣开颅行血肿及坏死腩组织清除去骨瓣减压术,43例行内减压术.术中见侧裂区脑挫伤、脑内小血肿、蛛网膜下腔出血、侧裂区血管周围呈黑褐色、肭搏动差,甚至有的受伤侧人脑组织已没有弹性.切开脑组织时深部已没有新鲜出血,只是褐色血液渗出.术后复查CT同侧大脑半球顶枕叶大面积梗死21例,对侧3例.     

恶化型大脑半球大面积梗死的手术适应证及疗效分析

目的 探讨恶化型大脑半球大面积梗死的手术适应症并分析其疗效。方法 15例恶化型大脑半球大面积梗死应用标准脑外伤大骨瓣开颅术进行回顾性分析。结果 术后CT复查均见脑组织从减压窗膨出，中线结构移位减轻，基底池闭塞好转。15例均得到随访，恢复良好3例，轻、中残6例，重残4例，死亡2例，死亡率为13．3％。结论 恶化型大脑半球大面积梗死只要出现意识恶化，CT见完全性大脑中动脉梗死，继发脑水肿并有中线移位和基底池受压，无其他器官的严重病变即应采取积极的手术治疗。标准脑外伤大骨瓣开颅术能缓解大面积大脑梗死继发的颅内高压，对术前已有脑疝形成的病人行内减压并小脑幕切开术能改善病人的预后。     

去骨瓣减压术后过度腰大池引流致反常性脑疝11例

目的探讨去骨瓣减压术后过度腰大池引流致反常性脑疝的诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2016年8月福建医科大学附属龙岩第一医院神经外科收治的11例去骨瓣减压术后腰大池过度引流致反常性脑疝患者的临床资料。结果 11例患者分别有一种或多种如下症状体征:头痛头晕、语音障碍、瘫痪、意识障碍加深、骨窗下陷和瞳孔变化。CT急复查提示环池不清,脑室缩小,中线移位。给予关闭腰大池引流管、补液、暂停脱水等处理,10例患者逐步好转,CT复查环池变清,中线居中,1例患者因多脏器功能衰竭自动出院后死亡。结论去骨瓣减压术后腰大池过度引流可能诱发反常性脑疝,早期、正确处理可逆转病情。     

额颞顶联合入路去骨瓣减压术治疗颅脑损伤并小脑幕切迹疝

一、资料与方法 1.一般资料:2004年3月至2010年9月采用额颞顶联合入路(简称联合入路)去骨瓣减压术治疗92例重型颅脑损伤并小脑幕切迹疝患者,其中男66例,女26例;平均年龄43.5(2～75)岁.术前经GCS评分为3～8分,行CT检查显示有颅内血肿、脑水肿、中线移位或环池变窄、消失等脑疝征象,一侧或双侧瞳孔散大及光反射消失,肌张力增高.     

颞部损伤致枕叶脑梗塞15例

1临床资料1.1一般资料男9例,女6例,年龄10～53岁,平均32岁。15例病人均因颅脑损伤入院。颞部硬膜外血肿2例,有脑疝形成,伤后1h内入院,血肿均靠近颅底;颞叶挫裂伤、血肿13例,入院时有脑疝形成8例、CT示中线结构移位大于1cm,5例无脑疝形成、CT示中线结构移位大于0.5cm左右。10例入院时有脑疝形成者给予急诊手术,其中8例行去骨瓣减压;另5例经加强脱水治疗,意识逐渐加深,复查CT示脑挫伤灶扩大,脑水肿加重,中线结构移位大于1cm,有脑疝形成,给予手术清除挫伤灶,去骨瓣减压。1.2诊断术后病人均入ICU病房,术后意识逐渐好转后突发加深或意识障碍…     

双侧额叶脑挫裂伤的手术指征探讨

探讨双侧额叶脑挫裂伤的手术指征的研究进展。通过查阅国内外近年来大量文献著作,对双侧额叶脑挫裂伤的手术指征进行分析和总结。双额叶脑挫裂伤患者的手术指征目前尚无统一的标准,大多数学者认为因为双侧额叶脑挫裂伤极易形成中央型脑疝,其中间脑期为抢救中央型脑疝成功的关键期,开颅手术指征要适当放宽,早期识别并积极进行手术,可降低患者病死率和致残率,提高抢救成功率。     

双侧额颞去骨瓣减压治疗广泛性脑挫裂伤并发脑疝的21例体会

目的探讨双侧额颞去骨瓣减压治疗广泛性脑挫裂伤并发脑疝的疗效及手术指征。方法对21例行双侧额颞去骨瓣减压治疗的广泛性脑挫裂伤伴脑疝病例进行回顾性分析。结果根据GOS评分,恢复良好4例,轻残7例,重残4例,植物生存2例,死亡4例。结论双侧额颞去骨瓣减压能有效提高广泛性脑挫裂伤并发脑疝的重型颅脑损伤患者治疗效果。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。