Identity processing and self-consciousness in middle and later adulthood

Identity process theory proposes that adjustment to aging can be conceptualized as involving the three processes of identity assimilation (maintaining self-consistency), identity accommodation (making changes in the self), and identity balance (maintaining a sense of self but changing when necessary). Measures of the identity processes and self-consciousness were administered to a community sample of 173 adults (108 women and 65 men) ranging in age from 42 to 85 years (M = 60.80; SD = 12.58). Consistent with theory, identity assimilation was positively associated with age and negatively related to self-reflection. Identity accommodation was negatively related to age and internal state awareness and positively related to self-reflection and public self-consciousness. Identity balance alone was positively related to internal state awareness, indicating that the ability to incorporate age-related changes within identity but at the same time maintain a consistent and positive view of the self is most conducive to successful aging.     

Grandparent identity, intergenerational family identity, and well-being

OBJECTIVE: A new grandparent identity measure is constructed that allows us to compare grandparent identity meanings with the meanings of other adult identities and to investigate the relationships between identities and well-being. METHODS: Data were collected in 1997 from 203 older grandmothers and grandfathers living in a metropolitan area. Grandparent and parent identity meanings are measured with an introductory identifier focusing attention on being a grandparent or a parent, followed by a set of 10 adjective pairs to capture identity meanings. Intergenerational family identity combined grandparent and parent identity meanings. Self-esteem and depressive symptoms serve as two indicators of well-being. RESULTS: We find that there are no significant differences between grandparent and parent identity meanings and that men and women are more positive about their grandparent identities than they are about other adult identity meanings. Further, grandparent identity is significantly related to well-being when it is the only identity in the model but not when parent identity is included in another model. Finally, intergenerational family identity is positively related to well-being. DISCUSSION: The findings confirm the expectation that grandparent identity meanings may encourage well-being. Further, the intergenerational identity reflects the overlapping meanings and experiences of being a parent and a grandparent.     

Non‐Suicidal Self‐Injury in Patients with Eating Disorder: Associations with Identity Formation Above and Beyond Anxiety and Depression

In the present study, we investigated the association between non‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI) and problems in identity formation among patients with eating disorder (ED). NSSI is highly prevalent in ED, and problems with identity formation are characteristic of both NSSI and ED. Few studies, however, have investigated identity formation in patients with ED with and without NSSI while taking into account comorbid psychopathology (e.g. anxiety and depression). Therefore, we investigated the relationships between NSSI characteristics, identity confusion/synthesis, and anxiety/depression in 99 female patients with ED by means of self‐report questionnaires. The results showed that 58.6% of the patients with ED engaged in at least one type of NSSI (most frequently cutting), with no significant differences in rates of NSSI or identity problems among ED subtypes. Presence, versatility and automatic negative reinforcement functions of NSSI were each significantly and positively related to identity confusion and negatively related to identity synthesis. Even after controlling for age, anxiety, and depression, lack of identity synthesis remained a significant predictor of NSSI in patients with ED. Given that NSSI may constitute an effort to deal with identity confusion/synthesis in patients with ED, therapists should take this developmental task into account while treating patients with ED with NSSI. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.     

Grandparenthood: factors influencing frequency of grandparent-grandchildren contact and grandparent role satisfaction

OBJECTIVES: Symbolic interaction theory suggests that self processes motivate individual behaviors and responses to roles. In this study, we explore the influence of self processes on grandparenthood. METHODS: Data were collected in 1997 from 203 middle-aged grandmothers and grandfathers living in the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill, North Carolina, metropolitan area. We are especially interested in whether three self factors, grandparent identity meanings, grandparent centrality, and self-esteem, are related to frequency of contact with grandchildren and grandparent role satisfaction. RESULTS: Results indicate that there are gender differences in the factors that influence the frequency of contact between grandparents and grandchildren. The self variables influenced frequency of contact for grandfathers but not for grandmothers. Stronger support for our expectation emerged in the analysis of factors that influence grandparent satisfaction. All three self factors are positively related to grandparent role satisfaction for both grandmothers and grandfathers. DISCUSSION: More research is needed on the expectations and experiences of the grandparent role. In this study, we focused attention on self processes. The finding that grandparent identity meanings, grandparent centrality, and self-esteem influence grandparent role satisfaction suggests that self factors should be included in comprehensive investigations of grandparenthood. The next step is to explore the grandparent identity in more detail and investigate how it relates to other identities and to the well-being of older persons.     

Three-dimensional structure of human basic fibroblast growth factor, a structural homolog of interleukin 1 beta.

The three-dimensional structure of the 146-residue form of human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), expressed as a recombinant protein in yeast, has been determined by x-ray crystallography to a resolution of 1.8 A. bFGF is composed entirely of beta-sheet structure, comprising a three-fold repeat of a four-stranded antiparallel beta-meander. The topology of bFGF is identical to that of interleukin 1 beta, showing that although the two proteins share only 10% sequence identity, bFGF, interleukin 1, and their homologs comprise a family of structurally related mitogenic factors. Analysis of the three-dimensional structure in light of functional studies of bFGF suggests that the receptor binding site and the positively charged heparin binding site correspond to adjacent but separate loci on the beta-barrel.     

A hematopoietic perifollicular envelope in the rat spleen

About the Malpighian follicles of several species of rodents, and especiallyprominent in rats, is a perifollicular envelope composed of hematopoietic cells thattakes active part in hemolytopoietic changes.

The identity of the mononuclear cell comprising the greater part of this tissuehas not been positively determined; it is probably a young lymphocyte. It is possibly the homologue of the pale centers of the Malpighian follicles in man and othermammals, though it has been found in rabbit spleens which also have pale centers.It should be possible to determine this identity by the use of a greater variety ofstains, and of test poisons, and, if possible, of dynamic methods such as tissue culture and moving pictures.

The envelope is separated from the Malpighian follicle by a thin rind of collagenous connective tissue, but on its outer margin it merges gradually with the redpulp. It often contains a scattering of erythrocytes, normoblasts, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and rarely eosinophils and pigment-bearing macrophages. Someof these cells were so greatly increased under the pathologic conditions first studiedthat colonization was suggested; they were later thought to have probably wandered in. The collar never contains megakaryocytes or sinuses or blood vessels ofany noteworthy size.

     

Identity-Related Growth and Loss in a Sample of HIV-Positive Gay and Bisexual Men: Initial Scale Development and Psychometric Evaluation

Past examinations of the impact of chronic illness on identity have focused primarily on positive adaptation (i.e., benefit finding or posttraumatic growth). Given that associations between these constructs and psychosocial wellbeing are equivocal, greater investigation is needed into interactions among perceived positive and negative identity changes pursuant to illness. A cross-sectional study was conducted between 2006 and 2007 with an ethnically diverse sample of 129 HIV-positive gay and bisexual men. Participants completed a brief quantitative survey, including a new measure, the Impact on Self-Concept Scale (ISCS), as well as gay-related stigma, quality of life, and regulatory focus. Factor analysis supported the existence of two ISCS subscales: self-growth and self-loss. Both subscales demonstrated strong internal consistency and were weakly but positively correlated. Preliminary assessment of construct validity indicated distinct patterns of association, with self-loss being more strongly associated with stigma and quality of life than self-growth. In multivariate models, associations between self-loss and both quality of life and regulatory focus were moderated by self-growth. The ISCS demonstrated preliminary reliability and validity in this sample. Findings suggest that self-growth and self-loss are meaningfully distinct constructs that may interact to produce important implications for understanding the experience of chronic illness.     

Medical house officers' knowledge, attitudes, and confidence regarding medical ethics

As part of a trial of ethics education in a university-based, categorical, internal medicine training program, we surveyed all medical house officers at our institution regarding their knowledge of medical ethics, their attitudes and beliefs about selected issues in medical ethics, and their confidence in dealing with ethical problems. In a multivariate linear regression model, house officer knowledge scores were negatively correlated with postgraduate year, and positively correlated with age and with reporting a Jewish religious identity. A multivariate linear regression model predicting house officer confidence in dealing with ethical issues revealed a positive correlation with self-reported quality of ethics training in medical school and with being in the experimental group of house officers receiving ethics education. Attitudes and beliefs were largely uncorrelated with training or demographic characteristics. These results have implications for ethics education of both medical students and residents.     

Becoming a patient with heart failure.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of the process of becoming a patient with heart failure, a process of identity formation. Are there clues in the patients' stories about heart failure that might give us a better idea of how patients adjust to heart failure and what heart failure means to them? Meanings that individuals attach to events or situations are central to development of identity and subsequent behaviors.Design And Setting: Qualitative methods involving detailed interviews and grounded theory method were used in an outpatient cardiology department of a large health care facility in northeast Ohio. PATIENTS: Twenty-one patients with a diagnosis of heart failure were conveniently selected and interviewed for this research. Patients were selected on the basis of having a left ventricular ejection fraction of 35% or less and New York Heart Association class II, III, or IV. Other possible selection criteria (eg, VO(2Max ), walk test, or dyspnea) were not available for all patients and thus did not constitute consistent selection criteria. A broad net was cast for patients with varying characteristics to see if common processes and experiences existed regardless of the differences in clinical indicators. METHODS: Patients were interviewed in the examining room as part of a regularly scheduled visit with their cardiologists. All interviews were tape recorded and fully transcribed. Field notes and relevant patient chart data (eg, age, sex, race, marital status, cause of heart failure, comorbidities, history of hospitalization, New York Heart Association functional class, left ventricular ejection fraction) were included in the transcribed interviews. The transcribed interview was read and responses were given initial conceptual codes. These coded passages were categorized according to more abstract categories or concepts and underlying processes that encompass them. This process continues until all relevant passages have been categorized and subsumed under higher-order (more abstract or general) categories. RESULTS: The process of becoming a patient with heart failure involves a gradual process of taking on a new identity. Five distinct phases of this process of identity formation emerged from the data: a crisis event, the diagnosis, the patient's and family's response to the diagnosis, their acceptance and adjustment to life with this condition, and making the decision to get on with life. CONCLUSIONS: Most research on heart failure has focused on patients or their families farther along in the trajectory of this condition. We know little about the psychosocial experience of the early phases of this condition. Becoming a patient with heart failure is a process of searching for a meaning to this condition (what is it? what does it mean for the future?) and a process of taking on a new identity and appropriate role behaviors. This process takes place over a period of time. This suggests that the formation of individual identities evolve as new information becomes available, as meanings are attached to the new circumstances, and as a process of negotiating new roles among family members (and among patient, family members, and clinicians) takes place. The findings of this study suggest possible interventions that may positively affect the patient's condition and the quality of family life.     

Identification of cytidine diphosphodiesters in erythrocytes from a patient with pyrimidine nucleotidase deficiency

Pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase deficient (PND) erythrocytes contain elevated levels of pyrimidine nucleotides and relatively normal purine nucleotide levels. The composition of this nucleotide pool has been examined by others, but not all of the abnormal red cell metabolites in this disorder were identified. We have isolated and positively confirmed the identity of cytidine diphosphate (CDP)-choline and CDP- ethanolamine from PND red cells using methods including proton FT-NMR, spectroscopy, and comparative mass spectrometry. The concentrations of these and other pyrimidine nucleotidase-deficient erythrocyte nucleotides were determined using anion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet (u.v.) detection. The pyrimidine diphosphodiesters appear to be the most prominent abnormal pyrimidine nucleotides in PND red cells, accounting for 55% of the total red cell pyrimidine nucleotides in this disorder. It is proposed that these abnormal phosphodiesters may be related to the accelerated hemolysis in PND.     

Identity processing styles and the need for self-esteem in middle-aged and older adults

This study was a test of the relationship between self-esteem and the identity processing styles of identity assimilation (i.e., maintaining consistent views of the self), accommodation (i.e., changing the self ), and a balance between consistency seeking and identity change. A community sample of 242 older adults ranging in age from forty to ninety-five (M = 63.31) completed measures of identity processing and self-esteem. Previous research has demonstrated that identity assimilation increases with age in order to maintain self-esteem in the domain of physical and cognitive functioning; this is referred to as the identity assimilation effect (IAE). Based on this research, a similar result was expected in the domain of personality. Although identity assimilation and balance predicted increases in self-esteem, and identity accommodation predicted decreases in self-esteem, as predicted, no interaction effects were observed. The results of this study suggest the IAE may be domain specific to physical and cognitive functioning.     

Profiles of Adolescent Identity Development: Response to an Intervention for Alcohol/Other Drug Problems

The purpose of this study was to examine identity development among adolescents participating in an after-school alcohol/other drug (AOD) abuse intervention program (8 females and 12 males, ages 14–17) to identify how identity development was associated with intervention success. To achieve this goal we (a) garnered information from two identity interviews conducted during the first week of the intervention and 6 to 8 weeks later; (b) adopted a qualitative, person-centered analytical strategy to identify identity profiles; and (c) examined the intervention response of the adolescents, as recorded in intervention documents, in the different identity profile groups. Analyses revealed five identity profiles wherein adolescents differed in their responses to the “identity challenges” encountered in the intervention. Implications for AOD interventions are discussed.     

Retirees' social identity and satisfaction with retirement

The purpose of this study was to examine the structure of retirees' social identity and its impact on satisfaction with retirement. From social identity theory formulations, we assumed that (1) retiree-identity was comprised of three distinct components (cognitive, evaluative, and affective), and (2) only the affective component would play a role in satisfaction with retirement. Results of the present study conducted with 154 retired people in France revealed only two components of social identity: a cognitive identity which refers to self-categorization as "retired people", and an affective identity which refers to evaluation of the group and affective involvement. As expected, regression analyses results indicated that only affective identity was a predictor of satisfaction with retirement. These results will be discussed in the framework of social identity theory literature.     

Identity formation in adolescents with congenital cardiac disease: a forgotten issue in the transition to adulthood

Identity formation is a core developmental task in adolescence and functions as a key resource for transitioning to adulthood. This study investigated how adolescents with congenital cardiac disease form their identity and how it relates to demographic and medical parameters, quality of life, perceived health, depressive symptoms, and loneliness. A total of 429 adolescents aged 14-18 years with congenital cardiac disease and 403 matched controls completed questionnaires on identity and all outcome variables. There were five meaningful identity statuses, similar to those obtained in the control sample, which were found in the patient sample. Of them, two statuses--achievement and foreclosure--were characterised by a strong sense of identity; one status--diffused diffusion--especially was characterised by a weak sense of identity combined with high scores on worry about the future. These identity statuses were differentially related to outcome variables, with individuals in diffused diffusion especially scoring highest on depressive symptoms, problems in school, treatment anxiety, and communication problems with clinicians, and lowest on quality of life. Having a strong sense of personal identity was found to protect against such maladaptive outcomes. In sum, most adolescents with congenital cardiac disease moved through their identity formation process in a similar manner to other adolescents. Adolescents with a diffused identity were particularly at risk of experiencing maladjustment and problems in treatment adherence. Hence, developing intervention strategies to provide continuity of care on the road to adulthood involves paying attention to core developmental tasks, such as identity formation in adolescents with congenital cardiac disease.     

The significance of identity in the adjustment to diabetes among insulin users

In this study, the social theory of identity was used to gain a better understanding of the complex process of how individuals adjust to having insulin-requiring diabetes. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 30 individuals to explore issues related to their personal experience with diabetes. Narrative methods were used to analyze the data. An exploration of participants' stories revealed significant identity issues underlying their interpretation and management of diabetes. The diagnosis of diabetes was conceptualized as an assault on personal identity. This initial disruption was followed by a process of negotiation whereby individuals grappled with identity issues to adapt to the condition and integrate it into their lives. This process was socially shaped and influenced individuals' perceptions of their diabetes management. The main concepts examined in this paper are diagnosis and identity, identity and treatment management, and identity and the ongoing nature of adjustment. The implications for diabetes education are presented.     

Correlates of sexual, ethnic, and dual identity: a study of young Asian and Pacific Islander men who have sex with men

Having a positive attitude toward one's own sexual and ethnic identity can improve psychological well-being and self-efficacy and may reduce vulnerability to HIV infection. We sought to understand factors associated with having greater self-worth about being Asian and Pacific Islander (API), being gay/bisexual, and being both gay/bisexual and API (dual identity). We conducted serial, cross-sectional surveys of 763 API men who have sex with men (MSM) annually from 1999 to 2002 in San Diego, California and Seattle, Washington. We found (a) sexual and ethnic identity were intertwined and mutually influential; (b) a positive attitude toward sexual identity was associated with higher socioeconomic status, greater social support, and self-identified homosexual orientation (as opposed to "straight/undecided"); (c) a positive dual identity was associated with higher socioeconomic status, greater social support, and levels of acculturation (being United States born and speaking English and another language equally); and (d) a positive sexual identity and dual identity were associated with HIV testing. The findings suggest that targeted programs should address cultural issues at the intersection of sexual and ethnic identity, promote social support and self-acceptance around homosexual identity, and help MSM build a positive sense of self to foster their self-esteem and HIV prevention self-efficacy.     

Identity Processes and Statuses in Patients with and without Eating Disorders

Problems with identity formation are associated with a range of psychiatric disorders. Yet, the mechanisms underlying such problems and how they are refined into specific diagnostic presentations require further investigation. The present study investigated identity processes among 123 women with eating disorders (ED) and age‐matched community controls via a newly developed identity model. Several clinical outcome variables were assessed. Patients with ED scored lower on committing to and identifying with identity‐related choices and scored higher on maladaptive or ruminative exploration, identity diffusion and identity disorder. They also experienced less identity achievement as compared with controls. The identity disorder status was associated with the highest scores on anxiety, depression, borderline personality disorder symptoms, and non‐suicidal self‐injury and the lowest scores on need satisfaction. Results indicate that patients with ED experience more identity problems than community controls and those captured by an identity disorder status experience the most problematic psychosocial functioning. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.     

Ethnic Identity of Older Chinese in Canada

In Canada's multicultural society, ethnic identity is important to the elderly and can influence areas such as access to services, health promotion and care. Often, the complex nature of ethnic identity is underestimated when looking at cultural groups. This study aims to: (a) validate the factor structure of a Chinese ethnic identity measure for older Chinese in Canada, (b) examine the level of ethnic identity of the participants, and (c) examine the correlates of ethnic identity in these older individuals. Using data from a large, national research project on the elderly Chinese in Canada, this study analyzed the results gathered from a total of 2,272 participants. Principal component analysis, maximum-likelihood confirmatory factor analysis, and multiple regression analysis were performed. The results indicated that ethnic identity of the older Chinese is a multi-dimensional construct made up of three factors: (a) culture related activities, (b) community ties, (c) linkage with country of origin, and (d) cultural identification. The findings have provided a better understanding of how ethnic identity can be measured among the aging Chinese population in Canada.