自体巩膜在羟基磷灰石义眼座植入术的应用

目的探讨羟基磷灰石义眼座植入术中使用自体巩膜的效果。方法自1999年5月~2005年5月,A组患者行眼球摘除及义眼座植入术30例(30眼),B组患者行眼内容摘除及义眼座植入术46例(46眼),C组患者行眼内容摘除及自体巩膜、义眼座植入术25例,随访6~12个月,平均10个月。结果手术后随访6~12个月,结膜伤口裂开A组11例,B组6例,C组1例。3组患者并发症发生率有显著差别。结论同时植入自体巩膜与羟基磷灰石,可以减少手术并发症,提高手术成功率。     

多孔羟基磷灰石义眼台植入术的临床观察

目的 了解多孔羟基磷灰石义眼台植入术的临床效果。方法 I期植入运用自体(或异体)巩膜遮盖多孔羟基磷灰石义眼台;Ⅱ期植入用带线的义眼台与四条直肌缝合后,再缝合筋膜和结膜．包裹义眼台。结果 术后随访4—24个月,义眼活动好,无并发症发生,带义眼片效果满意。结论 I期、Ⅱ期多孔羟基磷灰石义眼台植入后效果满意。     

羟基磷灰石义眼座植入的临床研究

目的：探讨羟基磷灰石义眼座在眼窝重建中的方法和,临床效果。方法：对49例（49眼）实施眼内容物摘除联合自体巩膜腔羟基磷灰石义眼座植入,观察其临床效果。结果：49例义眼活动度良好,外形满意,双眼对称,并发症少。结论：羟基磷灰石义眼植入是一种理想的眼窝整形方法。     

眼内容物剜除术后羟基磷灰石义眼座Ⅱ期植入术

目的观察眼内容物剜除术后,一期和二期植入羟基磷灰石义眼座临床效果和并发症.方法对45例眼内容物剜除术后患者分别行一期和二期羟基磷灰石义眼座植入,并对其效果和并发症进行分析比较.结果两组间效果和并发症无差异.结论眼内容物剜除术后早期行羟基磷灰石义眼座二期植入术可获得良好的效果.     

改良羟基磷灰石义眼座植入术21例报告

目的：探讨羟基磷灰石义眼座植入术的最佳术式。方法：对21例患者行眼内容物剜除术,一期植入羟基磷灰石义眼座．重叠式缝合缝合巩膜。结果：20例巩膜结膜一期愈合,1例结膜裂开延期愈合,21例术后安装薄壳义眼片后,外观形态仿真,义眼转动良好。结论：重叠式缝合巩膜法不易发生巩膜结膜裂开义眼座暴露,值得推广。     

羟基磷灰石义眼台不同植入方法效果评价

目的观察采用不同方式植入羟基磷灰石义眼台的临床效果。方法对38例患者分别采用三种不同方式植入羟基磷灰石义眼台,植入方法包括:眼球摘除联合无包裹羟基磷灰石义眼台植入术,眼内容剜除联合义眼台巩膜腔内植入术,眼内容剜除联合义眼台双层巩膜帽后肌锥内植入术。对手术后效果进行分析。结果38例患者术后均未发现有义眼台脱出等严重并发症,临床效果满意。术式一和术式二义眼片活动度良好。术式三手术时间短,但义眼片活动度稍差。结论不同方式植入羟基磷灰石义眼台均能取得满意的临床效果,术式一和术式二术后义眼片活动度更佳。     

眼外肌切断对羟基磷灰石义眼座植入术的疗效分析

目的观察切断眼外肌对羟基磷灰石义眼座巩膜植入术后的影响分析。方法将38例眼球萎缩或眼内容物剜除的患者,随机分为两组,第1组,切断眼外肌,实行自体巩膜全包裹或半包裹义眼台,使切断的肌肉重新缝合在开窗的巩膜上,共21例;第2组:不切断眼外肌,使自体巩膜全包裹或半包裹义眼台,共17例。对比两种手术方法术后效果。结果38例患者中,只有2例进口羟基磷灰石义眼座采用不切断肌肉术后2个月、1年发生义眼台暴露,经重新缝合后治愈外,其余患者术后义眼活动好,效果满意。结论羟基磷灰石义眼座巩膜植入术后排异与是否切断眼外肌无关。     

花瓣样成形义眼座眶内植入术的临床观察

目的：探讨花瓣样成形羟基磷灰石义眼座眶内植入术的手术方法及临床效果。方法：眼内容物剜除术后,巩膜花瓣样成形,内路巩膜开窗,剪断视神经,将义眼座植入肌锥之间,义眼座侧面四个巩膜瓣覆盖,表面两层巩膜瓣重叠缝合。结果：本组完成手术134例,术后患者满意率达100%,3个月后放入义眼患者双眼外观无明显差别,达到仿真效果。随访4～13个月,所有患者未见有义眼座排斥、感染、眼窝塌陷、结膜囊明显收缩粘连等并发症。结论：通过对羟基磷灰石义眼座植入术式的改进,减少和预防术后并发症,术后植入义眼与正视眼无明显差别,达到良好的美容效果。     

眼内容剜除术的原因探究及Ⅰ期羟基磷灰石义眼座植入术的临床效果分析

目的：分析患者行眼内容剜除术的原因,探讨Ⅰ期羟基磷灰石义眼座植入术的临床效果。方法回顾性分析我院2000年1月—2008年7月行眼内容物剜除术联合Ⅰ期羟基磷灰石义眼座植入术61例患者的临床资料,分析其行眼内容物剜除术的原因,随诊观察患者的义眼座植入情况以及患者义眼片佩戴后情况。结果61例患者中,48例患者属于严重眼外伤,4例患者属于感染性角膜溃疡;3例患者属于角膜葡萄肿;4例患者属于眼部手术后并发症;2例患者属于绝对期青光眼。术后随访4~60个月,平均（10.3±11.0）个月,无义眼座脱出、眶内感染等严重并发症发生。结论行眼内容物剜除义眼座植入术的主要为严重眼外伤患者,患者对眼内容剜除术和Ⅰ期羟基磷灰石义眼座植入术的联合应用的治疗满意。     

羟基磷灰石义眼台两种植入方法的临床观察

目的观察两种不同手术方法植入羟基磷灰石(HA)义眼台的临床效果。方法眶内Ⅰ期植入HA义眼台共41例(41眼),20例采用眼球摘除带线义眼台直接植入法,21例采用眼内容剜除改良巩膜覆盖法。结果术后随访3个月~3年,手术效果良好,其中20例眼球摘除带线义眼台直接植入者,2例出现义眼台暴露。21例眼内容剜除改良巩膜覆盖者,1例出现义眼台暴露。结论 HA义眼台植入术后主要并发症是义眼台暴露。眼内容剜除改良巩膜覆盖法创伤小,早期义眼运动度好,发生义眼台暴露并发症的概率变小。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.