开封市城乡中小学生视力及屈光状态调查分析

目的　了解中小学生视力及屈光状态 ,为中小学生视力不良防治提供依据。方法　对开封市城市、农村 7～ 1 8岁中小学生进行抽样调查 ,视力 <1 0者散瞳验光。结果　共调查中小学生 4 80 0名 ,960 0眼。其中视力正常 62 96眼 ,占受检总数的 65 58% ,视力低常 330 4眼 ,占 34 4 2 %。近视眼 32 4 1眼 ,占受检总数的 33 76% ,远视眼 4 2眼 ,占 0 4 4% ,其它眼病 2 1眼 ,占 0 2 2 %。结论　视力低常中小学生中近视眼占首位 ;城市学生视力低常率明显高于农村学生 ,女生高于男生     

通辽市蒙汉族中小学生视力及屈光调查分析

目的了解蒙汉族中小学生视力及屈光状态,为中小学生视力保健提供依据。方法对通辽市2002年至2005年7～18岁蒙汉族、城乡中小学生以随机分层、整群抽样方法,进行裸眼视力检查,对视力低常者做常规眼科检查。共调查学生35944名,蒙族学生9084名,汉族学生26860名。正常视力者24471名,占总数68.1%。在视力低常学生中抽取2760名,除11名其它眼病外,对2749名进行散瞳验光,汉族1576人,蒙族1173人。结果视力低常者为11473名(22946眼),占受检总数31.9%,其中小学生视力低常率为18.8%,初中为39.2%,高中为55.9%。蒙族视力低常率为28.4%,汉族为33.1%。随学龄增长增高4.6倍。视力低常者中近视眼有3518眼,占视力低常者64%,轻度近视占视力低常者的38.5%,中度近视22.7%,重度近视2.8%;远视眼占18.8%,正视眼占12.1%,混合散光5.1%;弱视占1.6%,其它占0.4%。视力低常者中近视居首位,7岁时近视眼42.3%,13岁时近视眼66.7%,16岁时近视眼77.9%。随着年龄增长而近视眼患病率增高。视力低常率、近视患病率在中小学生、蒙汉族、城乡、男女之间差异有高度统计学意义(P<0.01)。蒙族学生低于汉族,男生低于女生,农村低于城市。结论通辽市蒙汉族中小学生视力低常率高于国内报告的其它少数民族地区,视力低常率近视患病率随年龄增长而增高,中小学生视力低常的主要原因是近视眼。     

沧州市及周边县区小学生视力及屈光状态调查分析

目的：了解沧州市区及周边县区小学生视力情况和屈光状态。方法对沧州市区及周边县区2868例6~11岁小学生（5736眼）的视力及屈光状态进行抽样调查。所有学生在排除器质性病变的情况下,对视力小于1.0的并无斜视的进行复方托品酰胺散瞳,对于斜视、复方托品酰胺散瞳后有远视者给予1%阿托品凝胶散瞳后检影验光,记录结果时将柱镜转化为等效球镜。将所得结果进行统计分析。结果视力低常2433眼,占受检眼总数的42.41%,视力低常者中有17眼为先天性眼疾或眼外伤患者,占低常视力的0.698%。视力低常者中近视眼1858眼,占受检眼总数的32.46%（轻度近视占22.87%,中度近视占7.81%,重度近视占1.78%）。视力低常患者中远视眼621眼,占受检眼总数的10.82%。弱视患者97眼,占受检眼总数的1.70%。视力低下患者中正视眼335眼,占受检眼总数的5.84%。结论沧州市区及周边县区小学生视力低常率高于国内其他地区报告。视力低常学生中主要为近视眼。近视检出率与国内报道相当。弱视的检出率低于其他报道。视力低常者中屈光正常者所占比率为偏高。     

海南省黎族乡镇地区中小学生视力调查分析

目的 了解黎族乡镇地区中小学生视力健康状况,为中小学生视力保健提供依据.方法 从2003年2月至2007年4月,用整群抽样方法,在海南省黎族群体居住较集中的县市,对在校的黎族乡镇中小学生(6～18岁)进行裸眼视力检查,再对其中裸眼视力<1.0的低常者进行散瞳验光检查,并对检查结果进行分析.结果 共调查在校黎族中小学生6370名.正常视力者6211名,占受检总数97.5%;视力低常者159名,占受检总数2.5%.小学生视力低常率为2.30%,中学13～15岁年龄段视力低常率为2.26%,中学16～18岁年龄段视力低常率为3.14%;三个年龄段视力低常率经统计学检验无显著差别.视力低常眼共274眼,其中眼病为20眼,占7.3%.余254眼中,近视眼占50.0%,远视眼占35.0%,混合散光占2.4%,正视眼占12.6%;其中弱视为3眼,占1.2%.视力低常原因中近视居首位,主要是轻度近视.结论 海南黎族乡镇地区的中小学生视力低常者较少,视力低常率与国内报告的其它少数民族相似,视力健康状况良好.     

上海市宝山区6～14岁学生视力低常及近视状况调查

目的:了解上海市宝山区6～14岁学生视力低常及其近视现况。方法:采用整群随机抽样的方法,在上海市宝山区抽取学校11所,对其中的6～14岁学生进行视力普查,视力低常的学生予以电脑验光及托比卡胺扩瞳验光,并对结果进行描述性分析。结果:6～14岁学生视力低常率和近视眼率随年龄增加而逐渐升高,6岁学生中,有20.10%的学生视力低常,6.20%的学生近视,13～14岁学生视力低常率已达78.50%;近视眼率增辐尤其明显,从12岁的41.43%增至73.72%。6～8岁男女生视力低常率和近视眼率无显著性差异,9岁以后女生的视力低常率、近视眼率均高于男生,并且女生中、高、重度近视眼率均高于男生。结论:6～14岁学生视力低常率和近视眼率随年龄增加而逐渐升高,女生的近视眼患病状况比男生严重。     

深圳市中小学生视力及视力低常原因

目的　了解深圳市中小学生视力及屈光状态 ,为防治中小学生视力不良提供依据。方法　2 0 0 1年 6月至 2 0 0 1年 9月 ,用随机整群抽样方法 ,对深圳市 2 3 76名 (4 75 2眼 )中小学生进行视力普查 ,对其中视力低常者进行屈光检查 ,并对结果进行分析。结果　在 2 3 76名中小学生中 ,视力低常人数 1 42 7名 (2 794眼 ) ,占普查人数的 60 0 6% ,主要原因为屈光不正。小学组以远视眼为主 (占5 4 3 4% ) ,初、高中组以近视眼为主 (分别占 5 4 0 6% ,74 68% )。自戴眼镜矫正视力 1 0以上者仅占 48 1 7%。结论　深圳市中小学生中视力低常者超过半数 ,主要原因为屈光不正。近视眼的患病率增加。半数以上已戴眼镜者镜片屈光度不够准确。     

视力低常儿童屈光不正状态临床研究

目的了解3～15岁少年儿童视力低常病因中屈光不正的规律。方法对我院2005年1月～12月视光学门诊3～6岁192例、7～15岁809例共1001例(1987眼)视力低常者进行散瞳验光并统计分析。结果3～6岁:远视眼299眼占78.9%;近视眼46眼占12.1%;混合散光眼34眼占9%。7～15岁组:近视眼1172眼占72,9%,其中7￣10岁女孩近视率明显高于同龄男孩(P<0.01);远视376眼占23.4%;混合散光60眼占3.7%。屈光度以低度为主;中度近视女孩较男孩多,有显著性差异(P<0.01)矫正视力7～15岁组较3￣6岁组好,矫正视力不良多见于高度屈光不正。结论视力低常者中学龄前儿童以远视为主符合眼屈光状态与年龄的关系。7～15岁少年儿童以近视眼多见;女孩近视低龄化且中度近视眼较男孩多。     

北京市密云县学龄前儿童视力状况分析

目的:了解密云县学龄前儿童视力状况,为学龄前儿童眼保健工作提供指导依据和可行性方法。方法:选择密云县具有代表性的三个区域部分学龄前儿童(4～6岁)进行常规远视力检查,对视力结果进行统计分析。结果:学龄前儿童4,5和6岁视力低常率分别为36.29%,24.43%和20.86%;城镇视力低常率为36.76%,城乡结合部为24.35%,农村为17.08%;视力低常者中,轻度84.38%,中度8.99%,重度6.63%。结论:学龄前儿童的视力低常率以4岁组最高,城镇视力低常率明显高于城乡结合部和农村,视力低常者中以轻度低常为主。学龄前儿童视力是儿童眼保健工作的重要内容,结果受多种因素影响,应正确分析对待。     

青少年轻度视力减退72只眼两年后视力屈光演变分析

目的　追踪青少年近视轻度视力减退 2年 6个月后视力屈光的演变 ,了解其与青少年近视眼发生发展的关系。方法　对一所初级中学同一届学生近视力正常 ,远视力轻度减退 (≥ 0 .8)接受负镜片的 6 3例 (72只眼 ) 2年 6个月后视力屈光做了调查分析 ,复方托品酰胺散瞳验光。结果　 72只眼中视力降至 0 .6以下者占 84 .72 %、保持 0 .8者占 8.33%、回升为正常者占 6 .2 5 % ,接受散瞳验光的 4 8只眼中近视屈光占 93.75 %、远视屈光仅占6 .2 5 %。结论　初步提示近视眼发生是视力下降在先 ,屈光形成在后 ,轻度视力减退与假性近视或调节性近视是同时发生互为依存的同一体 ,是近视眼发生的早期表现 ,同时提出假性近视分类诊断为调节性近视、假性近视的设想     

甘肃省6区/县6～18岁视力低常中小学生散光状态调查研究

目的:研究甘肃省6~18岁视力低常中小学生散光发生情况、散光类型、散光轴向分布及散光程度.方法采用横断面调查设计,对甘肃省6个区县9933名视力低常的中小学生19866眼静态屈光状态进行采集,输入专项应用程序,用SPSS13.0软件埘散光状态进行统计分析.结果:本组资料散光≥0.5DC者10849眼占受检眼数的54.6...     

北京市城乡限定人群白内障手术负荷量及术后视力评价

目的：探讨北京限定区域城市及农村人群白内障患病率、低视力及手术负荷量，分析白内障手术覆盖率及术后视力情况。方法：晶状体图像资料完整的40岁以上受试者4364人(农村1909人，城市2455人)，所有受试者均进行问卷调查及眼部检查。眼部检查包括裸眼及矫正视力、电脑验光、眼压、散瞳后裂隙灯检查，数码照相采集晶状体图象及眼底照相。白内障手术负荷量入选标准：(1)符合白内障诊断；(2)除外角膜病、青光眼、眼底病、严重沙眼性角膜混浊等影响视力的疾病；(3)标准一：单眼矫正视力≤0.3；标准二：双眼矫正视力≤0.3。结果：本次调查白内障患病率为16.3％，其中双眼矫正视力≤0.3者14例，手术负荷量为0.32％(农村0.52％，城市0.16％)；单眼矫正视力≤0.3者67例，手术负荷量为1.54％(农村1.89％，城市1.26％)。对白内障手术需求女性大于男性，随年龄增加，需求上升，农村高龄女性需求最大。已行白内障手术者共55例(72只眼)，总的白内障手术覆盖率为7.03％，其中农村为4.71％，城市为9.03％，女性6.69％，男性为7.33％，农村女性的手术覆盖率最低，为3.77％。白内障手术后矫正视力≤0.3者占18.06％。术后视力不佳的原因为后发性白内障、眼底病变及其它手术并发症等。结论：白内障手术需求农村高于城市，农村高龄女性需求最大；白内障手术后总体视力提高欠佳；白内障手术需求远远超过现有的手术能力。     

The Pakistan national blindness and visual impairment survey--research design, eye examination methodology and results of the pilot study

PURPOSE: To establish age- and sex-specific prevalence rates and causes of blindness and low vision in children aged 10 to 15 years and adults aged 30 years and older in Pakistan. METHODS: Multi-stage, stratified (rural/urban), cluster random sampling, with probability proportional-to-size procedures, was utilised to select a cross-sectional, nationally representative sample of adults (16,600 subjects) and children (6,000 subjects). Each subject underwent: interview, visual acuity (logMAR), autorefraction and optic disc examination. Those that saw < 6/12 in either eye underwent corrected visual acuity and dilated posterior segment examination. RESULTS: The results of a pilot survey are reported in this paper. In the two rural pilot sites, 159 subjects (including 47 children) were examined; 50% were male. Thirty seven adults (23.3%) but no children saw worse than 6/12 in either eye. Two subjects were blind (corrected visual acuity) in the better eye, and 11 were visually impaired. Refractive error was the main cause (in 22 eyes (39% of the total of 56 eyes)) of < 6/12 visual acuity, followed by cataract (12 eyes), uncorrected aphakia (6 eyes) and age-related macular disease (3 eyes). CONCLUSIONS: The pilot survey demonstrated that the proposed examination process for the main survey is feasible. Particular strengths of this survey include the use of logMAR visual acuity testing and autorefraction of all subjects, a dilated posterior segment examination, and the use of a 'less than 6/12' threshold for further examination. This lower threshold addresses the burden of refractive error, which, with cataract, are two of the diseases specifically targeted by Vision 2020.     

The state of refraction in children with ophthalmic diseases of the disabling form

The refraction condition was analyzed in 670 impaired-vision schoolchildren with various ophthalmic pathologies. Refraction defects were diagnosed in 98.9% of cases. Myopic refraction was detected in 48.9% of cases, while hypermetropic refraction was found in 50.0% of cases. Astigmatism was observed in 97.8% of cases; in 38.6%, it exceeded 2.0 diopters, which was mainly encountered at the retinopathy of prematurely newborns, albinism and congenital myopia. Compound astigmatism was detected in 83.5% of cases and mixed astigmatism was present in 8.3% of cases; the latter was more frequent diagnosed in persons with albinism and with abnormal development of the eyeball. Regular astigmatism was found in 78 > 8 of the examinees, inversed astigmatism was found in 11.0% of cases and squint astigmatism was detected in 10.2% of cases, the last mentioned type was more often found at the retinopathy of prematurely newborns, abnormal development of the eyes and at postoperative aphakia. Anisometry exceeded 2.0 diopters in 21.8% of cases; a high anisometry was more frequent at the retinopathy of prematurely newborns, congenital myopia and aphakia. 7.6% of schoolchildren lacked the subject-vision in the second eye. Nystagmus was registered in 46.4% of children. The spectacle vision correction was found to be effective in 94.8% of cases, however, the severe refractive defects belong to the unfavorable factors for an optimal spectacle vision correction or for creating a full-value binocular vision image. Groups were specified, which are more favorable and more complicated for the spectacle correction of impaired vision. The use of modern contact lenses in the correction of high-degree ametropia, astygmatigmus and anisometry can be of an effective assistance in expanding the indications for a rational optic correction in impaired-vision children.     

A population-based eye survey of older adults in a rural district of Rajasthan: I. Central vision impairment, blindness, and cataract surgery

PURPOSE: To assess the prevalence of central vision blindness and cataract surgery in older adults in rural northwest India. DESIGN: Population-based, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 4284 examined persons 50 years of age or older. METHODS: A random selection of village-based clusters was used to identify a population sample in the predominantly rural Bharatpur district of Rajasthan. Eligible subjects in the 25 selected clusters were enumerated through a door-to-door household survey and invited to village sites for visual acuity testing and eye examination early in 1999. The principal cause of reduced central vision was identified for eyes that had visual acuity worse than 6/18. Independent replicate testing for quality assurance monitoring took place in participants with reduced vision and in a sample of those with normal vision in five of the study clusters. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presenting and best-corrected visual acuity and lens status. RESULTS: A total of 4728 eligible persons in 2821 households were enumerated, and 4284 (90.6%) were examined. The prevalence of presenting and best-corrected visual acuity worse than 6/60 in both eyes was 11.9% (95% confidence interval: 10.0%-13.9%) and 6.1% (95% CI: 4.7%-7.4%), respectively. Presenting blindness was associated with increasing age, female gender, lack of schooling, and rural residence. Cataract was the principal cause of blindness in one or both eyes in 67.5% of blind persons, with uncorrected aphakia and other refractive error affecting 18.4% in at least one eye. The prevalence of cataract surgery was 12.8% (95% CI: 11.6%-14.0%), with an estimated 65.7% of the cataract blind operated on; low surgical coverage was associated with lack of schooling. CONCLUSIONS: Blindness, particularly blindness because of cataract, continues to be a significant problem among the elderly living in remote areas of rural northwest India. Increased attention should be given to reaching women and the illiterate.     

Reproducibility and tolerability of the ICare rebound tonometer in school children

PURPOSE: To establish the intraobserver and interobserver reliability of the rebound tonometer (RBT) in healthy schoolchildren and to test patient tolerance in an unanesthetized eye. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: To examine the reproducibility of the RBT, 2 experienced ophthalmologists undertook 3 consecutive intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements with the RBT without an anesthetic in 304 eyes of 152 healthy schoolchildren. Any pain or discomfort experienced by the children was recorded. Intraobserver and interobserver reliabilities were established by calculating correlation coefficients (r). RESULTS: Of the 152 patients, 78 (51.3%) were males and 74 (48.7%) were females. The mean patient age was 11.2+/-2.6 years (range: 7 to 15 y). Mean IOP values obtained by examiners 1 and 2 were 16.48+/-2.82 mm Hg and 17.27+/-3.27 mm Hg for the right eyes and 17.15+/-3.36 mm Hg and 17.06+/-3.21 mm Hg for the left eyes. Intraobserver correlation coefficients for examiner 1 were 0.970 for the right eyes and 0.974 for the left eyes. For examiner 2, intraobserver correlation coefficients were 0.963 for the right eyes and 0.970 for the left eyes. The interobserver correlation coefficients were 0.798 for the right eyes and 0.858 for the left eyes (all P<0.0001). With the RBT, 98.6% of the subjects felt no pain and/or discomfort. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of IOP with the RBT is a highly reproducible method in schoolchildren showing high intraobserver and interobserver correlation and it seems to be very comfortable when performing IOP measurements in schoolchildren without an anesthetic.     

Refractive Error in School Children in an Urban and Rural Setting in Cambodia

Purpose: To assess the prevalence of refractive error in schoolchildren aged 12–14 years in urban and rural settings in Cambodia’s Phnom Penh and Kandal provinces.

Methods: Ten schools from Phnom Penh Province and 26 schools from Kandal Province were randomly selected and surveyed in October 2010. Children were examined by teams of Australian and Cambodian optometrists, ophthalmic nurses and ophthalmologists who performed visual acuity (VA) testing and cycloplegic refraction.

Results: A total of 5527 children were included in the study. The prevalence of uncorrected, presenting and best-corrected VA ≤ 6/12 in the better eye were 2.48% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.02–2.83%), 1.90% (95% CI 1.52–2.24%) and 0.36% (95% CI 0.20–0.52%), respectively; 43 children presented with glasses whilst a total of 315 glasses were dispensed. The total prevalence of refractive error was 6.57% (95% CI 5.91–7.22%), but there was a significant difference between urban (13.7%, 95% CI 12.2–15.2%) and rural (2.5%, 95% CI 2.03–3.07%) schools (P?<?0.0001). Refractive error accounted for 91.2% of visually impaired eyes, cataract for 1.7%, and other causes for 7.1%. Myopia (spherical equivalent ≤ ?0.50 diopters [D] in either eye) was associated with increased age, female gender and urban schooling.

Conclusions: The prevalence of refractive error was significantly higher in urban Phnom Penh schools than rural schools in Kandal Province. The prevalence of refractive error, particularly myopia was relatively low compared to previous reports in Asia. The majority of children did not have appropriate correction with spectacles, highlighting the need for more effective screening and optical intervention.     

The Pakistan National Blindness and Visual Impairment Survey—Research Design,Eye Examination Methodology and Results of the Pilot Study

Purpose: To establish age- and sex-specific prevalence rates and causes of blindness and low vision in children aged 10 to 15 years and adults aged 30 years and older in Pakistan. Methods: Multi-stage, stratified (rural/urban), cluster random sampling, with probability proportional-to-size procedures, was utilised to select a cross-sectional, nationally representative sample of adults (16,600 subjects) and children (6,000 subjects). Each subject underwent: interview, visual acuity (logMAR), autorefraction and optic disc examination. Those that saw < 6/12 in either eye underwent corrected visual acuity and dilated posterior segment examination. Results: The results of a pilot survey are reported in this paper. In the two rural pilot sites, 159 subjects (including 47 children) were examined; 50% were male. Thirty seven adults (23.3%) but no children saw worse than 6/12 in either eye. Two subjects were blind (corrected visual acuity) in the better eye, and 11 were visually impaired. Refractive error was the main cause (in 22 eyes (39% of the total of 56 eyes)) of < 6/12 visual acuity, followed by cataract (12 eyes), uncorrected aphakia (6 eyes) and age-related macular disease (3 eyes). Conclusions: The pilot survey demonstrated that the proposed examination process for the main survey is feasible. Particular strengths of this survey include the use of logMAR visual acuity testing and autorefraction of all subjects, a dilated posterior segment examination, and the use of a ‘less than 6/12’ threshold for further examination. This lower threshold addresses the burden of refractive error, which, with cataract, are two of the diseases specifically targeted by Vision 2020.     

Analysis of a comprehensive diabetic retinopathy screening model for rural and urban diabetics in developing countries

AIM: To present an analysis of a screening model for diabetic retinopathy and compare the results of screening between rural and urban populations. METHODS: Between June 2003 and September 2004, 51 diabetic retinopathy screening camps (rural, 25; urban, 26) were conducted in three southern districts of India. The target population, aged 30 years and above, underwent comprehensive eye evaluation and those with referable diabetic retinopathy (proliferative diabetic retinopathy, severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, severe diabetic macular oedema, or a combination of these) were referred to the base hospital for further treatment. RESULTS: Among 7716 diabetic subjects, the age and sex adjusted prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 18% in the rural areas and 17% in the urban areas. The prevalence of referable retinopathy was 6.8% in rural areas and 4.6% in urban areas (p<0.001). Around 63% of individuals in rural areas and 75% in urban areas had never previously had their eyes examined for diabetic retinopathy. Multivariate analysis revealed the following risk factors for diabetic retinopathy: age more than 50 years, known diabetes, prolonged duration of diabetes, and eyes with moderate or severe visual impairment (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The study describes a comprehensive diabetic retinopathy screening model which can identify sight threatening retinopathy and provide necessary treatment for rural and urban populations.