腹透患者心血管钙化的发生率、分布特点及相关影响因素

目的：通过对腹膜透析患者的心脏瓣膜钙化及主动脉弓钙化进行评价,分析心血管钙化的发生率、分布特点及相关影响因素。方法选取174例腹膜透析患者,分别于统一时间段测量肢肱动脉血压,分别记录患者的血尿素氮、肌酐值;24 h的尿量、透出液量、尿素氮、肌酐值及透出液尿素氮、肌酐浓度值;并通过上述测定值计算评估透析充分性和残余肾功能。每隔6个月测定患者的生化指标。对腹膜透析患者心脏进行多普勒超声检查和患者胸部X线片检查,用Logistics回归分析评判心血管钙化危险因素。结果主动脉弓钙化及瓣膜钙化类别中钙化患者的年龄、透析龄及血磷值均高于非钙化患者（ P ＜0．05）;钙化患者的残余肾功能值显著低于非钙化患者（ P ＜0．05）;随着年龄／透析龄的增加,瓣膜／主动脉弓钙化的发生率显著上升（ P ＜0．05）。年龄、透析龄和钙磷乘积均是影响心脏瓣膜钙化的独立危险因素（ P ＜0．05）,其中钙磷乘积危险系数最高;年龄、透析龄和血磷是影响主动脉弓钙化的独立危险因素（ P ＜0．05）,其中血磷危险系数最高;残余肾功能是能影响心脏瓣膜／主动脉弓钙化的独立因素（ P ＜0．05）,而且是保护因素。结论年龄和透析龄是影响心脏瓣膜钙化及主动脉弓钙化的独立危险因素,钙磷乘积是影响心脏瓣膜钙化危险系数最高的独立因素,血磷是影响主动脉弓钙化危险系数最高的独立因素。     

预防性护理干预对维持性血液透析患者低血压的影响效果

目的分析预防性护理干预对维持性血液透析患者低血压的影响。方法回顾性分析本院2013年10月至2014年10月诊治的90例维持性血液透析患者的临床资料,按照不同护理方案分为两组,每组45例,对照组予以常规护理,研究组在对照组基础上予以预防性护理干预,观察并比较两组临床心理学指标、低血压发生率以及透析依从率情况。结果研究组低血压发生率8.89%显著低于对照组28.89%,比较差异具统计学意义(P<0.05);护理后两组SAS、SDS评分值均有所改善,且研究组SAS、SDS评分值均显著低于对照组护理后,比较差异均具统计学意义(P<0.05);研究组透析依从率均高于对照组,比较差异具统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论预防性护理干预应用于维持性血液透析患者的临床效果显著,值得临床推广。     

维持性血透患者高血压控制不良相关因素分析

目的探讨维持性血液透析患者高血压控制不良相关因素。方法对在安徽省立医院血透室进行血液透析的58例患者进行研究,血压控制良好组28例,血压控制不理想组30例,观察两组患者的KT/V、透析间期体重增长、HDF治疗等。采用单因素分析与多因素Logistic回归分析方法,分析维持性血透患者高血压控制不良的相关因素。结果单因素分析结果显示:未定期做HDF治疗、服用降压药物<3种、透析不充分(KT/V<1.2)、透析间期体重增加≥3 kg等与患者血压控制不良有关;多因素Logistic回归分析显示:未定期做HDF、透析不充分(KT/V<1.2)、透析间期体重增加≥3kg是维持性血透患者血压控制不良的独立危险因素。结论透析间期体重增长过多、透析不充分、未能定期行HDF治疗是维持性血透患者高血压控制不良的独立危险因素。     

维持性血液透析患者腹主动脉钙化情况及其相关因素分析

目的 应用腹部侧位X线平片检测维持性血液透析患者腹主动脉钙化(AAC)情况,并探讨其相关因素.方法 收集82例维持性血液透析患者的临床资料,通过腹部侧位X线平片检测腹主动脉钙化的发生情况,同时检测患者的血常规、血糖、肾功能、血脂、血钙、血磷及全段甲状旁腺素(iPTH)水平,依据是否发生腹主动脉钙化将患者分成AAC组与非AAC组,进行相关统计学分析.结果 82例血液透析患者中有55例(67.1％)发生腹主动脉钙化,钙化主要发生于L4,并且从L1向L4钙化发生逐渐加重.组间对比分析显示,AAC组患者的年龄较大(P＜0.05)且透析龄更长(P＜0.01),低密度脂蛋白及钙磷乘积水平明显高于非AAC组(P＜0.05),此外原发病为糖尿病肾病患者的腹主动脉钙化发生率高于非AAC组(P＜0.05).结论 维持性血液透析患者有较高的腹主动脉钙化发生率,其发生可能与年龄、低密度脂蛋白、钙磷乘积水平、透析龄及原发病为糖尿病等因素有关.     

海螵蛸粉治疗维持性血透患者高磷血症33例

慢性肾衰竭血液透析(血透)患者80%以上存在高磷血症。高磷血症是引起继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进、钙磷沉积变化、维生素D代谢障碍、肾性骨病的重要因素,与冠脉病变、心瓣膜钙化等严重心血管并发症密切相关。我院将中药海螵蛸研成粉口服治疗维持性血透患者高磷血症,效果满意,现报道如下:1资料与方法1.1一般资料201 2年1月至2014年1月我院收治的慢性肾衰竭维持性血透患者33例。纳入标准:透析时间>     

影响维持性血液透析心血管钙化的因素

目的观察血液透析患者心血管钙化的发生情况,探讨可能心血管钙化的相关因素。方法收集郴州市第一人民医院血液透析患者,彩超对颈内劝脉、心脏瓣膜钙化测量,并检测骨调素(OPN)及C反应蛋白(CRP)、全段甲状旁骧激素(iPTH)等与心血管钙化相关的临床指标并进行分析。结果55例血液透析患者,有49%患者有颈内动脉钙化,其中钙化组和非钙化组的患者相比,年龄更大,男性比例更高;钙化组OPN、CRP、血磷明显高于非钙化组。结论血液透析患者普遍存在心血管钙化,与透析患者氧化应激、高血磷有关,OPN水平较好地反应心血管钙化。     

维持性血液透析患者症状性低血压的相关因素分析

目的探讨维持性血液透析患者发生症状性低血压的相关因素及防治措施。方法回顾我院透析中心76例维持性血液透析患者近2年来的透析情况,分析患者年龄、导致慢性肾衰竭的原发疾病、失重与干体重比、血红蛋白、透析频率等因素与发生症状性低血压的关系。结果 76例患者共进行血液透析9732例次,低血压发生1233例次。发生症状性低血压的透析例次,其失重干体重比为0.041±0.0091,明显高于未发生低血压组的0.032±0.0078。年龄超过65岁、患糖尿病肾病、透析频率低的患者在透析中症状性低血压的发生率高。未发现血红蛋白水平与症状性低血压的发生有相关性。结论在维持性血液透析的患者,高龄、糖尿病肾病、高的失重干体重比、低透析频率与症状性低血压的发生相关。     

维持性血液透析患者血压控制不佳的相关因素分析

目的:探讨维持性血液透析患者血压控制不佳的相关因素。方法:对54例维持性血液透析患者进行回顾分析,30例血压控制良好,24例血压控制不佳。观察两组患者的生化指标、KT/V值、用药情况、超率量、行HDF等情况。利用单因素和多因素分析探讨维持性血液透析患者血压控制不佳的危险因素。结果:两组患者的主要观察指标仅在KT/V值上有差异;单因素分析结果显示:未定期做HDF、服用降压药物<3种、透析不充分(KT/V<1.2)、透析间期体重增加≥3kg和未定期监测血压等与患者血压控制不良有关;多因素Logistic回归分析显示:未定期做HDF、透析不充分(KT/V<1.2)、透析间期体重增加≥3kg和未定期监测血压等是维持性血液透析患者血压控制不良的独立危险因素。结论:透析间期体重增长过多、透析不充分、未能定期行HDF治疗、透析间期不监测血压是维持性血透患者血压控制不佳的独立危险因素。     

腹膜透析患者血管钙化的影响因素及发生率

目的:探究腹膜透析(PD)患者血管钙化的影响因素及发生率。方法:选取2019年10月～2020年12月期间某院腹膜透析(PD)患者80例为本次调查研究对象,根据研究目的分组,分析血管钙化的影响因素及发生率。结果:总体钙化率随年龄、透析龄增高而升高,年龄、透析龄为冠状动脉钙化独立危险因素,Kt/V为保护因素,年龄、血磷为心脏瓣膜钙化独立危险因素。结论:对血管钙化影响因素、发生率进行分析有利于临床更好的预测预防心血管病变发生,减少终末期肾病患者危重心血管发病率,提高透析患者生活质量,降低死亡率,并为临床制定治疗方案提供借鉴资料。     

维持性血液透析患者透析充分性相关因素分析

目的:探究维持性血液透析患者透析充分性的相关因素,为临床提供指导。方法:以2015年6月～2017年5月某院125例维持性血液透析患者作为观察对象,对125例维持性血液透析患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,结合透析充分性结果将其分为透析充分性好组(75例)、透析充分性差组(50例),研究维持性血液透析患者透析充分性的相关因素。结果:透析充分性好组和透析充分性差组患者之间的年龄、每周透析次数、付款方式、营养状况结果存在显著差异,P0.05;对透析充分性好的相关因素进行Logistic回归分析可知,年龄、每周透析次数、付款方式、营养状况的结果均具有统计学意义,P0.05。结论:影响维持性血液透析患者透析充分性好的相关因素较多,例如年龄、每周透析次数、付款方式、营养状况等。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.