老年阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征日间嗜睡相关危险因素

目的分析老年阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者日间嗜睡的相关危险因素。方法经多导睡眠监测(PSG)确诊为OSAHS的老年患者114例,根据爱泼沃斯嗜睡量表(ESS)结果分为嗜睡组(ESS≥9分)与非嗜睡组(ESS9分),比较两组一般情况、病史及多导睡眠监测(PSG)指标。结果两组男女比例、体重、颈围、平均血氧饱和度(MSaO2)、睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)、最低血氧饱和度(LSaO 2)、微觉醒指数差异有统计学意义(P0. 05);进行二元多因素Logistic回归分析,AHI进入模型(P=0. 01,OR=2. 607)。结论老年OSAHS嗜睡患者以男性为主;体重、颈围、AHI、微觉醒指数、LSaO 2、MSaO2是导致老年OSAHS嗜睡的危险因素,其中AHI是老年OSAHS患者日间嗜睡的独立危险因素。     

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者持续气道正压通气治疗前后微觉醒的变化及意义

目的探讨微觉醒的发生机制、临床意义及其在睡眠呼吸障碍性疾患诊断治疗中的应用价值。方法270例打鼾者均按国际标准方法进行多导睡眠呼吸监测（PSG）,据此计算睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)、睡眠潜伏期(SL)、每小时氧减饱和度4%以上的次数(ODI4)及每小时微觉醒的次数(MAI)。其中28例患者应用持续气道正压通气(CPAP)同时复查PSG,在治疗前后均填写Epworth睡眠问卷(ESS)以评价患者嗜睡的改善程度。结果270例鼾症患者中,247例符合睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(SAHS)的诊断,其AHI、ODI4、MAI及SL平均值分别为(43±27)次/h,(44±23)次/h,(29±16)次/h,(12±17)分。AHI与MAI,ODI4与MAI均呈正相关(r均为0.38,P均<0.001)。MAI与SL显著负相关(r=-0.15,P=0.02),AHI与SL、ODI4与SL均无相关性(r分别为-0.09,-0.02,P均>0.1)。经CPAP治疗,28例患者的呼吸暂停基本消失,ODI4由(48±25)次/h降至(4±9)次/h,MAI由(27±18)次/h减至(15±9)次/h,主观(ESS)及客观(SL)评价均显示白天嗜睡改善。结论应用专门的计算机软件辅助分析SAHS患者睡眠状态下的脑电变化,可以判读最短持续时间达3秒的微觉醒。MAI可以作为白天嗜睡的重要指标,在SAHS诊断和CPAP疗效判断方面与AHI具有互补性。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者日间嗜睡的相关因素

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者日间嗜睡的相关因素。方法连续入选2013年6月至2014年1月在该院行多导睡眠监测(PSG)确诊为OSAHS的患者97例,ESS评分≥9分为嗜睡组(47例),9分为非嗜睡组(50例)。采用T检验、非参数检验的Mann-Whitney U检验、χ~2检验、秩和检验及Logistic回归分析进行统计学分析。结果日间嗜睡的发生率为48.45%,嗜睡组与非嗜睡组男女比例、轻、中、重度打鼾患者的比例、体重、颈围、呼吸暂停指数(AHI)、最低氧饱和度(LSaO_2)、氧饱和度低于90%的百分比(CT90%)、微觉醒指数(MI)、总呼吸暂停低通气时间差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。Logistic回归分析发现CT90%进入模型(OR=1.050,P=0.001)。结论男性、严重打鼾、肥胖、颈围、AHI、血氧饱和度、MI、总呼吸暂停低通气时间是OSAHS日间嗜睡的危险因素,CT90%是OSAHS患者日间嗜睡的独立危险因素。     

STOP-Bang问卷及Epworth嗜睡评分预测OSAHS及与睡眠相关性研究

目的探讨STOP-Bang问卷(SBQ)和Epworth嗜睡评分(ESS)在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)诊断和评估睡眠质量中的价值。方法以51名鼾症患者为研究对象,行整夜多导睡眠监测前接受SBQ和ESS评估。结果 (1)单纯鼾症组与OSAHS组SBQ、ESS,非快动眼睡眠(Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ+Ⅳ期)及快动眼睡眠(REM)、觉醒次数和微觉醒指数比较差异显著(P0.05)。(2)SBQ≥3分筛查OSAHS灵敏度、特异度分别为89.50%、30.80%;ESS≥9分筛查OSAHS灵敏度、特异度分别为78.90%、69.20%;SBQ≥3与ESS≥9筛查OSAHS的差异有统计学意义(χ~2=7.513,P=0.006)。(3)SBQ与呼吸暂停/低通气指数(AHI)、Ⅱ期睡眠、觉醒次数、微觉醒指数正相关(P0.05),与Ⅲ+Ⅳ期睡眠(%)和REM睡眠(%)负相关(P0.05)。ESS与AHI、Ⅰ期睡眠、Ⅱ期睡眠、觉醒次数、微觉醒指数正相关(P0.05),与Ⅲ+Ⅳ期睡眠(%)和REM睡眠(%)负相关(P0.05)。结论 SBQ与ESS均能预测OSAHS、评估OSAHS睡眠质量,两者联合使用优于单一量表。     

脉搏传导时间对睡眠呼吸暂停和微觉醒的诊断价值

目的评价脉搏传导时间(PTT)对睡眠呼吸暂停和微觉醒的诊断价值。方法30例有打鼾史拟行睡眠监测患者,同步应用PTT睡眠监测仪和多导睡眠监测仪(PSG)进行整夜睡眠监测,对所记录呼吸事件和微觉醒指数进行比较。结果对24例完整的有效数据进行比较,PTT监测所得AH I、睡眠呼吸事件、微觉醒指数与PSG结果无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论作为诊断睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的简易监测设备,PTT睡眠监测仪可有效判定睡眠呼吸事件和微觉醒。     

老年男性阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者低氧血症与嗜睡的相关性

目的 分析老年男性阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者低氧血症(氧减)与白天嗜睡的关系. 方法 2008年3月至2011年2月来我院就诊的1 47例老年男性OSAHS患者,使用Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)自我评价嗜睡程度,并与多导睡眠呼吸监测结果结合进行分析.结果 147例OSAHS患者根据ESS评分分为嗜睡组和无嗜睡组,两组氧减饱和度指数(ODI)、平均血氧、最低血氧、90％氧减时间百分比(CT90)差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).ESS评分与ODI、平均血氧、最低血氧、CT50有相关性(r分别为0.683、-0.450、-0.583、0.507.均P＜0.01);Logistic回归分析显示,仅ODI为ESS评分的危险因素(OR=1 11,95％CI:1.07～1.15).而ODI与平均血氧、最低血氧、CT90呈显著相关(r值分别为-0.628、-0.763、0.689,均P＜0.01).ODI≥23次/h时预测白天嗜睡的敏感度、特异度分别为79.2％、88.2％. 结论 在老年男性OSAHS患者中,氧减与白大嗜睡相关,ODI有预测白大嗜睡的价值,而平均血氧、最低血氧及CT90可能通过ODI与白天嗜睡相关.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者嗜睡程度与驾驶车辆能力的关系研究

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者日间嗜睡与夜间缺氧程度及疾病严重程度的关系.方法 对2007年7月至2008年1月中国医科大学附属第一医院呼吸内科经多导睡眠呼吸监测确诊的32例男性OSAHS患者与10例单纯鼾症男性对照者进行嗜睡评分以及全夜多导睡眠监测,根据不同睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)分组,比较其嗜睡情况与驾驶车辆能力,并与AHI和夜间低氧程度进行相关分析.结果 (1)OSAHS组驾驶车辆能力下降、嗜睡评分明显高于对照组[(15.34±4.80)分对(7.60±4.65)分,P＜0.05],并且随着AHI的增加(r=0.782,P＜0.001)、最低血氧饱和度的降低(r=-0.744,P＜0.001),其嗜睡评分增加.(2)多元逐步回归表明,AHI、最低血氧与患者日间嗜睡程度密切相关,其回归方程为Y(日间嗜睡评分)=19.441-0.132X1(最低血氧饱和度) 0.109X2(AHI)(R2=0.651,P＜0.05).结论 (1)OSAHS患者有较大的驾车安全隐患,并且重度的OSAHS患者尤为明显.(2)OSAHS患者日间嗜睡程度与AHI和最低血氧均密切相关.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者残余嗜睡与中枢性睡眠呼吸暂停事件的相关性

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS)患者连续气道正压通气(continuous positive airway pressure,CPAP)治疗后残余嗜睡与中枢性睡眠呼吸暂停(central sleep apnea,CSA)事件的相关性以及匹配伺服通气(adaptive Bervo-ventilation,ASV)对CSA相关残余嗜睡的影响. 方法 选择正规使用CPAP治疗且排除其他嗜睡相关疾病的中、重度OSAS患者50例,分为残余嗜睡组(26例)和无残余嗜睡的对照组(24例).2组患者均先后接受自动CPAP治疗1个月和ASV治疗1周.分别比较2组患者治疗前、自动CPAP治疗时及ASV治疗时睡眠期的中枢性睡眠呼吸暂停指数(central sleep apnea index,CSAI),微觉醒指数(micro-arousal index,MAI)等多导睡眠监测参数及白天Epworth嗜睡评分(ESS),采用酶联免疫吸附试验测定肿瘤坏死因子a(tumor necrosis factor-a,TNF-a).两组间比较采用t检验,组内比较使用单因素方差分析,组内3个阶段两两比较采用q检验,两变量相关分析采用Pearson相关检验. 结果 治疗前2组呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea hypoapnea index,AHI)、MAI、最低SpO2、ESS评分及血浆TNF-a水平组间比较差异没有统计学意义(t值分别为0.630、1.223、0.691、0.764和0.192,均P>0.05),但残余嗜睡组患者的CSAJ(14.39±4.21)次/h显著高于对照组[(8.58±5.75)次/h,t=4.097,P＜0.05].自动CPAP治疗1个月时2组的AHI、CSM、MAI和ESS评分均明显低于治疗前(g值为0.87～112.55,均P.＜0.05),但残余嗜睡组CSAI、MAI及ESS评分明显高于对照组[CSM:(7.19±1.75)次/h,(3.37±1.04)次/h,t=9.473,P＜O.05;MAI:(9.00±1.95)次/h,(2.36 4-0.66)次/h,f=14.385,P＜0.05;ESS:(9.54 4-0.51)分,(5.42±1.32)分,t=2.857,P＜0.05].ASV治疗时残余嗜睡组与对照组的CSAI、MAI及白天ESS评分均进一步下降,尤以残余嗜睡组的下降更为明显.此外残余嗜睡组内血浆TNF-a水平与治疗前(17.2±3.3)残余嗜睡,μg/L相比,自动CPAP治疗时(16.5 4-3.6)μg/L无明显下降(q值为11.696,P>0.05),但在ASV治疗时(12.6±3.4)μg/L与治疗前相比显著降低(q值为11.696,P＜0.05).血浆TNF-a水平与ESS评分呈显著正线性相关(r=0.503,P＜0.01),与MAI亦呈显著正相关(r=0.545,P＜0.01). 结论 经自动CPAP治疗后OSAS患者的残余嗜睡与治疗前、中存在的CSA事件频率有关.ASV在显著降低CSAI的同时也明显改善了提示ASV可有效治疗OSAS患者的残余嗜睡.TNF-a也与残余嗜睡患者的嗜睡程度相关,可能参与了残余嗜睡的发生.     

对比分析老年与中青年阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的临床特点

目的通过与中青年阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者比较,探讨老年OSAHS患者的临床特点。方法随机选取161例OSAHS患者,按年龄分为老年组(≥60岁,n=72)与中青年对照组(23~59岁,n=89),对两组临床资料、睡眠多导图结果进行对比分析,并随访比较两组治疗方式的选择。结果老年OSAHS组睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)及最低氧饱和度、氧减饱和指数(ODI)较体质量指数相匹配的中青年组轻(P0.05)。老年OSAHS组的醒后收缩压高于中青年组,但其醒后舒张压、心率均低于中青年组(P0.05)。老年OSAHS醒后血压与AHI、ODI、微觉醒指数呈正相关。老年组选择外科手术及口腔矫治器的治疗率明显低于中青年组(P0.01),而选择持续气道正压通气治疗的比例两组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论老年OSAHS严重程度明显较中青年组轻。AHI、反复低氧及反复微觉醒可能与老年人醒后血压升高有关。老年OSAHS外科手术及口腔矫治器选择率低于中青年组。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者日间嗜睡的影响因素

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)日间嗜睡(EDS)的影响因素。方法选取2017年1月至2019年1月在我院呼吸内科行多导睡眠监测(PSG)的OSAHS患者255例,根据Epworth嗜睡量表的分数,将患者分成非EDS组(117例)、轻中度EDS组(109例)和严重EDS组(29例)。结果轻中度EDS组和严重EDS组的睡眠效率、N3均低于非EDS组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。轻中度EDS组和严重EDS组的BMI指数、微觉醒指数(MAI)、呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)、氧减饱和度指数(ODI)、最低血氧饱和度(LSaO_2)、平均氧饱和度(TSaO_2)、氧饱和度低于90%的百分比(T90%)均高于非EDS组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。严重EDS组的睡眠N3期占睡眠总时间的百分比、MAI高于轻中度EDS组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。轻中度EDS组和严重EDS组的睡眠效率、AHI、ODI、LSaO_2、TSaO_2、T90%差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论肥胖、夜间低氧血症、微觉醒导致的睡眠连续性中断和和睡眠结构的改变均能导致OSAHS患者日间嗜睡,夜间低氧血症的严重程度并不加重嗜睡情况。AHI是轻中度EDS组发病的危险因素,MAI和T90%是严重EDS组发病的危险因素。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.