Malignant intraductal oncocytic papillary neoplasm of the common bile duct

Recently, several cases of intraductal oncocytic papillary neoplasm (IOPN) of the liver and hepatic bile ducts have been reported. The author herein reports the first case of IOPN of the common bile duct (CBD). A 78-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of jaundice. Imaging modalities including US, CT, MRI revealed an intraductal tumor of the middle CBD and biliary dilation distal to the tumor. A partial resection of the CBD was performed. Grossly, a papillary tumor measuring 20 × 15 mm was found within the CBD. Mucus is absent. Histologically, the papillary tumor was composed of atypical oncocytes. The atypia was enough to be diagnosed as adenocarcinoma. No invasive features were noted. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for pancytokeratins (CK), CK 7, CK 18, CK19, EMA, CA19-9, CEA, mitochondria, p53 protein, C-erbB2, Ki-67 (labeling = 80%), MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC-6,. The tumor cells were negative for CK8, CK20, chromogranin, synaptophysin, neuron-specific enolase, S100 protein, CD56, MUC1, CD10 and CDX2. These immunohistochemical findings were compatible with IOPN. The patient died of other non-tumorous disease 7 year after the operation. In summary, the author presented the first case of IOPN of the CBD.     

Bulldog夹在三孔法腹腔镜保胆取石术中的应用分析

目的 探讨Bulldog夹在三孔法腹腔镜保胆石取石术中的应用价值。方法 回顾2014年7月~2016年 8月华中科技大学同济医学院附属中西医结合医院接受三孔法腹腔镜保胆取石术病例36例,术中均于胆道镜取石操作前采用Bulldog夹临时阻断胆囊管,观察并记录结石标本的性状、分布和数量,检测术后肝功能及炎症反应情况,并对手术前后胆囊声像学表现进行评估。结果 所有36例患者均顺利完成手术操作,其中小胆石者（<0.3 cm）占22.22%,胆色素结石者占52.78%,胆道镜证实胆囊管结石者为13.89%。术后第3天,观察组平均TBIL、DBIL、ALP均处于正常范围内,PCT及CRP水平亦未超过正常值上限;与术前相比,术后2月彩超复查胆囊壁厚度（2.37±1.42 mm vs 2.25±0.72 mm）,无统计学差异(P>0.05),且未发现胆囊腔内残石及胆管扩张病例。结论 Bulldog钳可以作为安全有效的胆囊管暂时阻断器械应用于GPLC术中,在提高胆囊管结石清除率的同时,有效防止胆石溢入胆总管,且不会增加术后胆囊炎、胆囊动脉损伤风险。     

Identification of dorsal root ganglion neurons that innervate the common bile duct of rats

Pain originating in the bile duct is common and many patients who have suffered from it report that it is one of the most intense forms of pain that they have experienced. Many uncertainties remain about the mechanisms underlying pain originating in the bile duct. For example, the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons that give rise to the sensory innervation of the common bile duct (CBD) have not been identified and examined in any species. The goal of the present study was to determine the number, distribution, and size of DRG neurons that innervate the CBD in rats. Injections of WGA-HRP or CTB-HRP were restricted to the lumen of the bile duct. Injections of WGA-HRP labeled a mean number of about 500 DRG neurons bilaterally throughout all thoracic and upper lumbar levels. Injections of CTB-HRP labeled smaller numbers of DRG neurons. Application of colchicine onto the surface of the CBD reduced the number of cells labeled following injections of WGA-HRP into the lumen of the CBD by roughly 86%, suggesting that tracer had not spread in large amounts out of the CBD and labeled afferent fibers in other tissues. Approximately 85% of the neurons labeled with WGA-HRP had cell bodies that were classified as small; the remainder were medium in size. Injections of CTB-HRP labeled cell bodies of varying sizes, including a few large diameter cell bodies. These results indicate that a large number of primarily small DRG cells, located bilaterally at many segmental levels, provide a rich innervation of the common bile duct.     

液电碎石、扩张导管、支架技术在腹腔镜胆总管探查术中的应用

目的 探讨液电碎石、扩张导管、支架技术在腹腔镜胆总管探查术中的应用价值。方法 在腹腔镜胆总管探查术中，采用液电碎石技术处理梗阻性或嵌顿性结石，扩张导管技术对胆总管下端狭窄或结石梗阻部位施行扩张术，支架技术对胆总管下端梗阻为主的良恶性狭窄施行支撑内引流术或联合T管外引流术。结果 液电碎石技术处理梗阻性或嵌顿性结石27例均获成功，无并发症。扩张导管技术扩张膜状狭窄43例均获成功，处理胆总管下端结石梗阻16例成功13例，胆漏2例经术中常规放置的腹腔引流管引流自愈，残石3例经术中放置的T管引流术后2个月胆管镜取出，无中转开腹、肠穿孔、胆管穿孔、胆管大出血、胰腺炎，无死亡。支架技术治疗56例病人中49例手术获成功(无胆漏，支架位置正确、引流通畅、黄疸减轻或消退)，1例中转开腹，2例胆漏，1例残石，2例支架位置错误，1例死亡。结论 只要选择合适的病例，液电碎石、扩张导管、支架技术在腹腔镜胆总管探查术中的应用均有效、安全、简便、可行。     

Distal common bile duct stricture and secondary biliary cirrhosis due to choledocholithiasis.

This case report documents a patient who presented with retained common bile duct (CBD) stones, recurrent attacks of cholangitis, CBD stricture, and secondary biliary cirrhosis. Endoscopic or surgical treatment of choledocholithiasis must be considered early in treatment.     

Biliary cystic tumors with bile duct communication: a cystic variant of intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct.

Biliary cystic tumors, which are also called biliary cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma, are thought to be a heterogeneous disease entity, and some of them are known to show a luminal communication to the bile duct. In this study, we examined the clinicopathological features of nine cases of biliary cystic tumors with bile duct communication. They were composed of five males and four females with an average age of 67 years (52-84 years). They were multilocular (eight cases) or unilocular (one case), and all cases contained mucinous fluid. A direct luminal communication with the bile ducts was identified in five cases on preoperative or intraoperative cholangiographies. Biliary cystic tumors examined in this study were histologically adenoma (one case), adenocarcinoma in situ (six cases), and adenocarcinoma associated with microinvasive mucinous carcinoma (two cases). One case of adenocarcinoma in situ also had the adenoma component (adenocarcinoma in adenoma). Dysplastic mucinous epithelium proliferated in flat, micropapillary and papillary fashions within the intracystic spaces. Intraepithelial neoplasm was observed within non-dilated adjacent bile ducts, suggesting a direct luminal communication between the cystic tumors and the bile duct. Ovarian-like stroma was not observed in their walls in any cases. Immunohistochemically, seven cases expressed MUC1 or MUC2 in the neoplastic biliary epithelium. All cases except one were alive without any evidences of tumor recurrence after total excision (3-156 months after surgery). These clinicopathological features resembled those of intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct, which had been reported as a biliary counterpart of pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. In conclusion, biliary cystic tumors with bile duct communication could be regarded as intraductal papillary neoplasm with a prominent cystic dilatation of the bile duct and mucin retention, rather than true biliary cystic neoplasms.     

Muscularis mucosae versus muscularis propria in gallbladder, cystic duct, and common bile duct: smoothelin and desmin immunohistochemical study

The muscle layer in the cystic duct and common bile duct is not well defined, and it is unresolved whether it represents muscularis mucosae or muscularis propria. Smoothelin is a novel smooth muscle–specific contractile protein expressed only in fully differentiated smooth muscle cells of the muscularis propria and not in proliferative or noncontractile smooth muscle cells of the muscularis mucosae. In this study, we characterize the histologic aspects of the muscle layer in gallbladder, cystic duct, and common bile duct by evaluation of routine histologic sections and the utilization of immunohistochemistry using desmin and smoothelin. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of the gallbladder (15 cases), cystic duct (11 cases), and common bile duct (10 cases) were stained for smoothelin and desmin. Staining intensity was evaluated as weak or strong. The staining pattern score was evaluated as follows: 0 or negative = less than or equal to 5% positivity, +1 or focal = 6% to 10% positivity, +2 or moderate = 11% to 50% positivity, and +3 = greater than 50% muscle cells positivity. With desmin, strong and diffuse (+3) staining was observed in all gallbladder cases (15/15, 100%), highlighting one continuous muscle layer. The muscle layer was discontinuous and interrupted in all cystic duct cases and in most common bile ducts, highlighted by the desmin stain. Smoothelin intensely stained (at least +2) muscle fibers in the gallbladder in 11 (73%) of 15 cases similar to that observed with desmin staining. In contrast, common bile ducts predominantly had absent or weak and focal immunostaining (0 or +1 staining) with smoothelin (7/10, 70%), with only a few cases (3/10, 30%) having +2 staining (no cases with +3). Cystic ducts also showed absent or weak and focal immunostaining with smoothelin, with 5 (44%) of 11 cases showing 2+ immunostaining with smoothelin (no cases with 3+). Based on our findings, we conclude that, in the gallbladder wall, the muscle layer is muscularis propria and there is no muscularis mucosae present. In the cystic duct and common bile duct, only an attenuated and incomplete muscle layer of muscularis mucosae is present; because there is no muscularis propria, there probably is limited contractile function. Differentiating these anatomical muscle structures may be important for the pathologic staging of carcinoma in these organs.     

Management strategy for congenital choledochal cyst with co-existing intrahepatic dilation and aberrant bile duct as well as other complicated biliary anomalies

The purpose of this study was to investigate and discuss imaging methods and management strategies for congenital choledochal cyst with co-existing intrahepatic dilation and aberrant bile duct as well as other complicated biliary anomalies. In this study we reviewed and analyzed 72 patients with congenital choledochal cyst, ranging in age from 15 days to 12 years old and who were seen at our hospital during the past 12 years, from January 1993 to October 2005. The image manifestation and clinical significance of patients with co- existing intrahepatic biliary dilation and aberrant bile duct were carefully examined during operation via MRCP, cholangiography and choledochoscope. Twenty-two cases (30.1%) presented with intrahepatic bile duct dilation and 12 of these were of the cystic type. That is, the orifice of the dilated intrahepatic tract that converged into the common hepatic duct showed membrane or septum-like stenosis. In 10 cases the dilation tapered off from the porta hepatis to the initiating terminals of the intra-hepatic bile ducts and was not accompanied by stenosis. An aberrant bile duct was observed in 2 of the cases. In 3 cases, the right and left hepatic ducts converged at the choledochal cyst. In conclusion, the imaging methods for intrahepatic bile duct dilation possess important clinical significance. Further, for hepatojejunostomy with radical excision of a choledochal cyst, additional operative procedures for intrahepatic stenosis, possible bile duct malformation and pancreaticobiliary common duct calculi can potentially reduce postoperative complications.     

Intraductal shock-wave lithotripsy in complicated common bile duct stones

Summary Intracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy was performed in 36 patients with problematic common bile duct stones. All of the patients had undergone unsuccessful mechanical lithotripsy prior to this procedure. In 29 patients (80.6%), the stones were fragmented under cholangioscopic control and subsequently extracted with a Dormia basket. In seven patients, the procedure failed due to stone impaction or failure to intubate the common bile duct with a nasobiliary tube. No complications were observed. Cholangioscopically guided intracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy is a highly effective and safe procedure for the conservative treatment of complicated common bile duct stones.Abbreviations ESWL extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy - ISWL intracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy Dedicated to Prof. Dr. med. Ludwig Demling on the occasion of his 70th birthday     

亚毫米CT观察肝外胆管的供血小动脉*

背景：亚毫米CT扫描速度极快,有效减少了运动伪影,分辨力极高,可以观察到内径在1 mm以下的小动脉。 目的：采用亚毫米CT观察肝外胆管的供血小动脉。 方法：纳入因各种原因需行上腹部亚毫米CT血管造影患者54例,利用连续薄层源图像观察,辅以多平面重组、最大密度投影、容积再现,观察小动脉起源、支数、分布优势,同时测量胆总管直径。 结果与结论：54例图像中胆总管均为1支,走行无特殊,其中51例能观察到胰十二指肠上动脉,伴行于胆总管下段;其中7例胰十二指肠上动脉与胰十二指肠下动脉吻合成动脉弓,亦伴行下段胆总管;上段供血小动脉中11例为胆囊动脉近段,14例发自右肝动脉,2例发自肝固有动脉,1例发自肝总动脉,1例发自左肝动脉。下段胆管供血小动脉占优势者39例,上段供血小动脉占优势者10例,其余5例较为均衡。54例胆总管内径4-24(11.0±5.8) mm。表明胆总管上段供血脆弱,因此该区术中不宜盲目分离、结扎小血管;对于胆石症与肝胰良恶性占位的中老年患者,术前行上腹部CT血管造影检查是有必要的。关键词：胆总管;动脉;血供;计算机断层成像(CT);血管造影 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.18.017     

腹腔镜胆道探查在有上腹部手术史患者中的应用

目的探讨上腹部手术后腹腔镜胆道探查手术的安全性及可行性。方法有上腹部手术史行腹腔镜胆道探查的16例患者(甲组),其中男性7例,女性9例;年龄52～84岁,平均年龄65.4岁。3例合并肝内胆管结石,胆管结石直径大于1.5cm患者10例,结石>2枚者7例。胆总管结石合并胆囊结石患者5例。同期无上腹部手术史行腹腔镜胆道探查243例(乙组),其中男性115例,女性128例;年龄30～81岁,平均年龄56.8岁。甲、乙两组手术方式包括腹腔镜胆囊切除、胆总管探查(LCBDE)、胆总管一期缝合术;LCBDE取石T管引流术(LCTD)。结果甲组手术时间为55～235 min,平均手术时间128.1 min;术中出血量20～300 mL,平均出血量130.6 mL;2例中转开腹。乙组手术时间45～190 min,平均手术时间105.2 min;术中出血量15～120 mL,平均出血量45.2 mL;1例中转开腹。两组术中均无胆道损伤、胃肠道损伤、大出血、气体栓塞等严重并发症发生。结论有上腹部手术史的胆道结石患者行腹腔镜胆道探查,由操作熟练的腹腔镜医师进行手术是安全可行的。     

Extrahepatic bile duct regeneration in pigs using collagen scaffolds loaded with human collagen-binding bFGF

Extrahepatic bile duct defects and their complications are benign lesions but with malignant outcomes. Extrahepatic bile duct regeneration at the injury site could be important for the repair. In our previous work, a human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) fused with a collagen-binding domain (CBD) was produced to activate the collagen membrane to obtain targeted tissue regeneration. This collagen/growth factor functional biomaterial could promote the regeneration of skin, bladder and full-thickness abdominal wall by accelerating vascularization and cellularization of autologous tissues. We speculate that the functional biomaterial could also provide the repairing effect on extrahepatic bile duct injuries. Using a pig extrahepatic bile duct injury model, we found that the collagen/CBD-bFGF composite biomaterial could significantly promote the extrahepatic bile duct regeneration at the injury site without causing structure deformation or hepatic dysfunction during both short- and long-time observations.     

Differences in gallstone structure in primary common bile duct lithiasis and gallbladder lithiasis

Summary Some differences between gallbladder lithiasis and primary common bile duct lithiasis are described. Microbiological cultures and biochemical analyses were carried out on the bile of two groups of patients: 27 suffering from gallbladder and 5 from primary common duct lithiasis. The microstructure and composition of gallstones were also examined by polarized light microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Women predominated in gallbladder lithiasis but not in primary common duct lithiasis group (P<0.05) and body weight was higher in the former group (P<0.02). Primary common duct lithiasis patients had a higher, although not significant, incidence of duodenal diverticulosis (P=0.15), and a higher incidence ofE. coli-positive cultures in bile (P<0.001). No significant difference in the biochemical composition of the bile was found between the groups. Brown pigment stones predominated in primary common duct lithiasis, while cholesterol stones did in gallbladder and secondary common duct lithiasis (P<0.0001). Stones formed in the gallbladder generally show linear, radial growths of cholesterol crystals, while those from the common duct present a polystratified, concentric deposition of microgranules composed mainly of pigmentary salts.These differences should be taken into account as additional criteria in the differential diagnosis between primary and secondary common duct lithiasis, as the classical criteria for diagnosing of the former greatly underestimate its actual incidence. The distinction between primary and secondary common duct lithiasis is of practical significance, since each entity requires different treatment.Abbreviations CBD common bile duct - CBDL common bile duct lithiasis - ERCP endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography - GBL gallbladder lithiasis - HDL high density lipoproteins - PCBDL primary common bile duct lithiasis - SCBDL secondary common bile duct lithiasis - SGOT serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase - SGPT serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的原因及防治

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除(LC)胆管损伤的原因、预防及处理原则。方法回顾分析2463例LC临床资料,其中发生胆管损伤5例,全组均行剖腹探查,4例行一期修补及引流术,一例行胆管引流术。结果死亡一例。治愈4例,随访1-6年,无胆管梗阻症状。结论重视LC胆管损伤的预防,正确解剖Calot三角、灵活应用手术技巧、适当放宽中转手术的指征,可降低LC胆管损伤的发生率。     

Histologic and immunohistochemical changes in the stented common bile duct.

Many patients with pancreatic carcinoma have stent placement for biliary obstruction before resection. Stent-associated atypia, found in common bile duct (CBD) margins at the time of resection, may be confused with malignancy. We evaluated histologic and immunohistochemical changes in CBD margins from resection specimens for pancreatic carcinoma. Histologic findings in CBDs, including ulcer and inflammation; epithelial metaplasia, atypia, and gland complexity; and increased wall thickness, nerve entrapment, and smooth muscle content, were compared in 30 stented and 31 nonstented CBD margins from pancreaticoduodenectomies for carcinoma and 13 normal CBDs from autopsy material. The proliferation index was calculated for stented and nonstented CBDs after Ki-67 immunohistochemical staining. Immunostaining for Ki-67, p53, and c-erbB-2 was performed in stented CBDs and corresponding carcinomas. All the histologic changes occurred more frequently in stented and nonstented CBD margins from carcinoma patients than in normal CBDs. Stented CBDs had significantly increased epithelial changes and Ki-67 proliferation rate as compared with nonstented CBDs. The stented CBDs had significantly less p53 and c-erbB-2 expression as compared with corresponding pancreatic carcinomas.Caution should be applied when interpreting atypia in CBD margins from patients with a history of CBD stenting. Changes found in stented CBDs are characteristic, and in most cases can be distinguished from malignancy. In difficult cases, immunohistochemistry may be useful.     

Right hepatic artery traveling anteriorly to the common bile duct

The topographic relationship between arteries and hepatobiliary ducts can be crucial during cholecystectomy. We observed the right hepatic artery traveling a rare route in a 91-year-old male. The common hepatic artery gave off the left hepatic, the right gastric, the gastroduodenal, and the right hepatic arteries consecutively without forming the proper hepatic artery. The right hepatic artery crossed the common bile duct anteriorly, ascended on the right side of the duct, passed the cystic duct posteriorly, and entered the right lobe of the liver. The so-called 9 o’clock artery running on the right side of the common hepatic and common biliary is reasonably speculated to be the aberrant right hepatic artery as presently shown. Developmental and clinical issues are discussed.     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆囊胆总管结石临床特点分析

目的分析腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆囊胆总管结石的临床特点。方法将161例胆囊胆总管结石患者随机分成两组,其中对照组（81例）采取传统的开腹手术方式治疗,观察组（80例）采用腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗,分析并比较上述两组患者的临床相关资料。结果两组患者的切口长度、出血量、住院天数、治疗费用、切口感染、术后疼痛、术后肛门排气时间及术后H-CRP水平比较,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜取石具有创伤小、成功率高、恢复快、住院时间短、费用低以及术后并发症少等优势,充分体现了现代微创手术的治疗理念。     

胆总管探查后内置鼻胆管与T管的比较研究

目的 探讨胆总管探查后内置鼻胆管(BD管)与T管对胆总管的影响。方法 选择同龄猪为实验对象，行胆总管探查后观察内置BD管与T管对胆总管的影响。结果 两种内置管使胆总管呈现不同程度扩张。管壁增厚，粘膜和肌层呈现不同程度炎性变，BD管较T管对胆总管刺激和损伤小。结论 BD管内置可起到与T管类似的引流和支架功能，使胆总管探查后成功地进行一期缝合，克服了T管引流的许多问题，符合做创观念。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术4420例治疗体会

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）并发症的预防及处理。方法回顾分析2002年2月至2010年10月我院4 420例LC的临床资料,分析手术并发症发生的原因,并发症的预防及治疗措施。结果 4 420例中实施4 332例LC,中转开腹88例,中转率2%;发生术后并发症8例,其中钛夹误夹胆总管2例,迷走胆管漏2例,肝右管损伤1例,胆总管损伤2例,钛夹致胆囊管坏死穿孔1例;全组无手术死亡病例。结论提高手术操作技巧及高度责任感是保障LC手术安全的前提,注重并发症的预防和正确处理是手术成功的关键,适时中转开腹可减少或避免并发症的发生。     

A case of inflammatory pseudotumour of the common bile duct

 Inflammatory pseudotumour of the common bile duct (CBD) is extremely rare. A 58-year-old Japanese female without choledocolithiasis underwent pancreatico-duodenectomy for constriction of the middle lower region of the CBD. A submucosal tumour protruding into the CBD, was histologically inflammatory consisting of fibroblastic cells, collagen fibres and myxoid stroma with chronic inflammatory cells. This lesion was surrounded by an irregular fibrosclerosing lesion with obliterative phlebitis which involved the neighbouring pancreas and lymph nodes. Clonal analysis of the tumour by polymerase chain reaction analysis of X chromosome inactivation patterns, confirmed the polyclonal nature of the lesion. Immunohistochemically, the fibroblastic cells in both lesions had the same phenotype [vimentin (+), desmin (−), muscle-specific actin (−) and CD34 (+)] suggesting that these lesions with different histological features represent zonation of the same inflammatory process. The outer lesion extended irregularly into adjacent pancreatic tissue and lymph nodes. This fact made it difficult to differentiate this from a malignant lesion, even if frozen sections contained no atypical cells. Received: 16 December 1996 / Accepted: 25 February 1997