应用血管内超声指导冠状动脉临界病变介入治疗

目的 探讨应用血管内超声(IVUS)检查与定量冠状动脉造影(QCA)方法在冠状动脉临界病变介入治疗中的应用价值。方法 选择经冠状动脉造影(CAG)检查显示冠状动脉狭窄程度在40％～70％的临界病变患者60例,根据检查方法不同将患者分为QCA组和IVUS组,分别应用QCA和IVUS测量两组病变血管的参考管腔直径、最小管腔直径、直径狭窄率、管腔面积狭窄率及最小管腔面积并进行比较。比较观察两组患者住院期间、随访1月、6月和12月的主要不良心血管事件(再发心绞痛、心肌梗死、靶病变再次冠状动脉成形术、死亡)的发生情况。结果 IVUS组冠状动脉的管腔直径狭窄率[(57.80％±8.18％)比(51.73％±7.91％)]及面积狭窄率[(67.01％±10.41％)比(57.07％±10.71％)]均高于QCA组(P＜0.05),而最小管腔面积[(3.90±0.79) mm²比(4.14±0.60) mm²]则低于QCA组(P＜0.05)。住院期间两组患者均无主要不良心血管事件发生,但自随访第1月开始至12月随访结束,IVUS组的主要不良心血管事件发生率显著低于QCA组(7.7％比26.7％,P＜0.05)。结论 IVUS检查与QCA相比对冠状动脉临界病变检测出的狭窄率更显著,并能更有效地发现“不稳定性”病变并指导冠状动脉临界病变支架的植入,减低心血管事件发生,改善预后。     

血管内超声在冠状动脉临界病变中的应用研究

目的:研究传统冠状动脉定量分析方法(QCA)与血管内超声(IVUS)在冠状动脉临界病变中的应用。方法:共入选经过冠状动脉造影(至少4体位造影)证实病变狭窄处于临界病变的患者150例。将入选者分为:常规冠状动脉造影组90例(QCA),血管内超声组60例(IVUS)。通过QCA和血管内超声定量分析方法分析2组最小管腔直径、参考血管直径、直径狭窄率及最小管腔面积等参数指标;将相关数据建立直线回归分析方程,分析二者之间是否具有线性关系;采用Cox回归模型分析2组免于心血管事件方面差异,观察2组术后住院期间、30d、3个月、6个月、9个月和12个月主要心血管事件。结果:血管内超声组分别采用QCA和IVUS分析,参考血管直径2者具有正相关性分别为(3.28±0.19)mmvs.(3.17±0.21)mm,R=0.627。最小管腔直径分别为(2.04±0.18)mmvs.(2.0±0.17)mm,R=0.782。比较2组之间的参数:QCA组通过计算得出直径狭窄率,与IVUS管腔面积狭窄率之间无相关性(R20.05,P=0.222),IVUS最小管腔面积(4.7±0.67)mm2。通过COX回归模型显示2组在免于心血管事件方面的差异,可见QCA组发生心血管事件率具有较高的趋势。结论:对于临界病变的患者,采用IVUS的方法能够检测出更严重狭窄的发生率,传统冠状动脉造影判定结果往往低估真正的病变情况。对于临界病变的患者,采用IVUS进行测量分析,具有减低心血管事件风险的趋势。     

血管内超声和光学相干断层成像在冠状动脉介入治疗中的应用价值

冠状动脉(冠脉)造影仅能提供血管腔的影像,不能反应血管壁和粥样硬化斑块本身的信息,血管内超声(IVUS)和光学相干断层成像(OCT)则可补充之,获得连续血管横断面图像,对斑块进行定性定量分析,识别易损斑块,判断临界病变的严重程度,指导冠脉介入治疗(PCI),并观察支架扩张、贴壁和内膜修复及增生情况,发现晚期支架贴壁不良和断裂等.应用IVUS和OCT指导PCI可显著降低心血管不良事件的发生.两者主要区别在于分辨率相差10倍,IVUS成像较模糊,而OCT更清晰,两者合一、互相补充是发展方向.     

冠状动脉易损斑块评价方法研究进展

冠状动脉粥样硬化是冠心病最主要的病因,易损斑块是冠状动脉粥样硬化的主要表现形式。早期识别冠状动脉易损斑块对于预防急性心血管事件的发生具有重要意义。现就冠状动脉易损斑块评价方法如血管内超声(IVUS)、光学相干断层成像(OCT)、冠状动脉多层CT(MSCT)、MRI、炎症指标等研究进展做一综述。     

血管内超声与冠状动脉造影在不稳定性心绞痛患者冠状动脉轻度狭窄中的显像特征

目的探讨血管内超声(IVUS)与冠状动脉造影(CAG)在不稳定性心绞痛患者冠状动脉轻度狭窄中的显像特征。方法对经CAG发现冠状动脉轻度狭窄的30例不稳定性心绞痛患者42处病变进行IVUS检查,观察病变斑块性质和血管最大狭窄程度,并对CAG和IVUS两种检查结果进行比较。结果 CAG发现,偏心性狭窄26处,向心性狭窄16处,病变最窄处血管直径狭窄率为(29.06±7.20)%;IVUS发现,偏心性斑块34处,向心性斑块8处,易损斑块28处,病变最窄处血管直径狭窄率为(37.37±6.50)%,面积狭窄率为(41.51±7.50)%。IVUS所测病变最窄处血管直径狭窄率明显高于CAG(P<0.05)。结论 CAG低估血管内病变情况,IVUS可准确地判定冠状动脉的病变性质和狭窄程度,更好地指导临床确定治疗策略。     

血管内超声在冠状动脉临界病变诊断和介入治疗中的应用

目的:探讨血管内超声(IVUS)在冠状动脉(冠脉)造影显示的临界病变诊断和介入治疗中的应用价值.方法:对经选择性冠脉造影提示临界病变的96例患者的110处病变进行IVUS检查,根据IVUS测定的最小管腔面积≤4.0 mm2作为冠脉介入治疗的标准,分为干预组和未干预组,分析病变的狭窄程度及粥样硬化斑块性质.结果:110处临界病变的平均最小管腔面积为(4.83±2.24)mm2,46处最小管腔面积≤4.0 mm2 的病变成功置入冠脉支架;IVUS显示干预组的最小管腔面积小于未干预组(3.47±0.44)mm2 比(5.69±1.57)mm2,(P<0.05);同时干预组的斑块负荷大于未干预组,但差异无统计学意义(68.50±5.98)%比(62.89±7.69)%,(P>0.05).两组的定性结果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:对冠脉造影显示的临界病变行IVUS检查可进一步明确临界病变的狭窄程度和病变的性质,指导下一步治疗.     

光学相干断层成像在冠状动脉临界病变介入诊断与治疗中的应用

目的评价光学相干断层成像(optical coherence tomography,OCT)在冠状动脉临界病变介入诊断与治疗中的可行性与有效性。方法在获得患者知情同意后,对来自15例患者的共16处冠状动脉造影结果显示狭窄程度(最小管腔直径/参照管腔直径)介于40%和70%之间的病变(即临界病变)行冠状动脉内OCT检查,评价病变狭窄程度、脂质核心大小、纤维帽的厚度、是否存在斑块破裂、是否伴有血栓形成以及斑块钙化程度。根据检查结果对伴随临床症状和心电图改变的易损斑块进行介入治疗。支架置入术后重复OCT检查,判断支架是否充分覆盖病变、与血管壁贴合情况,是否有斑块组织通过支架网眼突入管腔,以及局部是否存在微小夹层。结果入选的16处病变中的14处成功行OCT检查并获取满意图像。检查结果显示14处病变中有10处病变狭窄程度超过50%,并且脂质核心较大、纤维帽厚度小于65μm,判定以上10处病变为易损斑块,行冠状动脉内支架置入术。对其中2处伴有斑块破裂、局部形成夹层的病变行球囊预扩张后也行OCT检查,可见明显内膜撕裂、夹层形成。10处病变支架置入术后复查OCT显示支架均充分覆盖病变,其中2处支架与血管壁贴合不良,3处发生斑块组织明显突入管腔,有2处支架部分节段释放不充分。其余4处病变脂质核心较小,纤维帽厚度大于65μm,无斑块破裂表现,未行冠状动脉介入治疗。结论冠状动脉内OCT是一种判定冠状动脉病变特征的有效手段,对诊断易损斑块、制定经皮冠状动脉介入治疗策略以及评价支架置入术后即刻效果具有重要意义。     

光学相干断层扫描在冠状动脉临界病变中的应用

目的 探讨光学相干断层扫描在冠脉临界病变中的应用.方法 经过冠状动脉造影(至少4体位造影)证实病变狭窄处于临界病变的患者142例,排除拒绝进入研究患者22例,共120例患者入选.其中单纯冠状动脉定量分析方法(quantitative coronary angiography,QCA)组90例,光学相干断层成像(optical coherence tomography,OCT)组30例.通过定性或定量分析,观察两组术后住院期间、30 d、3个月、6个月、9个月和12个月心血管事件.结果 OCT组总的心血管事件发生4次.包括 1例发生少量上消化道出血、无死亡、发生心肌梗死的病例.QCA组总的心血管事件发生24次.其中2例发生心肌梗死,1例死亡,1例进行再次血运重建,1例发生脑出血.结论 OCT成像系统能够更好的分辨血管内成分,如纤维斑块、钙化斑块、易损斑块等.从而更好地指导临床治疗.与传统QCA分析比较,具有减低心血管事件风险的趋势.     

长城会冠脉介入影像（OCT、FFPO论坛学术亮点

冠心病仍然是世界范围内威胁人类健康的主要死因,冠状动脉造影长久以来一直被认为是评价冠状动脉病变的影像学“金标准”。然而对于一些复杂病变如分叉病变,易损斑块及临界病变等,应用冠状动脉造影评价冠状动脉病变略显局限。因此,为了满足临床需要新的影像学及生理学评价技术应运而生,目前用于评价冠状动脉病变的有创性技术有：血管内超声（IVUS）、光学相干断层成像（OCT）、血流储备分数（FFR）等。他们各有千秋并在心血管领域发挥重要的作用。     

腔内影像学和功能学面临的挑战

正冠状动脉腔内影像学近些年来取得了长足进步。冠状动脉造影术一直是评估冠状动脉疾病的最常用方法,但是只能显示血管直径狭窄程度,并不能提供血管壁结构和成分的信息以及全面反映狭窄的功能意义。以血管内超声(IVUS)和光学相干断层成像(OCT)为代表的冠状动脉腔内影像学技术的应用,能够深入认识血管壁结构、斑块成分     

Visualization of coronary atherosclerotic plaques in patients using optical coherence tomography: comparison with intravascular ultrasound

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and the ability of intravascular optical coherence tomography (OCT) to visualize the components of coronary plaques in living patients. BACKGROUND: Disruption of a vulnerable coronary plaque with subsequent thrombosis is currently recognized as the primary mechanism for acute myocardial infarction. Although such plaques are considered to have a thin fibrous cap overlying a lipid pool, imaging modalities in current clinical practice do not have sufficient resolution to identify thin (< 65 microm) fibrous caps. Optical coherence tomography is a new imaging modality capable of obtaining cross-sectional images of coronary vessels at a resolution of approximately 10 microm. METHODS: The OCT images and corresponding histology of 42 coronary plaques were compared to establish OCT criteria for different types of plaques. Atherosclerotic lesions with mild to moderate stenosis were identified on angiograms in 10 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Optical coherence tomography and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) images of these sites were obtained in all patients without complication. RESULTS: Comparison between OCT and histology demonstrated that lipid-rich plaques and fibrous plaques have distinct OCT characteristics. A total of 17 IVUS and OCT image pairs obtained from patients were compared. Axial resolution measured 13 +/- 3 microm with OCT and 98 +/- 19 microm with IVUS. All fibrous plaques, macrocalcifications and echolucent regions identified by IVUS were visualized in corresponding OCT images. Intimal hyperplasia and echolucent regions, which may correspond to lipid pools, were identified more frequently by OCT than by IVUS. CONCLUSIONS: Intracoronary OCT appears to be feasible and safe. Optical coherence tomography identified most architectural features detected by IVUS and may provide additional detailed structural information.     

血管内超声与定量冠脉造影应用于冠脉临界病变诊治的比较

目的 研究血管内超声（intravascular ultrasound,IVUS）在优化民航飞行员冠脉临界病变诊断和治疗中的应用。 方法 通过定量冠脉造影（quantitative coronary angiography,QCA）和IVUS对120例飞行员患者165处冠脉临界病的最小管腔直径（minimal lumen diameter,MLD）、直径狭窄率（diamter stenosis,DS）与最小管腔面积（minimal lumen area,MLA）、面积狭窄率（area stenosis,AS）等参数进行对比分析;对IVUS提示管腔MLA<4 mm2飞行员患者的冠脉临界病变行支架植入术。 结果 ①同一临界病变处QCA显示的MLD,DS及MLA,AS值均小于IVUS相应的测量值,且差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）,表明IVUS对冠脉病变狭窄定量测量方面准确性更高;②IVUS提高血栓病变（15.0% vs. 2.5%,P<0.05）和心肌桥（42.5% vs. 2.5%,P<0.01）的诊断率;③与QCA相比,IVUS直接显示介入治疗中支架的贴壁情况,指导支架扩张完全。 结论 IVUS较QCA能更准确地检测冠脉临界病变范围,更灵敏地诊断血栓和心肌桥,利于全面优化临界病变的诊疗。     

血管内超声对冠脉造影临界病变的诊断价值

目的评价血管内超声（IVUS）在冠状动脉临界病变中的应用价值。方法对冠状动脉造影（CAG）提示单支冠状动脉临界病变的83例患者进行IVUS检查,观察病变斑块性质、特征和血管最大狭窄程度,并对CAG和IVUS两种检查结果进行比较。结果CAG检查与IVUS检测显示临界病变最小血管径、直径狭窄率、面积狭窄率分别为[（1．87±0．54）mm、（2．19±0．69）mm]、[（43．14±9．87）％、（53．37±10．20）％]、[（57．17±11．20）％、（71．54±13．84）％],差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论IVUS可准确地判定冠状动脉的病变性质和狭窄程度,更好地指导临床确定治疗方案。     

Morphology of vulnerable coronary plaque: insights from follow-up of patients examined by intravascular ultrasound before an acute coronary syndrome

OBJECTIVES: To determine the morphologic features of coronary plaques associated with acute coronary syndrome, we prospectively followed patients with atherosclerotic disease identified by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). BACKGROUND: Although clinical evaluation of the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque is important, few data exist regarding the morphology of the vulnerable plaque in clinical settings. METHODS: We examined 114 coronary sites without significant stenosis by angiography (<50% diameter stenosis) in 106 patients. All the sites exhibited atherosclerotic lesions by IVUS. These lesions consisted of 22 concentric and 92 eccentric plaques with a percent plaque area averaging 59 +/- 12%. RESULTS: During the follow-up period of 21.8 +/- 6.4 months (range 1 to 24), 12 patients had an acute coronary event at a previously examined coronary site at an average of 4.0 +/- 3.4 months after the initial IVUS study. All the preexisting plaques related to the acute events exhibited an eccentric pattern and the mean percent plaque area was 67 +/- 9%, which was greater than plaque area in the other 90 patients without acute events (57 +/- 12%, p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in lumen area between two patient groups (6.7 +/- 3.0 vs. 7.5 +/- 3.7 mm2). Among 12 coronary sites with an acute occlusion, 10 sites contained the echolucent zones, eight of these shallow and two deep, likely representing a lipid-rich core. In 90 sites without acute events, an echolucent zone in the shallow portion was seen at only four sites (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Large eccentric plaque containing an echolucent zone by IVUS can be at increased risk for instability even though the lumen area is preserved at the time of initial study. Compensatory enlargement of vessel wall due to remodeling may contribute to the relatively small degree of stenosis by angiography.     

Intravascular Imaging to Guide Lithotripsy in Concentric and Eccentric Calcific Coronary Lesions

BackgroundCalcified coronary lesions still represent a challenge for coronary angioplasty, with sub-optimal acute PCI results causing more frequent late stent failure.PurposeThe study aimed at the evaluation of the immediate procedural outcome in a real-world consecutive population of a selective use of lithotripsy based on the intravascular imaging assessment with IVUS or OCT.Methods and resultsThirty-one calcified stenoses (28 patients) out of a total of 455 lesions (370 patients) treated between November 2018 and May 2019 received IVL under intravascular imaging guidance. The majority of the IVL lesions had angiographically severe calcifications and were selected after intravascular imaging. A smaller group was identified by poor expansion after high-pressure balloon dilatation, in one case despite preliminary small burr Rotablation. After IVL, when OCT was performed calcium fractures were observed in 71% of cases. After OCT/IVUS guided stent optimization a satisfactory lumen enlargement (minimal stent area 7.09 ± 2.77 mm²) was observed with good stent expansion (residual area stenosis<20% in 29 lesions, 93.5%) Peri-procedural complications were limited to one dissection at the distal edge requiring an additional stent and 3 peri-procedural myocardial infarctions. There were no periprocedural coronary perforations or pericardial effusions, and no in-hospital or 30 days stent thrombosis.When patients were divided into two subgroups according to a calcium arc ≤180° (Group A: 10 lesions, calcium arc 140 ± 24°; Group B: 21 lesions, calcium arc 289 ± 53°), at OCT Group B presented also a higher number of calcium fractures post IVL than group A (group A: 38% vs group B: 92%, p = 0.03). The in-stent minimum lumen diameter (MSD), the in stent minimal lumen area (MSA) and the acute gain, however, were similar between the two groups (acute gain group A: 1.22 ± 0.29 mm; group B: 1.31 ± 0.52 mm, p = 0.63).ConclusionsA standardized algorithm applying intravascular imaging guidance of IVL facilitated second generation DES expansion delivers excellent immediate lumen expansion and patient outcome, both in concentric and eccentric calcifications.     

血管内超声显像指标对冠状动脉中度狭窄病变功能意义的判断价值

目的:评估血管内超声显像(intravascularultrasound,IVUS)测定的指标对冠状动脉中度狭窄病变功能意义的判断价值。方法:46支冠状动脉造影(coronaryarteryangiography,CAG)显示中度狭窄(直径狭窄率40%～60%)的冠状动脉,压力导丝测定心肌血流储备分数(myocardialfractionalflowreserve,FFRmyo),IVUS测定面积狭窄率及最小管腔面积。以FFRmyo<0.75为界限值,采用受试者工作特征曲线(receiveroperatingcharacteristic,ROC)选择IVUS测量的每个指标的截断点。结果:46支血管病变的直径狭窄率(49±11)%,FFRmyo为(0.83±0.15),显著低于正常组(FFRmyo为0.97±0.02)。14处(30%)病变低于界限值(FFRmyo<0.75)。IVUS面积狭窄率与FFRmyo呈负相关(r=-0.68,P<0.001)。以FFRmyo<0.75为界限值,根据ROC分析,面积狭窄率≥65%为截断点,灵敏度=100%,特异性=72%。最小管腔面积与FFRmyo呈正相关(r=0.63,P<0.001),以最小管腔面积≤4mm2为截断点,灵敏度=93%,特异性=77%。结论:IVUS测定的面积狭窄率≥65%、最小管腔面积≤4mm2,能较准确地判断中度狭窄病变的功能意义。     

血管内超声显像在肾动脉介入治疗中的应用价值

评价血管内超声显像在肾动脉介入治疗中的应用价值。 15例显著肾动脉狭窄 (内径减少 >5 0 % )患者在肾动脉介入术前、术后接受肾动脉内血管超声检查。所有患者均接受肾动脉支架术治疗 (共植入 15枚支架 ) ,所选支架直径均根据术前血管内超声图像定量计算所得肾动脉参考直径选择。结果发现 ,15例患者中 13例肾动脉病变由硬性斑块构成 ,其中 2例伴严重钙化 ,剩余 2例为软斑块。血管重构方式 12例表现为负性重构 ,3例为正性重构。病变血管外弹力膜横截面积为 119.7± 2 3.1mm2 ,管腔横截面积为 34.5± 9.3mm2 ,斑块面积为 85 .2± 2 6 .0mm2 。肾动脉支架术治疗手术成功率为 10 0 %。结果提示 ,肾动脉血管内超声检查在判定肾动脉斑块性质、明确狭窄程度、测量管腔直径及指导支架植入有重要临床价值。     

Comparison of two- and three-dimensional quantitative coronary angiography to intravascular ultrasound in the assessment of intermediate left main stenosis

Angiographic evaluation of intermediate left main coronary artery stenosis (LMS) is often limited. Three-dimensional (3D) quantitative coronary angiography has recently developed to overcome 2-dimensional (2D) quantitative coronary angiographic (QCA) limitations. In patients with angiographically intermediate LMS, we investigated whether 3D quantitative coronary angiography was superior to 2D quantitative coronary angiography in predicting the presence of a significant LMS, defined as a minimum luminal area <6 mm(2) at intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). 2D and 3D quantitative coronary angiography were compared in their measurements of minimum luminal area, percent area stenosis, minimum luminal diameter, and percent diameter stenosis and in their prediction of an IVUS minimum luminal area <6 mm(2). In total 58 target lesions were interrogated, 25 (43%) of which had an IVUS minimum luminal area <6 mm(2). Correlation between 3D-QCA minimum luminal area and IVUS minimum luminal area was stronger than the correlation between 2D-QCA minimum luminal area (or minimum luminal diameter) and IVUS minimum luminal area (R = 0.67, p = 0.0001, and R = 0.40, p = 0.001, respectively, p = 0.04 for comparison). To predict IVUS minimum luminal area <6 mm(2), the most accurate 2D-QCA measurement was minimum luminal diameter (area under curve 0.81, cutoff 2.2 mm, p = 0.0001), and the most accurate 3D-QCA measurement was minimum luminal area (area under curve 0.86, cutoff 5.6 mm(2), p = 0.0001). 2D-QCA percent diameter stenosis did not significantly predict IVUS minimum luminal area <6 mm(2) (area under curve 0.56, cutoff 38%, p = 0.45). In conclusion, the accuracy of quantitative coronary angiography in predicting LM IVUS minimum luminal area <6 mm(2) is limited. When IVUS is not available or contraindicated, 3D quantitative coronary angiography may assist in the evaluation of intermediate LMS. Among 2D-QCA parameters, minimum luminal diameter is more accurate than percent diameter stenosis in predicting significant LMS.     

冠状动脉易损斑块及其形态学检测技术的新认识

冠心病患者发生严重急性冠状动脉事件约70%是由易损斑块(VP)所致。不稳定斑块的破裂是急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)发生的核心机制,其较冠状动脉狭窄程度及病变范围更能反映冠心病患者发生急性心血管事件。现代影像学技术的进展,特别是血管内超声(IVUS)及光学相干断层成像(OCT)对识别和判断VP的形态学特征,包括斑块的形态、成分,甚至功能状态提供了快速、可靠的信息支持,在诊断和评价冠状动脉斑块方面,高分辨率的0CT检测水平已近似于组织学检测水平。该文就VP形态学检测技术的进展和认识作一简要综述。