In vitro Study of Apically Extruded Debris and Irrigant Following the Use of Conventional and Rotary Instrumentation Techniques

The complete preparation of the root canal space is one of the most important stages in endodontic treatment. While the root canal space is being prepared, debris, irrigant, necrotic tissue or bacteria may be extruded into the periapical region, leading to periapical inflammation and postoperative flare-ups. The aim of this study is to compare in vitro the amount of debris and irrigant extruded apically after a root canal preparation, using two instrumentation techniques--the conventional hand ＂step back＂ technique with SS K-files and the engine-driven ＂crown down＂ technique with Ni-Ti K3 files. Two groups of 20 extracted teeth with single canals were used. In group 1 （10 teeth）, the root canals were instrumented using a ＂step back＂ technique and stainless steel K-files. In group 2 （10 teeth）, the root canals were instrumented using a ＂crown-down＂ technique and nickel-titanium K3 rotary instruments. Debris and irrigant extruded from the apical foramen during instrumentation were collected into vials and the amounts were measured. The debris extruded through the apical foramen in group 1 （K-files） was 0.400 mg and in group 2 （K3 files）--0.225 mg. The volume of the extruded irrigant was 0.443 mL in group 1 and 0.247 mL in group 2. The time taken for instrumentation was 13 min for the step back technique and 8.7 min for the crown-down technique. There is a significant difference in the amount of debris and irrigant produced between the two groups. During biomechanical preparation of the root canal space, debris and irrigant were extruded through the apical foramen by both instrumentation techniques.     

Morphology of bacterial flora in root canals associated with apical abscesses

Background Apical abscess is an inflammatory process in the peri-radicular tissues caused by biofilms in the necrotic root canal systems. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of the bacterial colonization is required for a better understanding of the pathogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the patterns of bacterial infection of root canals of teeth with apical abscesses and to determine whether histological and microbiological findings correlated with clinical conditions. Methods Eighteen samples from 18 teeth with apical pathological lesions were analyzed. Nine patients with acute apical abscesses experienced severe pain, and nine patients were asymptomatic with a sinus tract. After extraction, each affected root was divided into two halves. One half was processed for histobacteriologic analysis and examined using light microscopy, and the other half was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy （SEM） to determine the patterns of microbial colonization of the root canals. Results The appearance of each sample subjected to SEM was consistent with the histobacteriologic findings despite the presence or absence of clinical symptoms. Intraradicular biofilms comprising cocci, rods, and/or filaments of amorphous materials were observed in the apical third of the main root canals in all samples. The bacterial biofilms covering the main root canal walls also penetrated the dentinal tubules to varying depths. The morphologies of biofilms varied, and a unique pattern of intraradicular infection was not identified. Conclusion Intraradicular infections formed complex and variable multispecies biofilms and their presence did not correlate with clinical symptoms.     

Progress in the research of Radix Astragali in treating chronic heart failure: Effective ingredients, dose-effect relationship and adverse reaction

Radix Astragali,a Chinese herbal medicine possessing important cardiovascular pharmacologic effects,is widely applied for the treatment of chronic heart failure(CHF) in clinical practice.This paper summarizes briefly the researches in the last 10 years on its chemical compositions,effective ingredients for improving cardiac function,dose-effect relationship in treating CHF,and adverse reactions that occurred in clinical practice.     

Astragaloside Ⅳ Improves Angiogenesis and Promotes Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats via the Activation of the SUMOylation Pathway

Radix astragali is the dried root of the legume Mongolian Astragalus or Astragalus membranaceus~([1]). Modern research has found that the main active ingredients in astragalus are astragalus polysaccharides, astragaloside, and astragalus isoflavones. Astragaloside IV(AS-IV) has been used internationally as a standard for evaluating the quality of astragalus medicinal materials.     

Three-dimensional finite element analysis of weakened roots restored with different cements in combination with titanium alloy posts

Restoration of endodontically treated teeth with flared root canal and thin walls near the cervica part is frequently a challenge for dentists. It becomes especially complex when the involved teeth have previously undergone treatment for caries, fractures endodontic-access preparation, canal instrument ation, and other idiopathic causes.1,2 These problems result in loss of tooth structure and consequent reduction in tooth resistance to myriad o intraoral forces. 3,4 A number of guidelines have…     

Ethnopharmacology,Phytochemistry, Pharmacology,Toxicology and Clinical Applications of Radix Astragali

Radix Astragali(RA),a traditional Chinese medicine from the dried root of Astragalus species,is widely distributed throughout the temperate regions of the world.The major bioactive constituents of RA are triterpene glycosides,flavonoids,saponins,and alkaloids,and these compounds mostly exert pharmacological activities on the cardiovascular,immune,respiratory,and hepatic systems.This review summarizes the recent studies on RA and provides a comprehensive summary regarding the status of resources,ethnopharmacology,phytochemistry,pharmacology,toxicology,clinical application,and patent release of RA.We hope this review can provide a guidance for further development of therapeutic agents from RA.     

Topographical anatomy of asterion by an innovative technique using transillumination and skiagram

The asterion is the point viewed in the norma lateralis of the skull, where the parietomastoid, occipito-mastoid and the lambdoid sutures meet. In the infants, it is the site of the posterolateral or mastoid fontanelle, which closes by the second year. Interestingly, the name ＂asterion＂ is derived from Latin and it stands for ＂edible root＂, or ＂starry＂. The asterion was a river God of Argos, in the Peloponnesos, southern Greece. The standard textbooks do not emphasize much on the asterion. As per standard textbooks, the parietomastoid and the occipitomastoid sutures meet the lateral end of the lambdoid suture at the asterion.     

EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES OF “SHEN YAN LING” IN TREATMENT OF CHRONIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

“Shen Yan Ling”(SYL 肾炎灵) is a compoundherbal preparation consisting of 16 ingredients:HerbaEcliptae,Radix Rhemanniae,Rhizoma Cibotii,RadixAngelica Sinensis,Rhizoma Ligustici Chuanxiong,Radix Paeoniac Rubra,Rhizoma Diosocoreae,Poria,Radix Sanguisorbae,Radix Rubiae,Herba Portulacae,Fructus Gardeniae,Herba Cirsii Japonici,HerbaCephalanoploris.etc.In animal experiments,SYLwas shown to have therapeutic effect for Masugi'snephritis models.It has also been used with satis-factory results in the treatment of 314 cases of chronicglomerulonephritis of the common type with manifes-tations of Yin deficiency and endogenous heat.     

Kuanxiong Aerosol(宽胸气雾剂)in Treatment of Angina Pectoris:A Literature Review and Network Pharmacology

Angina pectoris (AP) is the most common symptom of cardiovascular diseases, which seriously affects the quality of life in cardiovascular patients. Kuanxiong (KX) Aerosol (宽胸气雾剂), a compound preparation that consists of 5 traditional Chinese medicines: Herba Asari, Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum, Lignum Santali Albi, Fructus Piperis Longi, and Borneolum, has been used in the treatment of AP for many years, exhibiting a significant curative effect and less side-effect. For the convenience and comprehensive understanding of KX Aerosol, this review systematically summarizes evidence on KX Aerosol in the treatment of AP including the pharmacological effects of its composition, clinical research, animal experiments, and network pharmacology prediction. Meanwhile, we highlight the research limitation of KX Aerosol at present. This review may guide the clinical application of KX Aerosol and further provide a reference for the research of AP.     

Screening of active fractions from Radix of Actinidiae chinensis in vitro

Objective Radix of Actinidiae chinensis,a medicinal plant used in China,is the dry root of Actinidiaceae plant and has been extensively employed to treat cancers of various organs,including the lung,li...     

Pharmacological effects of Chinese herb aconite(Fuzi) on cardiovascular system

Fuzi(aconite,Radix Aconiti praeparata),a widely used Chinese herb,plays a significant role in the cardiovascular system.This is mainly reflected by Fuzi’s cardiotonic effect,its protective effect on myocardial cells,and its effect on heart rate and rhythm,blood pressure,and hemodynamics.In this article,the pharmacological effects and the corresponding mechanisms of Fuzi(aconite) and its active components on cardiovascular system are reviewed.     

Oocyte Cryopreservation in Human Assited Reproduction

Introduction Embryo cryopreservation has became a very important part of the clinical use of in vitro fertilization. Embryo banking is a proven method but requires both available sperm and several weeks of preparation. Oocyte banking avoids some of the di…     

STUDIES OF QINGYANGSHEN(ROOTOFCYNANCHUMOTOPHYLLUM)Ⅲ.EFFECTOFQINGYANGSHENONACETYLCHOLINE CONCENTRATION IN MOUSE BRAIN

Qingyangshen (QYS,root of Cynanchumtophyllum) is a new effective and safe anti-onvusant in both experimental induced seizuresand clinical epilepsy.The effect of QYS onbrain monoamine,known to cause an elevationof 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) content of thebrains of mice,has been studied for a possiblemechanism of action in our laboratory.Thepresent paper deals with the brain levels ofacetylcholine (Ach) in mice treated with QYS,to determine if alternations in the brainlevels of Ach might provide an alternate explana-tion for the anticonvulsant mechanisms ofQYS.     

Spontaneous hematoma in the root of the small bowel mesentery: imaging findings

Retroperitoneal or mesenteric hemorrhage is mainly caused by clinical trauma. Spontaneous retroperitoneal or mesenteric hemorrhage is rarely seenin the root of the small bowel mesentery. In this report,we describe ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT) findings in arecently encountered case of spontaneous hematoma in the root of the small bowel mesentery, and discuss the diagnostic utility of these imaging techniques in patient management. The clinical and imaging characteristics of retroperitoneal or mesenteric hematoma are briefly reviewed.     

Efficacy of solution form of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on removing smear layer of root canal at different exposure time In Vitro

Summary： This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of solution form of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid （EDTA） on removing smear layer of root canals at different exposure time periods and to provide scientific basis for EDTA as a choice of root canal irrigation in clinical practice. Twenty-five single-rooted teeth were randomly divided into 5 groups： control group （group A） was given 2.5% NaOC1, and 4 experimental groups were given 2.5% NaOC1 and 17% EDTA, including groups B, C, D and E with exposure time of 1, 3, 5 and 7 min, respectively. After preparation of the root canals, the teeth were split along their longitudinal axis, and the root sections were examined under scanning elec- tron microscope for evaluation of smear layer removal and erosion on the surface of the root canal walls. The specimens in group B showed presence of smear layer on the walls of the root canal with no statistical difference from that in group A （P〉0.05）. In groups C and D, partial removal of smear layer was obtained, and there was no significant difference between the two groups （P〉0.05）, but there was significant difference in removal of smear layer between group C and group B （P〈0.05）. Root canal walls in group E specimens showed almost complete removal of smear layer, and the removal of smear layer was significantly different from that in group D （P〈0.01）. There was no significant change in the structure of the surface of root canal for each sample. It was concluded that combined irrigation with 17% EDTA and 2.5% NaOC1 could remove the smear layer with no significant alteration in dentinal structure when the chelating agent was applied for 7 min. At 3 and 5 min of application, partial removal of smear layer was observed and at 1 min negligible removal of smear layer was achieved.     

On ＂Wind＂ and Cancerometastasis

Cancerometastasis, a difficult problem in clinical oncology, is a cause of death for most cancer patients. Scholars in traditional Chinese and Western medicine have recently studied the cause and treatment of cancerometastasis. This article has for the fi…     

Clinical, Pathological and Genetic Evaluations of Patients with Hypoplasia of Teeth Roots

Objective Hypoplasia of teeth root （HTR） is a genetic disease with defective teeth root. It is one of the most serious causes of teeth shedding earlier. Some inherited diseases could cause HTR phenotype. Methods We collected three HTR cases, and examined them carefully by clinical and laboratory test, especially their earlier shed teeth by histopathological methods. Based on clinical diagnoses and pathological manifestations, candidate genes ALPL and EDA were picked up to analyze and screen mutations. Results Three HTR patients showed distinct phenotypes, including systemic and dental abnormalities, whichrepresented many unique and hitherto undescribed disorders with concomitant HTR diseases. Then sequencing of ALPL and EDA indicated that three mutations of R136H and P446G in ALPL, L330P in EDA were separately found in three patients. Conclusion The mutations could increase the susceptibility to HTR disease or could be a causative factor. Our discoveries identified the potential functions of ALPL and EDA in teeth root initiation.