综合医院结核病查痰点痰检工作分析

目的分析综合医院门诊可疑肺结核症状者查痰工作情况,探讨综合医院提高涂阳病人发现的措施。方法根据综合医院和结防机构门诊病人登记本、查痰登记本、转诊登记本及结防机构对综合医院的督导和痰检质量控制情况进行综合分析和评价。结果40所综合医院1年间,共登记可疑肺结核症状者11 303例,发现涂阳肺结核859例,涂阳检出率15.6%,转到结防机构的涂阴及未查痰病人2 094例,在结防机构查痰1 685例,发现涂阳肺结核804例,涂阳检出率47.7%,其中未查痰直接转到结防机构查痰1 026例,发现涂阳肺结核551例,涂阳检出率53.7%,痰阴病人转到结防机构再查痰659例,发现涂阳肺结核253例,涂阳检出率38.4%,结防机构门诊查痰25 238例,涂阳检出率55.7%,与综合医院涂阳检出率比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论在综合医院建立查痰点,加大行政干预力度,加强综合医院与结防机构的合作,医院内相关科室建立协调机制,将痰检工作纳入综合医院临床检查常规项目,加强痰检质量控制和结防专业机构对综合医院相关专业人员的培训和复训,是提高传染源发现水平的有效途径。     

新疆维吾尔自治区综合医疗机构痰检质控工作评价

目的分析新疆维吾尔自治区综合医疗机构痰检质控工作情况,探讨提高痰检质量的有效措施。方法根据自治区疾病预防控制中心结核病控制中心对全区综合医疗机构的督导记录和痰涂片复检质控结果、进行综合分析和评价。结果2007年53家基层综合医疗机构,共登记可疑肺结核症状者21313例,查痰6989例发现涂阳肺结核403例,涂阳检出率5.8％。未查痰病人转至结防机构查痰5972例,发现涂阳肺结核2030例,涂阳检出率34.0％。涂阴病人转至结防机构再查痰3940例,涂阳肺结核893例,涂阳检出率22.7％。结防机构查痰29048例,涂阳9896例,涂阳检出率34.1％,与综合医疗机构比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论加强综合医疗机构与结防机构的合作。对综合医疗机构痰涂片检查人员进行业务培训及复训,提高痰检质控质量,保证检出率,以达到提高涂阳病例发现的目的。     

村医集中推荐肺结核可疑症状者检查对提高新涂阳肺结核发现率的研究

目的探讨病人主动发现的新途径，提高新涂阳肺结核发现率。方法选择2003年新涂阳登记率低于全省平均水平的30个县，由经过培训的乡村医生对肺结核可疑症状者进行摸底调查，集中组织他们到县结防科或附近的乡镇、综合医院痰检点进行免费查痰。同时，县结防科对其他非结防机构网络直报但未前来就诊的肺结核和疑似肺结核病人进行追踪调查。结果2004年11月至2005年10月，30个县共发现新涂阳肺结核病人12091例，新涂阳登记率由项目实施前的36．21／10万，提高到49．94／10万（z。=101．7，P〈0．0001），发现率达到86．0％。30个县共登记肺结核可疑症状者43464例，其中村医集中推荐15363例，占35．3％，村医推荐发现新涂阳病人3870例，占新涂阳病人发现总数的32．0％。县结防科对传染病网络直报病人的追踪率为70．9％，追踪到位率仅33．1％。结论利用村医集中推荐肺结核可疑症状者到县结防科检查，并给予一定的激励机制，是提高病人发现的有效方法之一。     

通过加强村医向县结防所转诊结核病可疑者提高病人发现

目的：探索提高结核病人发现的新方法。方法：30个区／县参与本研究。经过培训的村医对结核病可疑症状者进行调查并转诊至县结防所，定点乡镇卫生院或综合医院进行免费痰涂片检查。综合医院报告的结核病病人和可疑者如在转诊过程中丢失，由县级结防人员进行追踪。结果：共发现12091例新涂阳肺结核病人。新涂阳肺结核病人登记率由项目前的36．2／10万提高至项目后的49．9／10万，DOTS策略下的病人发现率达到86％。登记的43464例结核病可疑者中，15363（35．3％）例是由村医和综合医院医生转诊的。转诊率明显上升（P〈0．01）。在转诊的15363例病人中，3870例被诊断为新涂阳肺结核病人。在3类不同的显微镜痰涂片检查中心，其结核病可疑者的痰检率和涂阳检出率明显不同，具有统计学意义。追踪率为70．9％，但追踪到位率只有33．1％。结论：加强村医转诊结核病可疑者到县结防所，是提高病人发现率的有效途径。同时对病人和村医进行转诊激励也十分必要。     

福建省61所市县医院肺结核归口管理督导结果分析

目的：检查督导综合医院肺结核归口管理现状与存在问题，以利于改进工作，提高病人发现水平，方法：检查61所综合医院有关肺结核归口管理的科室资料，同时检查57例所结防机构有关资料，分析其报告、转诊以及痰检、胸片诊断等情况。结果：综合医院报告率84．1％，转诊率29．2％，转诊到位率70．3％，胸片诊断存在过诊、误诊，初诊病人查痰率仅为41．8％，涂是性率14．7％，均显著低于结防机构。结论：通过行政干预与专业督导相结合的措施，促进结核病归口管理的落实。     

村医集中推荐肺结核可疑症状者检查对提高新涂阳肺结核发现率的研究

目的探讨病人主动发现的新途径,提高新涂阳肺结核发现率。方法选择2003年新涂阳登记率低于全省平均水平的30个县,由经过培训的乡村医生对肺结核可疑症状者进行摸底调查,集中组织他们到县结防科或附近的乡镇、综合医院痰检点进行免费查痰。同时,县结防科对其他非结防机构网络直报但未前来就诊的肺结核和疑似肺结核病人进行追踪调查。结果2004年11月至2005年10月,30个县共发现新涂阳肺结核病人12 091例,新涂阳登记率由项目实施前的36.21/10万,提高到49.94/10万(χ²=101.7,P<0.000 1),发现率达到86.0%。30个县共登记肺结核可疑症状者43 464例,其中村医集中推荐15 363例,占35.3%,村医推荐发现新涂阳病人3 870例,占新涂阳病人发现总数的32.0%。县结防科对传染病网络直报病人的追踪率为70.9%,追踪到位率仅33.1%。结论利用村医集中推荐肺结核可疑症状者到县结防科检查,并给予一定的激励机制,是提高病人发现的有效方法之一。     

山东省实施结核病归口管理检查情况评价

目的：评价卫生行政部门、结核病防治专业机构和综合医院对肺结核病归口管理工作的执行和落实情况。方法：检查1997年以来，全省卫生行政部门、结防专业机械和综合医院实施归口管理的情况。结果：行政部门能够运用法规和规范文件，对归口管理工作进行干预。1998年结防专业机械新登记涂阳肺结核病人中，其来源由综合医院转诊者占42．2％，其中新发涂阳占47．4％，复治涂阳占28．6％。结防专业机构检查综合医院的转诊率为60．4％，乡镇医院转诊率为79．6％。结论：实施结核病归口管理，行政干预措施；综合医院及时转诊发现的结核病人；结防机构积极落实，对提高结核病人的发现有着重要的意义。     

医院系统转诊在肺结核病人发现工作中的作用

目的评价医院系统转诊对肺结核病人发现工作的作用。方法计算并分析结防机构登记病人中不同就诊来源的构成比及肺结核检出率。结果结防机构登记的病人中，46．9％的初诊病人、54．3％的涂阳肺结核由医院系统转诊。转诊发现的涂阳肺结核中，县级以上医疗机构和乡镇卫生院分别占47．1％和45．8％。县级以上医疗机构转诊病人的涂阳肺结核检出率为33．9％，乡镇卫生院转诊病人的涂阳肺结核检出率为23．1％。结论医院系统转诊是发现肺结核病人的一个重要渠道，落实结核病归口管理是确保医院系统转诊的关键。     

山东省乡镇查痰点工作开展情况分析

目的 分析山东省乡镇查痰点工作开展情况,并针对提高查痰点工作情况提出建议。 方法 按地理特点采取多阶段分层抽样的方法 ,抽取8个县作为调查现场进行深入分析。采用访谈和问卷调查相结合的方式,访谈卫生局领导和乡镇卫生院院长,调查结防机构对乡镇查痰点开展的业务工作和可疑肺结核病人的基本情况。 结果2006年山东省设立乡镇查痰点497个,发现涂阳肺结核患者824例,贡献率是3.3%。调查的8个样本县共发现涂阳肺结核患者2-880例,其中乡镇查痰点发现患者38例,乡镇查痰点发现涂阳肺结核患者的贡献率是1.3%。在对乡镇查痰点开展的业务工作情况方面,除几个别样本县（区）外,其余基本能够按照国家结核病防治规划的要求进行。就诊乡镇卫生院的疑似肺结核患者中有38.0%未查痰。 结论 山东省乡镇查痰点的设置具有一定可行性,在涂阳肺结核发现上做出一定的贡献。但存在阳性检出率较低,实验室条件较差,医务人员查痰意识不强,工作开展不平衡等问题。因此,应该结合各县（区）的具体情况,优化现有乡镇查痰点。加大领导和投入,强化业务培训,提高查痰点的工作效率。     

新疆乌鲁木齐市实验室痰检工作的探讨

目的 探讨加强各级医疗机构实验室痰检工作,提高涂阳肺结核病人发现率.方法 根据乌鲁木齐市结核病控制工作中的各种原始登记资料,结合结核病流行病学抽样调查结果,对实验室痰检工作和结核病人发现进行分析.结果 1996-2004年乌鲁木齐市结核病控制工作,结防机构实验室室间质量控制指标、可疑者查痰率、痰菌涂阳检出率达到工作要求的标准.结核病人涂阳登记率21.17/10万～26.53/10万.结论 痰检质控工作覆盖至各级医疗机构实验室,全面提高痰涂片检验人员的素质,是提高病人的早期发现率的重要途径.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.