自体富血小板血浆修复慢性难愈性创面的作用：回顾性研究和文献检索证据分析

文题释义： 慢性难愈性创面：通常把各种内外因作用下创面不能通过正常的创面愈合过程而达到愈合,呈现病理性炎症反应状态,从而导致创面经久难愈的称为慢性难愈性创面。 富血小板血浆：是通过离心自体血而提取出的含有高浓度血小板的血浆,除血小板外,其中含有多种高浓度的生长因子及纤维蛋白。 背景：自体富血小板血浆对难愈性创面有一定修复效果,可加快软组织愈合速度。而富血小板血浆凝胶可以防止血小板的流失,使血小板在局部长时间存活并分泌生长因子,更有利于创面愈合。 目的：观察自体富血小板血浆凝胶对慢性难愈性创面的修复作用,并分析其研究现状。 方法：①收集慢性难愈性创面病例22例,其中糖尿病性溃疡8例,创伤性溃疡3例,创伤后骨不连3例,电烧伤后骨外露2例,放射性溃疡6例,创面行清创手术后用富血小板血浆凝胶外用,定期换药并更换富血小板血浆凝胶,观察创面愈合情况;②由第一作者检索万方数据库近10年的有关自体富血小板血浆凝胶治疗慢性难愈性创面的相关文献,并分析研究现状。 结果与结论：①回顾性分析结果表明,富血小板血浆修复的22例慢性难愈性创面病例,创面完全愈合11例,创面缩小后经皮瓣转移后愈合5例,行游离植皮治疗获得愈合6例,患者均无疾病传播及免疫排斥反应,结果证实富血小板血浆凝胶对慢性难愈合伤口有明显的修复作用,安全有效;②文献检索结果显示,纳入文献32篇,其中2016年到2018年对自体富血小板血浆在慢性难愈性创面的研究发文量逐年升高,但现有证据尚缺乏说服力,缺乏大规模、多中心、前瞻性随机对照研究,如何规范富血小板血浆的制备及使用过程以保证疗效的稳定性还有待进行更多的探索。 ORCID: 0000-0002-2480-5159(李万同) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

富血小板血浆治疗慢性难愈性创面的临床疗效

目的 观察富血小板血浆（PRP）治疗慢性难愈性创面的临床疗效。方法 选取中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九二〇医院2019年12月至2020年12月因创伤、压疮、糖尿病等所致慢性难愈性创面的52例患者为研究对象,根据患者是否接受PRP治疗将研究对象分为PRP组和常规组两组,其中PRP组32例,常规组20例。所有患者均给予门诊手术彻底清创,PRP组术后给予PRP凝胶覆盖创面,3 d更换1次凝胶,3次为1个疗程;常规组术后常规换药,根据创面愈合情况选择植皮或皮瓣转移加速创面愈合。1个月后观察两组创面的愈合效果。结果 PRP组32例患者创面经过2 ～ 4次PRP凝胶治疗后,均获得痂下愈合,创面愈合时间（25.25±4.93）d,平均换药（5.09±3.21）次。常规组16例经常规换药后愈合,3例植皮后愈合,1例行带蒂皮瓣转移术后愈合,创面愈合时间（42.95±7.97） d,平均换药（24.70±5.70）次。PRP组创面内表皮生长因子（EGF）、胰岛素样生长因子（IGF）、血小板衍生生长因子（PDGF）、转化生长因子β（TGF-β）、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）的浓度明显高于常规组（P＜0.05）。结论 与传统的治疗方式相比,富血小板血浆能显著增加创面生长因子浓度,加速伤口愈合,缩短治疗时间,减少治疗费用,减轻患者痛苦。     

富林密伤口愈合凝胶在Ⅱ度烧伤及供皮区创面的应用

目的观察富林密伤口愈合凝胶（Flamigel）对Ⅱ度烧伤创面和供皮区创面愈合的影响。方法2003年2月～2007年2月选择70例浅Ⅱ度烧伤、50例深Ⅱ度烧伤和40例供皮区创面作为治疗组，局部创面清创后外用富林密伤口愈合凝胶，无菌敷料覆盖包扎。同期选70例浅Ⅱ度烧伤、50例深Ⅱ度烧伤和40例供皮区创面作为对照组进行常规治疗，观察创面愈合时间、创面局部及全身反应情况。结果70例浅Ⅱ度烧伤创面的愈合时间治疗组和对照组分别为7．9±3．5天和11．3±2．4天；50例深Ⅱ度烧伤创面的愈合时间治疗组和对照组分别为16．4±2．2天和21．4±3．1天；40例供皮区创面的愈合时间治疗组和对照组分别为12．3±3．3天和16．3±2．5天；显示治疗组创面愈合时间明显提前，经统计学处理，有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论富林密伤口愈合凝胶有明显促进烧伤创面和供皮区创面愈合的作用。     

富血小板血浆在深度烧伤创面治疗中的应用进展

富血小板血浆(PRP)是一种从自体静脉血提取的富含高浓度血小板的血浆,其被激活后可释放大量生长因子参与创面修复过程。该技术作为一种促进组织修复的新型治疗手段,已在糖尿病足、静脉性溃疡等慢性创面的治疗中被广泛应用,而且在深度烧伤创面中的应用也逐渐增多。本文将对PRP影响深度烧伤创面愈合的机制、目前PRP在深度烧伤创面中应用的具体实践和效果展开综述,以期为PRP技术应用于烧伤创面提供理论支持,并指导烧伤专科医师的临床实践。     

富血小板血浆在开胸术后纵膈感染治疗中的应用

目的探讨富血小板血浆(PRP)在开胸术后纵膈感染治疗中的应用。 方法选取2018年1月至2019年4月解放军总医院第四医学中心收治的开胸术后纵膈感染患者32例,男19例,女13例。年龄53~84岁,平均年龄(69.5±19.4)岁,入院后积极进行外科清创并进行PRP填充,分析患者的临床资料、治疗过程,观察伤口愈合情况及愈合时间,并结合检索相关文献,对纵膈感染的PRP治疗进行系统性陈述。 结果29例患者经Ⅰ期手术愈合,愈合时间14.0~25.0 d,平均愈合时间(18.0±1.2) d;2例患者经再次手术治疗后愈合,愈合时间分别为42、45 d;1例患者因多器官功能衰竭死亡。 结论开胸术后纵膈感染治疗难度大,治疗方式多样,难以统一;PRP凝胶既能彻底填塞死腔,又具有促进组织愈合的作用及抗感染力强的特点,能使创面得到良好的修复,提高治疗效果,是一种操作简便、积极有效的手术处理方法。     

富血小板血浆联合人工皮负压吸引修复腓骨长短肌腱外露及软组织缺损的临床研究

目的 评价富血小板血浆联合人工皮负压吸引修复腓骨长短肌腱外露及软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法 2018年1月至2020年12月荆门市第一人民医院采用PRP联合VSD治疗腓骨长短肌腱外露及软组织缺损创面20例,观察创面愈合率及创面愈合时间。结果 20例患者中18例直接愈合,2例肉芽组织生长丰富,覆盖肌腱组织后创面植皮均愈合;创面平均愈合时间为55 d。结论 自体PRP移植治疗联合人工皮负压吸引治疗腓骨长短肌腱外露及软组织缺损创面,能有效缩短足踝部骨、肌腱创面缺损愈合时间,促进创面修复。     

自体富血小板血浆凝胶联合皮瓣移植修复对难愈性创面的治疗效果

目的探讨自体富血小板血浆凝胶(PRP)联合皮瓣移植修复对难愈性创面的治疗效果。方法选择本院2016年4月至2017年2月收治的60例骨外伤难愈性创面患者作为观察组,另选择2016年4月前已出院的60例骨外伤难愈性创面患者作为对照组。所有患者于入院时均进行清创、消毒,观察组采用PRP贴敷,之后进行皮肌瓣移植,对照组未采用PRP治疗,直接进行皮肌瓣移植。观察所有患者创面的换药次数、创周炎症反应、创面平均愈合时间及后期手术成功率。计量资料采用t检验与方差分析,计数资料采用χ~2检验,重复观察资料采用重复方差分析。结果观察组渗湿纱布层数(20.5±1.6)层,低于对照组的(23.3±6.1)层,2组比较差异具有统计学意义(t=-3.439,P=0.001);观察组平均愈合时间(25±2)d,低于对照组的(43±5)d,2组比较差异具有统计学意义(t=-25.891,P=0.000);观察组换药次数(7.1±1.0)次,低于对照组的(9.3±1.4)次,差异有统计学意义(t=-9.905,P=0.000);观察组有5例发生创周炎症反应,低于对照组的18例,2组比较差异有统计学意义(χ~2=9.090,P=0.003);观察组皮肌瓣存活数为55例,高于对照组的41例,2组比较差异有统计学意义(χ~2=10.208,P=0.001)。观察组与对照组的平均愈合率在不同时间点呈上升趋势。观察组的平均愈合率在各时间点均高于对照组,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 PRP联合皮瓣移植对难愈性创面具有较好的治疗效果。     

富血小板血浆联合微粒皮移植在高原地区老年慢性小创面中的临床研究

目的探究在高原地区老年慢性小创面治疗中使用富血小板血浆(PRP)联合微粒皮移植的治疗效果。 方法选取2018年2月至2022年2月青海省人民医院烧伤整形科收治的老年慢性小创面患者60例。根据患者入院时间不同将患者分为观察组和对照组,观察组采用PRP联合微粒皮移植,对照组采用PRP联合刃厚邮状皮移植。采集患者的外周静脉血,采用二次离心法制备PRP;2组患者均于局部浸润麻醉下应用电动取皮机自大腿前内侧根据创面需要取合适大小刃厚皮片,皮片厚度约0.2 mm,观察组供受区比例为1∶4~1∶8,将所取皮片剪碎后切割成直径<1 mm²的微粒皮备用;对照组供受区比例为1∶1~1∶2,将所取皮片制备为大小约1 cm×1 cm的刃厚邮状皮备用。创面清创、止血后,观察组将制备好的微粒皮均匀涂抹在创面后以PRP填充创面,用聚氨酯泡沫敷料或凡士林纱布覆盖创面避免PRP流失及失活,清洁敷料覆盖并固定;对照组将制备好的PRP填充于创面,再将制备好的刃厚邮状皮片移植于PRP之上,用凡士林或聚氨酯泡沫敷料覆盖清洁敷料加压包扎。2组术后均常规行抗感染等治疗,术后第6、11、16、21、26天创面换药,直至创面完全愈合。术后第21天,统计2组患者的治疗有效率;统计2组患者的创面愈合时间;创面愈合后6个月,以温哥华瘢痕评估量表(VSS)对2组患者的瘢痕情况进行评估。数据比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验和χ²检验。 结果术后第21天,观察组治疗有效27例,无效3例,治疗有效率为90.00%;对照组治疗有效20例,无效10例,治疗有效率为66.67%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(χ²＝6.278,P＝0.043)。观察组创面愈合时间为为26.0(24.0, 27.0) d,短于对照组[43.0(39.8, 47.3) d],2组比较差异有统计学意义(Z＝－6.531,P<0.05)。创面愈合后6个月,观察组VSS评分中色素沉着、瘢痕厚度、血管分布和柔韧性评分分别为0(0, 0)、0(0, 0)、0(0, 0)、1(0, 1)分,均分别低于对照组[2.0(1.0, 2.3)、1.5(0.8, 2.0)、1(1, 2)、2(1, 3)分],2组比较差异均有统计学意义(Z＝－6.310、－4.838、－5.624、－4.431,P<0.05)。 结论在高原地区,对于老年慢性小创面的治疗,PRP联合微粒皮移植的创新技术具有提高治疗有效率、缩短创面愈合时间的疗效,为患者提供更多治愈的选择性。     

自体单采富血小板血浆凝胶临床制作与应用

目的介绍利用全自动血液成分分离机制备自体富血小板血浆凝胶技术及其临床应用,总结其在各类创面修复中的应用方法及效果,并与传统制作方法进行比较,为临床修复各类创面提供新方案及治疗建议。方法 2013年1月至2016年3月,笔者科室使用全自动血液成分分离机制备自体富血小板血浆凝胶技术,治疗各类创面92例。创面处理前,先使用全自动血液采集装置采集血小板,后二次离心浓缩,制成富血小板血浆;术中创面行彻底清创后,将富血小板血浆注入窦道或涂于创面,通过激活剂激活形成凝胶,术后经负压吸引治疗,定期更换辅料,部分创面可换药愈合,部分可通过自体皮移植修复。结果使用全自动血液成分分离机制备自体富血小板血浆凝胶技术治疗各类急慢性创面92例,创面肉芽增生满意,窦道封闭良好,抗感染能力强,特别对于骨质、肌腱外露创面,肉芽覆盖速度快,对于窦道封闭效果好,术后复查无死腔。结论全自动血液成分分离机制备自体富血小板血浆凝胶技术治疗各类急慢性创面,较以往换药、负压、手术清创、皮瓣(肌皮瓣)等修复方式有较大优势,同时与自体全血离心技术采集富血小板血浆凝胶比较,优势明显;该治疗技术简单易行,损伤小,治疗时间短,不易复发,安全可靠。     

低浓度尼古丁对大鼠硬腭软组织缺损愈合的影响

背景：最新系列研究发现低浓度尼古丁具有促进血管生成,加速皮肤伤口愈合的作用,但低浓度尼古丁能否在颌面部软组织创伤修复中尤其是口腔黏膜创伤修复中发挥作用目前还不清楚。 目的：观察低浓度尼古丁对大鼠硬腭黏膜缺损修复的影响。 方法：Wistar大鼠65只,于硬腭第一磨牙近中至第三磨牙远中的黏膜作一直径为3 mm的圆形切创缺损。造模后局部给药,大鼠随机分成低浓度尼古丁+凝胶组、凝胶组、空白对照组,每组动物分别在3,7,10,14 d处死,苏木精-伊红染色观察组织愈合过程,并通过大体标本结合图像测量分析比较各组间伤口愈合差异。 结果与结论：修复后3 d各组间愈合情况差异无显著性意义;修复后7,10 d组低浓度尼古丁+凝胶组愈合快于凝胶组和空白对照组(P < 0.05);修复后14 d各组创面已基本愈合,各组间差异无显著性意义。提示低浓度尼古丁可能具有促进大鼠硬腭膜缺损修复的作用。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程全文链接：     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.