急性缺血性卒中患者血清白蛋白水平对早期预后的影响

目的探讨缺血性卒中患者入院时血清白蛋白水平对脑卒中早期预后,包括神经功能缺损、日常生活能力以及死亡率的影响.同时分析导致低血清白蛋白的危险因素.方法收集发病7 d以内的缺血性脑卒中患者,记录包括各种危险因素在内的病史、体征以及住院过程中死亡等情况.在入院和出院时均采用欧洲卒中评分(European Stroke Scale,ESS)和Barthel生活指数(BarthelIndex,BI)进行临床神经功能和生活自理能力的评定,所有患者均在入院后48h内检查血清白蛋白水平.采用出院时的ESS和BI作为评价患者早期预后的主要指标.结果219例缺血性脑卒中患者入选,29例(13.2%)患者发现血清白蛋白低于35g/L.入院时血清白蛋白低于35g/L的患者ESS明显低于正常白蛋白组(50.93us70.04,P＜0.001),出院时ESS和BI两组之间亦有明显差异(52.66vs 75.48,P＜0.001;42.34 vs 73.78,P＜0.001),出院时两组患者死亡率亦不同(10.3%vs4.2%),但无统计学意义(P=0.159).Logistic回归分析发现年龄、入院距发病时间、吞咽困难和意识障碍是影响患者血清白蛋白水平的独立因素.结论脑卒中患者入院时低血清白蛋白可能导致患者的早期神经功能差,生活能力低,死亡率高,是影响患者早期预后的独立危险因素.引起血清白蛋白降低的主要因素包括年龄、入院距发病时间、吞咽困难和意识障碍.因此,对缺血性脑卒中患者的营养状况应给予相应的关注.     

脑卒中急性期患者发生卒中后抑郁及焦虑的相关因素研究

目的探讨脑卒中患者发生卒中后抑郁及焦虑的相关因素。方法选取2012-01—2014-12我院收治的脑卒中患者198例,运用美国国立医院脑卒中量表(NIHSS)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)和Barthel指数(BI)对患者进行筛查,并根据患者一般资料找出发生急性期卒中后抑郁及焦虑的相关因素。结果 198例脑卒中患者共筛查出急性期卒中后抑郁患者22例(11.11%),急性期卒中后焦虑40例(20.20%),单因素分析结果显示,合并抑郁患者与年龄、婚姻状况和脑卒中合并其他疾病数量有关(P0.05);合并焦虑患者与年龄、婚姻状况、合并其他病种数量及脑卒中发病部位有关(P0.05);多因素分析结果显示,患者同时合并两种及以上疾病和BI指数是影响脑卒中患者急性期发生卒中后抑郁和焦虑的独立性因素(P0.05)。结论脑卒中患者急性期发生卒中后抑郁和焦虑与患者年龄、婚姻状况、同时合并其他疾病数量及脑卒中病灶发生位置有关,同时合并两种及以上疾病和BI指数是影响该病发生的独立危险因素。     

单纯性糖耐量受损对脑梗死患者病情严重程度及预后的影响

目的 探讨单纯性糖耐量受损对脑梗死患者病情严重程度及预后的影响.方法 随机选择脑梗死后正常血糖患者32例、单纯性糖耐量受损患者43例和糖尿病患者34例,发病1、4周均用美国国立卫生院卒中评分(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)评定患者的病情严重程度,用Barthel生活指数(Barthel index,BI)评定患者的日常生活能力,用改良的Rankin量表(modified Rankin Scale,mRS)评定患者的病残程度,并于12、24周时再次进行BI及mRS.结果 单纯性糖耐量受损组及糖尿病组发病1周时的NIHSS分别为6(0～23)和5.5(0～22),与正常血糖组3(0～16)相比,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);而糖尿病组、单纯性糖耐量受损组发病1周时的NIHSS评分之间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).单纯性糖耐量受损组发病4周、12周及24周时的预后不良率分别为61.4%、46.5%及32.6%,糖尿病组分别为55.9%、47.1%及50.0%,与正常血糖组的28.1%、18.8%及9.4%相比,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);而单纯性糖耐量受损组与糖尿病组两组之间的差异均无统计学意义.结论 伴发单纯性糖耐量受损的脑梗死患者病情较重,预后不良;积极监测和治疗单纯性糖耐量受损可能成为改善脑梗死患者预后的有效措施之一.     

卒中后抑郁、焦虑及干预和预后的临床研究

目的探讨脑卒中后抑郁、焦虑对患者日常生活能力和神经功能康复的影响,帕罗西汀干预急性卒中后抑郁、焦虑的效果。方法对282名脑卒中患者采用抑郁自评量表（SDS）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）进行评定,其中卒中后抑郁合并焦虑的90名随机分为干预和非干预2组,干预组接受帕罗西汀治疗;随机抽取非抑郁、焦虑患者45名为对照组,用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、斯堪的那维亚脑卒中量表（SSS）、Barthel指数（BI）,评定帕罗西汀的疗效和预后。结果急性脑卒中后抑郁合并焦虑发生率（68.18%）,非干预组与对照组比较6周末SSS和BI有显著性差异（P〈0.01）,干预组与对照组SSS和BI无显著性差异,干预组与非干预组HAMD、HAMA、SSS、BI有显著性差异。结论抑郁、焦虑明显降低患者神经功能康复程度和生活能力恢复,帕罗西汀可有效干预卒中后抑郁、焦虑,改善预后。     

急性缺血性脑卒中神经功能缺损对ADL的影响6个月随访研究

目的 探讨急性缺血性脑卒中神经功能缺损对日常生活能力（ADL）的影响.方法 以19岁～80岁的急性缺血性脑卒中患者为研究对象,斯堪的纳维亚脑卒中量表（SSS）评估神经功能,发病3个月及6个月时评定ADL（BI）.结果 缺血性卒中后3个月ADL依赖率为19%;6个月时15%,SSS与ADL呈正相关（P＜0.01）,ADL依赖患者的入院SSS评分低于非依赖者（P＜0.01）.Logistic回归分析发现：SSS是ADL独立影响因素.结论 缺血性脑卒中急性期神经功能缺损是患者ADL的独立影响因素.     

脑卒中后尿失禁发生率、预后及其危险因素的前瞻性研究

目的 前瞻性研究脑卒中后尿失禁发生率、预后及其危险因素。方法急性脑卒中住院患者158名，对患者发病1周和随访3个月的排尿情况及高危因素进行分析。结果发病1周尿失禁患者占42．4%．排尿困难占7．6％，50．0％排尿正常。单因素分析表明高龄、血肿大、伴失语、额叶和丘脑病变、及病情严重的患者易发生尿失禁。Logistic多元回归分析表明失语(OR值9．324，95％可信区间1．94～44．79)；额叶病变(OR值24．6．95％可信区间2．78～216)；基底节病变(OR值6．76，95％可信区间1．0～42)是尿失禁发生的危险因素。3个月存活患者中尿失禁占25．6％，高龄、入院时病情严重，额叶病变患者尿失禁不易恢复。结论高龄、失语、额叶病变、发病1周病情严重程度是影响卒中后尿失禁发生及预后的危险因素。     

微创血肿引流术对高血压脑出血患者神经功能恢复的影响

目的探讨微创血肿引流术对高血压脑出血患者神经功能恢复的影响。方法选择出血量30-50ml的脑出血患者65例，随机分为手术组（34例）和保守治疗组（31例）。手术组行微创血肿引流术。在治疗后第21天时用斯堪的那维亚卒中量表评分（SSS）评定患者急性期神经功能改善情况；在治疗后第21天及第90天时用改良Rankin量表评分（MRS）和在第90天时用Barthel指数（BI）评定患者日常生活活动能力恢复情况。结果①治疗后第21天时．手术组和保守治疗组SSS评分有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。②根据MRS评分和BI评分手术组第90天时患者日常生活能力明显优于保守治疗组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论微创血肿引流术有助于高血压脑出血患者神经功能的恢复、日常生活自理能力的提高及其预后的改善。     

路优泰对脑卒中后抑郁及神经功能康复的影响

目的 观察路优泰对脑卒中后抑郁的治疗效果,及其对患者神经功能康复及生活质量的影响.方法 90例诊断为脑卒中后抑郁的患者随机分为治疗组45例和对照组45例,治疗组给予口服路优泰,同时给予改善脑部血液供应、营养神经细胞及常规康复治疗;对照组给予心理治疗,其余治疗同治疗组.采用汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、日常生活活动量表Barthel指数(BI)及生活质量指数量表评分,观察患者治疗前后抑郁状态、日常生活活动能力及生活质量变化情况.结果 与治疗前比较,治疗组在治疗4周、8周后,HAMD、BI评分及生活质量量表评分具有显著差异(P＜0.05), 与对照组比较,治疗组治疗4周、8周后,HAMD、BI评分评分具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 路优泰对卒中后抑郁状态、日常生活活动能力均有改善作用,并提高脑卒中患者的生活质量.     

基层医院卒中单元对初次脑梗死后生存质量的影响

目的 探讨基层医院卒中单元对初次轻-中度大脑中动脉梗死后近期生存质量的影响.方法 以收住我科卒中单元的55例患者为观察组(卒中单元组),收住我科普通病房及市三院老年科的61例患者为对照组(普通病房组),观察2组患者治疗前后4 周和12周的美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、Barthel指数(BI)评分、脑卒中专门化生存质量量表中译本(SS-QOL)评分,比较2组治疗前后的神经功能缺损评分、日常生活指数和生存质量评分. 结果 2组治疗后4周及12周的NIHSS评分比较差异无统计学意义,而BI差异均有统计学意义.4周时 SS-QOL中除精力、家庭角色、个性、上肢功能、工作/劳动等5个领域评分差异无统计学意义外,其他领域评分差异均有统计学意义,12周时 SS-QOL各项指标差异均有统计学意义. 结论基层医院卒中单元能改善初次轻-中度大脑中动脉梗死患者近期生存质量.     

进展性缺血性脑卒中相关危险因素分析

脑卒中是21世纪全球老年人群病死率和致残率最高的三大疾病之一,更是我国已步人老龄化社会所面临的重大和医学难题。进展性缺血性脑卒中是指卒中发生后神经功能缺失或逐步阶梯式与发病46h～2周内继续恶化的缺血性脑卒中。进展性缺血性脑卒中（SIP）属难治性脑卒中,其发病率国内外报道不尽相同（12％～42％）。临床常规治疗欠佳,致残率、病死率较一般卒中高,病死率增加4倍以上并为其死亡的独立预测因子,严重影响了患者的预后。对进展性缺血性脑卒中相关危险因素进行分析,总结如下。     

急性脑卒中患者睡眠障碍的异质性研究

目的：探讨急性脑卒中患者睡眠障碍的临床异质性。方法采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表（PSQI）对168例急性脑卒中患者与98例正常对照者的睡眠状况进行测评分析,同时采用 Barthel 指数（BI）与美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NIHSS）分别评价脑卒中患者的日常生活活动能力与神经功能缺损程度。结果脑卒中组睡眠障碍发生率（45.83%）明显高于对照组（16.32%%）（P 〈0.001）;脑卒中组 PSQI 总分以及睡眠质量、入睡时间、睡眠障碍、催眠药物、日间功能障碍五因子得分均明显高于对照组（P 〈0.05）：年龄〈50岁脑卒中组 PSQI 总分明显高于其它年龄组;脑卒中患者睡眠障碍的发生与年龄、性别、Barthel 指数及神经功能缺损程度有关。结论急性脑卒中患者存在显著的睡眠障碍,年龄〈50岁伴神经功能缺损的女性脑卒中患者更明显,而且不同脑卒中患者 PSQI 各因子方面存在明显的临床异质性。     

缺血性脑卒中患者远期抑郁症状的发生率及相关因素分析

目的探讨首发缺血性脑卒中(IS)偏侧肢体功能障碍患者远期抑郁症状(DS)的发生率及影响因素。方法前瞻性研究连续入选商丘市第一人民医院神经内科2012-11—2013-07收治的首发IS偏侧肢体功能障碍患者126例,入组后收集患者一般资料并采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)、改良Rankin Scale(MRS)评分进行评估,发病后2~3a采用NIHSS、MRS评分、Barthel指数(BI)、脑卒中专用生活质量量表(SS-QOL)、汉密尔顿抑郁评分量表(HDRS)再次随访。通过单因素分析筛选出与远期抑郁症状(DS)具有显著性联系的因素后,使用非条件Logistic回归分析DS的影响因素。结果首发IS偏侧肢体功能障碍患者中远期抑郁症状发生率38.6%(44/114),其中轻、中、重度分别占19.3%(22/114)、11.4%(13/114)、7.9%(9/114)。多因素非条件Logistic回归分析结果显示,首发IS偏侧肢体功能障碍患者远期DS的影响因素包括文化程度(OR=2.847,95%CI=1.241~6.532)、BI(OR=0.763,95%CI=0.648~0.916)、SS-QOL评分(OR=0.970,95%CI=0.937~0.989)。且轻、中、重度抑郁症状患者的远期BI评分(F=29.426,P0.01)和SS-QOL评分(F=21.379,P0.01)的总体均数不同。结论 IS偏侧肢体功能障碍患者远期DS的危险因素为文化程度高,保护因素为远期BI评分高、生活质量高。其中远期BI评分、SS-QOL评分越低,IS偏侧肢体功能障碍患者的远期抑郁症状越重。日常生活能力的恢复及生活质量的提高等可能是改善IS偏侧肢体功能障碍患者远期抑郁症状的重要措施。     

Use of the Barthel index and modified Rankin scale in acute stroke trials.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Barthel Index (BI) and the Modified Rankin Scale (MRS) are commonly used scales that measure disability or dependence in activities of daily living in stroke victims. The objective of this study was to investigate how these scales were used and interpreted in acute stroke trials. METHODS: We identified from MEDLINE the major efficacy trials with neuroprotective drugs, thrombolytic drugs, and anticoagulants in acute ischemic stroke published between January 1995 and December 1998. We selected those trials that used the BI and/or MRS as outcome parameters. RESULTS: Fifteen trials fulfilling the inclusion criteria were identified. The BI was used in 13 and the MRS in 8. In 4 trials mean and median scores of the BI were used, and in 1 trial median scores of the MRS were compared. Primary end points included the BI in 7, the MRS in 6, and both the BI and MRS in 3. With regard to the BI, a variety of sum scores between 50 and 95 were used as cutoff scores to define favorable outcome. Favorable outcome on the MRS was defined as either 3, or BI <60.     

Activity Index - a complementary ADL scale to the Barthel Index in the acute stage in patients with severe stroke

OBJECTIVE: It was the aim of this study to compare the Barthel Index (BI) and the activities of daily living (ADL) component of the Activity Index [AI(ADL)] regarding floor and ceiling effects, responsiveness and the predictive value for survival during the first week until 3 months after stroke onset. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Basic ADL were assessed in 75 patients with ischaemic stroke. RESULTS: There was a strong concordance between BI and AI(ADL) scores at all time points (Kendall's taub = 0.7878, p < 0.0001 at baseline; Kendall's taub = 0.8901, p < 0.0001 at 1 week; Kendall's taub = 0.9027, p < 0.0001 at 3 months). BI had a significantly more pronounced floor effect at baseline and at 1 week compared with AI(ADL) in patients with severe stroke. Both scales had a substantial ceiling effect at 3 months. At 1 week, the baseline BI score was significantly higher in patients being alive as compared with those who had died, while their AI(ADL) score did not differ significantly. At 3 months, baseline BI and AI(ADL) scores were significantly higher in patients being alive as compared with those who had died. The predictive value of being alive at 1 week and 3 months did not differ between BI and AI(ADL). CONCLUSION: AI(ADL) is recommended to be used in addition as a complement to BI in patients with severe stroke since the floor effect with BI in the acute stage is significantly more pronounced than with AI(ADL), thus hampering the responsiveness.     

Stroke recovery profile and the Modified Rankin assessment

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the Modified Rankin Scale (MRS) and poststroke recovery in neurological deficits, activities of daily living (ADL), higher level of physical and social functioning and the patients' preference for health state. METHODS: Four hundred and fifty-nine participants in the Kansas City Stroke Study were prospectively assessed for measures of MRS, NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Barthel ADL, SF-36 physical functioning, SF-36 social functioning, and Time Trade-Off (TTO). ANOVA and Bonferroni multiple comparisons were used to examine any differences in 3-month scores of NIHSS, Barthel ADL, SF-36 physical functioning, SF-36 social functioning and TTO between levels of the MRS. In addition, SF-36 physical functioning, SF-36 social functioning and TTO were characterized in patients who demonstrated improvement in global MRS outcome and also achieved a Barthel Index (BI) > or = 95 at 3 months after stroke. RESULTS: Two hundred and eighty patients (62%) shifted at least one grade in MRS from baseline to 3 months after stroke. Only 67 or 194 patients were considered to have a favorable outcome using MRS 0/1 or MRS 0/1/2, respectively, as criteria. Mean 3-month NIHSS and Barthel ADL scores were not significantly different between Rankin 0/1 and 2, but they were significantly different among Rankin 3, 4 and 5 (all p < 0.05). Mean 3-month scores of physical functioning and SF-36 social functioning were significantly different among Rankin 0/1, 2, 3 and 4 (all pairwise p < 0.05). Proportions of patients who achieved NIHSS < or = 1 or BI > or = 95 decreased as MRS grades worsened. In patients who showed improvement in MRS global outcome and also achieved BI > or = 95, mean scores on TTO were similar. CONCLUSIONS: Definition of favorable outcomes should include transition in the Modified Rankin score rather than MRS dichotomized as 0/1 or 0/1/2 because patients with transition in MRS scores have improvement in ADL, increased higher level of functioning and higher utility for health state.     

Outcome in very severe stroke

Functional outcome after stroke with severe disability (Barthel Index<60 points) was analyzed retrospectively in one hundred patients, including seventy-three with nonhemorrhagic stroke and twenty-seven with hemorrhagic stroke admitted to our neurorehabilitation center between 1986 and 2000. Neurological deficits and functional disabilities were assessed with the Barthel Index at admission to rehabilitation and after the rehabilitation program in survivors. The rehabilitation therapy was based on the Bobath concept. Patients were not discharged until neurological and functional stability had been reached. There was no difference for age, length of stay, Barthel Index scores at admission and discharged between the groups. Gain in the Barthel Index scores between admission and discharge (p=0.005) resulted from more efficiency in the group with hemorrhagic stroke. These patients appeared to exhibit better functional gain at discharge from rehabilitation than nonhemorrhagic patients. This observation points out that long-term outcome is also better for patients who experience hemorrhagic stroke.     

Early TNF-α levels correlate with ischaemic stroke severity

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to evaluate the levels of an important proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum in acute stroke and to study the relation between those and the neurological stroke severity and functional disability. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The investigations comprised 23 ischaemic stroke patients. CSF and blood samples were obtained 24 h after the onset of stroke, and stored until analysis. Patients were examined according to Scandinavian Stroke Scale (SSS) and to Barthel Index (BI). RESULTS: The patients displayed statistically significant high levels of TNF-alpha in CSF and sera within the first 24 h of stroke. These correlated significantly with SSS and BI scores calculated within the same interval, and 1 and 2 weeks later. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest the involvement of TNF-alpha in mechanisms of early stroke-induced inflammation and a predictive value of the initial TNF-alpha levels for the outcome of stroke.     

脑卒中后中枢性面瘫闭目乏力与脑卒中预后的关系

目的探讨脑卒中后中枢性面瘫闭目乏力与脑卒中预后的关系。方法观察1年内所有起病7d内的脑卒中患者,入院当天使用拉力测量器测量双眼闭目力量,按测量结果分为中枢性面瘫伴闭目乏力和不伴闭目乏力两组,比较两组入院当天、发病第7、14、21、30天的美国国立卫生院脑卒中量表评分(National Institute of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)以及发病第30、90、180天的Barthel指数(Barthel index,BI)、修正Rankin量表评分(modified Rankin Scale,mRS)。结果入院当天2组的NIHSS无统计学差异,而伴闭目乏力者在脑卒中发病第21和30天的NIHSS较不伴闭目乏力者高(P<0.05)。在脑卒中发病第30、90、180天,伴闭目乏力者的BI≥85的比例比不伴闭目乏力者低;在脑卒中发病第90、180天,伴闭目乏力者的mRS≤2的比例比不伴闭目乏力者低。结论脑卒中后中枢性面瘫伴闭目乏力提示较差的预后。     

Nucleosomes in serum of patients with early cerebral stroke

BACKGROUND: Nucleosomes are cell death products that are elevated in serum of patients with diseases that are associated with massive cell destruction. We investigated the kinetics of circulating nucleosomes after cerebral stroke and their correlation with the clinical status. METHODS: In total, we analyzed nucleosomes by ELISA in sera of 63 patients with early stroke daily during the first week after onset. For correlation with the clinical pathology, patients were grouped into those with medium to slight functional impairment (Barthel Index BI >or=50) and those with severe functional impairment (BI<50). RESULTS: Patients with BI >or=50 showed a continuous increase in nucleosomes until day 5 (median: 523 arbitrary units, AU) followed by a slow decline. In contrast, patients with BI<50 showed a steeper initial increase reaching a maximum already on day 3 (869 AU). Both, days after stroke (p < 0.001) and BI (p < 0.001), had a significant influence on nucleosome concentrations, respectively. Consistently, patients with BI<50 had a significantly larger area under the curve (AUC/day) of nucleosome values during the first week after stroke (800 AU) than patients with BI >or=50 (497 AU; p=0.031). Concerning the infarction volume, nucleosomes showed significant correlations for the concentrations on day 3 (r=0.43; p=0.001) and for the area under the curve (r=0.34; p=0.016). CONCLUSION: Even if nucleosomes are nonspecific cell death markers, their release into serum after cerebral stroke correlates with the gross functional status as well as with the infarction volume and can be considered as biochemical correlative to the severity of stroke.