大型听神经瘤的显微手术入路探讨

目的 探讨切除大型听神经瘤的手术入路、操作技巧及治疗效果。方法对55例大型听神经瘤患者采用显微手术治疗，其中经枕下-乙状窦后入路手术治疗45例，经岩骨乙状窦前入路手术治疗10例。结果肿瘤全切49例，次全切除6例。面神经解剖保留率为85．45％（47155）。术后随访1年，面神经解剖保留者中有35例面神经功能获得满意恢复。经岩骨乙状窦前入路并发症多见。结论经枕下-乙状窦后入路显微手术切除大型听神经瘤，可获得满意的面神经解剖学保留与功能保护，能明显降低并发症的发生率。     

经岩骨四种联合入路临床运用的初步经验

报告经岩骨四种联合入路手术治疗颅内大型肿瘤３０例。经迷路经小脑幕入路切除听神经瘤１８例，经乳突经小脑幕入路切除其它桥小脑角肿瘤７例，后者与颞下入路联合切除中、后颅窝亚铃型肿瘤２例，与乙状窦后入路联合切除桥小脑角脑膜瘤３例。肿瘤全切除率为９０％，术后重残或死亡３例。本文着重对手术方法，手术适应证和手术后并发症的防治进行简要讨论。     

颞下-经小脑幕入路切除复发性听神经瘤

自1973年1月到1984年12月,采用颞下-经小脑 幕入路切除6例复发性听神经瘤。6例中5例第一次手术是经常用的枕下入路将肿瘤部分切除,术后7个月到7年病人因肿瘤复发再次入院。第二次手术均采用颞下-经小脑幕入路,有2例肿瘤全切,3例肿瘤次全切除;另1例第一次由耳科医生经迷路后入路,将肿瘤部分切除,6个月后因肿瘤复发再次入院,第二次手术采用枕下入路,亦部分地切除了肿瘤,1年后,病人又出现颅内压增高症状入院,第三次手术采用颞下-经小脑幕入路,终于将肿瘤全切除。治疗结果:5例恢复原工作或轻工作,1例由于视力障碍需别人照顾。 文中简要地介绍了6例病人的治疗情况,讨论了复发性听神经瘤的手术入路,颞下-经小脑幕入路的操作方法,以及此入路的优缺点。     

面神经功能保留角度探讨小型听神经瘤的治疗

目的从面神经功能保留角度探讨小型听神经瘤治疗方法的选择。方法回顾性分析直径1～3cm的听神经瘤43例,所有肿瘤均经MRI确诊,手术方法采用乙状窦后入路,对患者进行术前、术后面神经功能测定。结果小型听神经瘤经乙状窦后入路手术切除后,术后2W内面神经功能Ⅰ～Ⅲ级占77％,长期随访面神经功能Ⅰ～Ⅲ级占87％。结论采用乙状窦后入路切除小型听神经瘤对面神经的功能保留率较高,但是保留率不如立体定向放射外科,且手术并发症相对较高。     

大型听神经瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨显微手术切除大型听神经瘤的入路和方法。方法 经枕下入路显微手术切除大型听神经瘤226例,其中锁孔手术93例。结果 肿瘤全切除193例,次全切除33例。术后死亡1例。术后出现肿瘤部位血肿4例。术中面神经解剖保留205例。177例出院后随访2月~13年,面神经House-Brachmann分级Ⅰ~Ⅲ级143例,Ⅲ级以上34例。结论 枕下入路是显微手术切除大型听神经瘤的有效入路,并能较好地保留面神经功能;强调术中监测,仔细、耐心操作以便保留面神经的功能;当肿瘤与面神经或脑干粘连紧时勿强求肿瘤全切;锁孔手术完全可以达到切除大型听神经瘤要求,损伤小。     

显微手术治疗岩斜区肿瘤

目的总结岩斜区肿瘤显微手术的经验。方法岩斜区肿瘤18例，均经显微手术治疗。6例脑膜瘤经乙状窦后入路，3例脑膜瘤经岩入路（幕上幕下联合或乙状窦前入路），4例脑膜瘤、1例听神经瘤和1例胆脂瘤经改良的乙状窦前入路，2例脊索瘤和1例转移瘤经口鼻蝶入路切除。结果12例肿瘤全切除，次全切除5例，大部切除1例，无死亡。结论显微手术是治疗岩斜区肿瘤的有效方法。     

枕下入路显微手术切除大型听神经瘤

目的 探讨显微手术切除大型听神经瘤的入路和方法。方法 经枕下入路显微手术切除大型听神经瘤33例。结果 全切除29例，次全切除4例，无术后血肿、CSF漏及空气栓塞发生，无死亡；随访2月－4年，均能参加正常工作和学习，遗留永久性面瘫3例。结论 枕下乙状窦后入路显微手术是大型听神经瘤的最佳入路和方法，并能较好的保留听、面神经功能。手术应强调仔细、耐心操作。     

乙状窦后入路显微手术切除大型听神经瘤的临床研究

目的 探讨经乙状窦后入路显微镜下切除大型听神经瘤的手术技巧,减少神经损伤和并发症. 方法 采用经乙状窦后入路显微手术切除大型听神经瘤21例,对肿瘤暴露、显微手术技巧、手术中特殊情况及并发症进行分析. 结果肿瘤全切除18例,次全切除3例,面神经功能保留17例,听力保留5例.术中出现心跳短暂停止1例,术后短期并发症4例,无死亡病例.结论 经乙状窦后入路显微镜下的切除大型听神经瘤是安全的手术方法 ,良好的手术技巧、对解剖的熟悉是全切肿瘤、减少神经损伤和并发症的关键.     

乙状窦后入路显微手术切除大型听神经瘤的临床研究

目的 探讨经乙状窦后入路显微镜下切除大型听神经瘤的手术技巧,减少神经损伤和并发症. 方法 采用经乙状窦后入路显微手术切除大型听神经瘤21例,对肿瘤暴露、显微手术技巧、手术中特殊情况及并发症进行分析. 结果肿瘤全切除18例,次全切除3例,面神经功能保留17例,听力保留5例.术中出现心跳短暂停止1例,术后短期并发症4例,无死亡病例.结论 经乙状窦后入路显微镜下的切除大型听神经瘤是安全的手术方法 ,良好的手术技巧、对解剖的熟悉是全切肿瘤、减少神经损伤和并发症的关键.     

乙状窦后入路显微手术切除大型听神经瘤的临床研究

目的 探讨经乙状窦后入路显微镜下切除大型听神经瘤的手术技巧,减少神经损伤和并发症. 方法 采用经乙状窦后入路显微手术切除大型听神经瘤21例,对肿瘤暴露、显微手术技巧、手术中特殊情况及并发症进行分析. 结果肿瘤全切除18例,次全切除3例,面神经功能保留17例,听力保留5例.术中出现心跳短暂停止1例,术后短期并发症4例,无死亡病例.结论 经乙状窦后入路显微镜下的切除大型听神经瘤是安全的手术方法 ,良好的手术技巧、对解剖的熟悉是全切肿瘤、减少神经损伤和并发症的关键.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.