心血管病危险因素

Determ inants of the effects of physicaltraining and of the com plications re-quiring resuscitation during exercise inpatients w ith cardiovascular disease.European Journal of CardiovascularPrevention&Rehabilitation2004;11(4):304-12心血管疾病患者体育锻炼效果和运动中可恢复并发症的决定因素Alcohol consum ption and cardiovascu-lar disease:differential effects inFrance and Northern Ireland.EuropeanJournal of Cardiovascular Prevention&Rehabilitation2004;11(4):336-43酒精用量和心血管疾病的关系在法…     

Cardiovascular complications and endothelial dysfunction in primary vasculitis

Russian and foreign data on development of atherosclerosis in patients with primary vasculitis are analysed. The discussion covers the role of risk factors, features of pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in primary vasculitis, diagnostic and therapeutic methods in this disease.     

Cardiovascular risk factors and dementia

Background: Dementias, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia, are disorders of aging populations and represent a significant economic burden. Evidence is accumulating to suggest that cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors may be instrumental in the development of dementia.Objective: The goal of this review was to discuss the relationship between specific CVD risk factors and dementia and how current treatment strategies for dementia should focus on reducing CVD risks.Methods: We conducted a review of the literature for the simultaneous presence of 2 major topics, cardiovascular risk factors and dementia (eg, AD). Special emphasis was placed on clinical outcome studies examining the effects of treatments of pharmacologically modifiable CVD risk factors on dementia and cognitive impairment.Results: Lifestyle risk factors for CVD, such as obesity, lack of exercise, smoking, and certain psychosocial factors, have been associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia. Some evidence suggests that effectively managing these factors may prevent cognitive decline/dementia. Randomized, placebo-controlled trials of antihypertensive medications have found that such therapy may reduce the risk of cognitive decline, and limited data suggest a benefit for patients with AD. Some small open-label and randomized clinical trials of statins have observed positive effects on cognitive function; larger studies of statins in patients with AD are ongoing. Although more research is needed, current evidence indicates an association between CVD risk factors—such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus—and cognitive decline/dementia.Conclusions: From a clinical perspective, these data further support the rationale for physicians to provide effective management of CVD risk factors and for patients to be compliant with such recommendations to possibly prevent cognitive decline/dementia.118)     

Cardiovascular disease and modifiable cardiometabolic risk factors

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States and many parts of the world. Potentially modifiable risk factors for CVD include tobacco use, physical inactivity, hypertension, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and a cluster of interrelated metabolic risk factors. Over the last several decades, efforts to prevent or treat CVD risk factors have resulted in significantly lower rates of CVD-related mortality. However, many patients never achieve adequate control of CVD risk factors even when these factors have been identified. In addition, the growing prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) threatens to undermine the improvements in CVD that have been achieved. In the United States, approximately two thirds of adults are overweight or obese, and even modest excess body weight is associated with a significantly increased risk of CVD-related mortality. Lifestyle interventions to promote weight loss reduce the risk of CVD-related illness but are difficult for patients to sustain over long periods of time. The increased incidence of obesity has also contributed to significant increases in the prevalence of other important CVD risk factors, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and type 2 DM. Pharmacologic therapies are currently available to address individual CVD risk factors, and others are being evaluated, including endocannabinoid receptor antagonists, inhibitors of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor subtypes alpha and gamma, and several agents that modulate the activity of glucagon-like peptide-1. The new agents have the potential to significantly improve several CVD risk factors with a single medication and may provide clinicians with several new strategies to reduce the long-term risk of CVD.     

Cardiovascular risk factors and collateral artery formation

Arterial lumen narrowing and vascular occlusion is the actual cause of morbidity and mortality in atherosclerotic disease. Collateral artery formation (arteriogenesis) refers to an active remodelling of non-functional vascular anastomoses to functional collateral arteries, capable to bypass the site of obstruction and preserve the tissue that is jeopardized by ischaemia. Hemodynamic forces such as shear stress and wall stress play a pivotal role in collateral artery formation, accompanied by the expression of various cytokines and invasion of circulating leucocytes. Arteriogenesis hence represents an important compensatory mechanism for atherosclerotic vessel occlusion. As arteriogenesis mostly occurs when lumen narrowing by atherosclerotic plaques takes place, presence of cardiovascular risk factors (e.g. hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and diabetes) is highly likely. Risk factors for atherosclerotic disease affect collateral artery growth directly and indirectly by altering hemodynamic forces or influencing cellular function and proliferation. Adequate collateralization varies significantly among atherosclerotic patients, some profit from the presence of extensive collateral networks, whereas others do not. Cardiovascular risk factors could increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular events in certain patients because of the reduced protection through an alternative vascular network. Likewise, drugs primarily thought to control cardiovascular risk factors might contribute or counteract collateral artery growth. This review summarizes current knowledge on the influence of cardiovascular risk factors and the effects of cardiovascular medication on the development of collateral vessels in experimental and clinical studies.     

Cardiovascular risk factors in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients

Background. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the major cause of mortality and morbidity of hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. We aimed to investigate the cardiovascular risk factors and their correlation with CVD in groups of HD and CAPD patients. Methods. Thirty HD patients, 30 CAPD patients and 30 healthy controls were included in the study. Apolipoprotein A‐l (apo A‐l), apolipoprotein B (apo B), apolipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and high‐sensitivity CRP (hs‐CRP) were measured with a Beckman Coulter nephelometer, and homocysteine (Hcy) was determined with an Agilent HPLC analyzer. Lipid profile was determined with a Synchron ^®LX 20 Pro analyzer. Results. Hcy levels were 41.9±19.4, 41.8±38.5 and 9.3±3.5?µmol/L; Lp(a) levels were 325±315, 431±367 and 130±97?mg/L; hs‐CRP levels were 3.78±3.21, 4.34±3.39 and 2.07±1.67?mg/L; apo A1/apo B ratios were 1.46±0.6, 1.36±0.5 and 1.80±0.59; total cholesterol levels were 3.56±0.7, 4.84±1.1 and 4.39±0.5?mmol/L; triglycerides were 1.44±0.5, 1.60±0.8 and 0.85±0.5?mmol/L in the HD, CAPD and control groups, respectively. Conclusion. HD and CAPD patients had higher Hcy, hs‐CRP and Lp(a) levels and lower apo A/B ratios than controls. There was no significant difference between the HD and CAPD groups. Hypertension, age and hs‐CRP showed a positive correlation with CVD.     

Cardiovascular risk factors in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients

BACKGROUND. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the major cause of mortality and morbidity of hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. We aimed to investigate the cardiovascular risk factors and their correlation with CVD in groups of HD and CAPD patients. METHODS. Thirty HD patients, 30 CAPD patients and 30 healthy controls were included in the study. Apolipoprotein A-l (apo A-l), apolipoprotein B (apo B), apolipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) were measured with a Beckman Coulter nephelometer, and homocysteine (Hcy) was determined with an Agilent HPLC analyzer. Lipid profile was determined with a Synchron LX 20 Pro analyzer. RESULTS. Hcy levels were 41.9+/-19.4, 41.8+/-38.5 and 9.3+/-3.5 micromol/L; Lp(a) levels were 325+/-315, 431+/-367 and 130+/-97 mg/L; hs-CRP levels were 3.78+/-3.21, 4.34+/-3.39 and 2.07+/-1.67 mg/L; apo A1/apo B ratios were 1.46+/-0.6, 1.36+/-0.5 and 1.80+/-0.59; total cholesterol levels were 3.56+/-0.7, 4.84+/-1.1 and 4.39+/-0.5 mmol/L; triglycerides were 1.44+/-0.5, 1.60+/-0.8 and 0.85+/-0.5 mmol/L in the HD, CAPD and control groups, respectively. CONCLUSION. HD and CAPD patients had higher Hcy, hs-CRP and Lp(a) levels and lower apo A/B ratios than controls. There was no significant difference between the HD and CAPD groups. Hypertension, age and hs-CRP showed a positive correlation with CVD.     

Cardiovascular disease risk factors in Korean American elderly

An in-depth cardiovascular risk factor assessment was carried out in a sample of 205 Korean American elderly in Maryland, consisting of 75 males and 130 females aged 60 to 89 years (mean age = 69.9 +/- 6.5 years). Six risk factors were assessed in each participant: high blood pressure, current smoking, high blood cholesterol, overweight, sedentary lifestyle, and diabetes. The findings of this cross-sectional study suggested that high blood pressure was the leading cardiovascular disease risk factor among Korean American elderly (71%), followed by high blood cholesterol (53%), overweight (43%), sedentary life style (24%), diabetes (18%), and smoking (7%). Two thirds of the sample had multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors. The pattern of prevalence and risk factors that was observed was consistent with the distribution of multiple risk factors in that the combination of high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and overweight was most common in Korean American elderly (62%). These findings indicate that culturally relevant and salient strategies are needed to reduce multiple risk factors in this population.     

Cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle habits among preventive cardiovascular nurses

The cornerstone of cardiovascular disease prevention is the promotion of a healthy lifestyle and the identification and reduction of cardiovascular risk factors. Cardiology nurses play a major role in counseling patients about lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors. We used an e-mail survey to elicit self-reported prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and healthy lifestyles among the Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association (PCNA) members and compared their risk profiles with published data for American cardiologists, the Nurses' Health Study 2, and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey data for women. RESULTS: A total of 1,345 complete surveys were collected. The respondents were mostly women (96%), with mean (SD) age of 47.4 (8.7) years. More than 95% were not cigarette smokers, more than 50% had a healthy body mass index (<25), and more than 56% achieved the recommended levels of physical activity. Nevertheless, obesity (body mass index ≥ 30) was a health risk in one-fifth of PCNA respondents. The rates of hypertension (17%) and dyslipidemia (15%) were lower than rates reported in other national samples; however, the rate for family history of premature heart disease (20%) was similar to those reported in national samples. Since family history of premature heart disease may be a more significant risk factor in women, PCNA respondents with such a family history may require targeted interventions to further reduce their risk and improve their lifestyle behaviors. CONCLUSION: PCNA nurses have more favorable lifestyle profiles compared with national samples. It can be expected that nurses who know their risk factors and who follow healthy lifestyle behaviors will be more effective in these counseling roles.     

Cardiovascular risk factors and the long-term outcome of lupus nephritis

We evaluated cardiovascular risk factors, morbidity and mortality in patients with lupus nephritis (LN). We prospectively studied 70 consecutive patients with LN, and 70 age- and sex-matched controls with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) but no evidence of nephropathy, from 1988 to 1998. Patients were evaluated at entry for hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, smoking, menopause and antiphospholipid syndrome. The LN patients (64 women, 6 men) had a mean age of 35 years (SE 1.7, range 11-67). During the 10 years, 15 (21%) LN patients and 18 (25%) of the controls were lost to follow-up. Compared with controls, LN patients had a higher prevalence of hyperlipidaemia (44% vs. 2%, p<0.001), hypertension (44% vs. 9%, p<0.001) and antiphospholipid antibodies (45% vs. 22%, p=0.01) at study onset. At the last visit, 37 (67%) LN patients had normal plasma creatinine, 13 (24%) had renal failure and only five (9%) end-stage renal failure. Hyperlipidaemia (78% vs. 27%, p<0.001) and hypertension (67% vs. 32%, p=0.01) at study onset were associated with development of renal failure. Nine LN patients and one control died (16% vs. 2%, p=0.02). These patients showed more antiphospholipid syndrome (56% vs. 17%, p=0.03) and hyperlipidaemia (78% vs. 37%, p=0.03) at study onset. The main causes of death in LN patients were vascular complications (cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events) in five patients (four of whom had antiphospholipid antibodies) and sepsis in three.     

Endothelial dysfunction and risk factors in coronary heart disease

The subjects of the study were 64 patients with coronary heart disease, and 38 healthy individuals. In order to evaluate the degree of endothelial dysfunction (ED) reactive hyperemia test was performed; the degree of the relative increase of the brachial artery diameter, and the level of desquamated endothelial cells circulating in blood (CEC) were used as criteria of this dysfunction. Only in 6.5% of the controls signs of ED (endothelium-dependent vasodilatation (EDVD) less than 10% and the number of CEC being greater than 5 in the field of vision) was noted. In group II the signs of ED were registered in 40% of patients, in group III--in 59% of patients (p < 0.05). In patients with no standard risk factors or with only one of them, both tests revealed no signs of ED, while the presence of 4 or more risk factors lead to a 6-fold increase of the relative frequency of ED.     

Cardiovascular diseases and erectile dysfunction

Until recently, erectile dysfunction (ED) has been considered to be psychogenic in nature in most cases. Advances in our knowledge about the physiology of erection and the pathophysiology of ED have clarified that it is due to organic causes in most cases. Atherosclerosis-associated intraorgan lesion is most frequently encountered. ED is closely related to common cardiovascular risk factors, such as diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, physical inactivity. Endothelial dysfunction is of great and universal importance for the genesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and ED. As a manifestation of endothelial dysfunction, ED is an independent risk factor for CVD since vascular endothelial damage is one of the first stages of atherosclerotic plaque formation. ED is an early symptom that is suggestive of atherosclerotic lesion of arterial vessels, coronary arteries in particular. The first manifestation of atherosclerosis in the large arteries is frequently the life-threatening complications myocardial infarction or stroke, which underlines the importance of timely detection of early-stage vascular system lesions. Understanding ED of arteriogenic origin as an early sign of vascular lesion gives a clinician the unique chance to take preventive measures that can prevent complications of CVD.     

Cardiovascular and thrombophilic risk factors for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss

BACKGROUND: In recent years there has been a significant increase in the diagnosis of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) in western, countries with an incidence of 20 of 100,000 people affected every year. No clear causes for this disease have been found thus far, but cochlear ischemia has been hypothesized in patients in whom an infectious episode or acoustic neurinoma have been excluded. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this case-control study was to investigate a number of acquired and inherited thrombophilic risk factors [antithrombin, protein C and S; factor V (FV) Leiden, FII polymorphism; lupus anticoagulant (LA); anticardiolipin (aCL) antibodies; fasting homocysteine (Hcy); lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)); plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)] in addition to cardiovascular risk factors in patients with idiopathic SSHL (ISSHL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We investigated 155 patients (67 male/88 female; age: 55 (range 19-79 years) with a diagnosis of ISSHL within 30 days from the onset of symptoms, and 155 controls (67 male/88 female; age 54 (range 19-78 years). Fasting Hcy levels were significantly higher in patients than in controls [11.6 (6.7-60) micromol/L vs. 8.7 (5.0-24) micromol/L] as well as PAI-1 levels [19 (2-95) mg/dL vs. 14.5 (4.0-87) mg/dL]. Lupus anticoagulant was present in 13 of 155 (8.4%) patients; 20 patients (12.9%) had positivity of aCL (four IgM and 16 IgG). In no patient was a deficiency of physiological clotting inhibitors antithrombin, protein C and protein S found. No significant differences between patients and controls were observed for Lp(a) plasma levels [111 (1-1146) mg/L vs. 103 (11-695) mg/L] and for the presence of FV Leiden (4.5% vs. 4.5%) and FII variant G20210A (3.8% vs. 3.2%). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Independent risk factors for ISSHL at the multivariate analysis (adjusted for age, sex and the traditional cardiovascular risk factors) were the positivity of aCL: OR 5.6 (95% CI 2.0-15.3); cholesterol levels within the second and third tertiles (with respect to the first tertile): T2 = OR 4.8 (95% CI 1.9-12.6)/T3 = OR 19 (95% CI 7-50.1); PAI-1 and Hcy levels within the third tertile (with respect to the first tertile): OR 20 (95% CI 7.8-78) and OR 4.0 (95% CI 2.0-8.1), respectively. These preliminary data suggest that hypercholesterolemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, elevated PAI-1 levels and anticardiolipin antibodies are associated with ISSHL, so indirectly supporting the hypothesis of a vascular occlusion in the pathogenesis of the disease.     

Cardiovascular risk factors and socioeconomic status in African American and Caucasian women

Self-reported cardiovascular risk factors of obesity, physical inactivity, and smoking in African American and Caucasian women in North Carolina were compared, controlling for socioeconomic status (SES). Participants were 1,945 women aged 23 to 53 years; 20.1% African American and 79.9% Caucasian. Of the African American women, 38.8% were obese, 51.7% were inactive, and 31.2% smoked; of the Caucasians, 19.9% were obese, 31.2% were inactive, and 33.8% smoked. SES differed significantly by race (p < 0.001). Low and middle SES African American women were much more likely than high SES African Americans to be obese, inactive, and smokers. Among Caucasian women, those with low SES had the greatest prevalence for all three risk factors. After controlling for income and education, African American women were more than twice as likely as Caucasian women to be obese and to be inactive, but were only half as likely to smoke. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 21: 285–295, 1998     

心血管病危险因素自我管理与自我效能的相关分析

[目的]探讨心血管痛(CVD)危险因素的自我管理行为与自我效能之间的关系,寻求相应的预防措施.[方法]采用CVD危险因素自我管理行为问卷和自我效能量表调查217例CVD病人的自我管理行为和自我效能,分析两者的相关性.[结果]cVD病人自我管理行为总体处于中等偏下水平.心血管病危险因素的自我管理行为总体及各分项与自我效能呈正相关(P相似文献   

肾移植术后勃起功能障碍的机制及危险因素分析

阴茎勃起的过程是一个复杂的多因素调控过程,它包括中枢神经系统的性唤起、外周神经系统的信号传递、阴茎海绵体血管舒张以及静脉被动闭塞引发充血等一系列过程。在分子水平上,勃起过程依赖于支配血管平滑肌的舒张神经和收缩神经的精确动态调控,各种化学信号比如性激素、NO、内皮素、PGE-1的相互作用等等。任何水平的、系统性或局灶性的、器质性或功能性的障碍都将导致勃起功能障碍(erectile dysfunction,ED)的发生,从而不能完成满意的性交行为。研究表明终末期肾病能够在多个环节上对勃起功能产生负面影响。诱发终末期肾病患者ED发生的病理生理机制包括:内分泌因素、血管因素、神经因素、心理因素、血液因素和药理学等因素[1]。肾移植作为治疗终末期肾病最有效的手段已经得到了广泛认可。随着移植技术的普及和成熟,接受肾移植治疗的终末期肾病患者数量逐年增长,然而肾移植对终末期肾病患者勃起功能的作用仍然存在疑问[2,3]。移植受者移植后ED涉及到多个因素,包括心理因素、神经因素、血管因素和内分泌因素等[4],本文的主要目的在于对肾移植术后ED的机制及危险因素进行简单的总结。