A case of an additional right external iliac vein surrounding the right external iliac artery and lacking the right common iliac vein

A case of an additional right external iliac vein lacking a right common iliac vein was found in an 84-year-old female cadaver during a dissection course at Aichi Medical University in 2014. The findings are reported and discussed from the embryological and clinical viewpoints. The right and left iliac venous systems were macroscopically observed with attention to the homonymous arteries and the inferior vena cava. In this cadaver, a preaortic external iliac vein originated from a right external iliac vein and drained directly into the inferior vena cava. The preaortic and right external iliac veins surrounded the right external iliac artery. In addition, the right internal iliac vein drained into the left common iliac vein, and the right obturator vein drained into the right external iliac vein. Our findings suggested that normal external iliac veins developed from the ventral limb of the iliac venous system in this case. Our case has clinical importance for surgical complications such as hemorrhages in pelvic operations, phlebography, and especially central venous cauterization of the right femoral vein.     

左髂外静脉血管囊性外膜变性一例

患者男,54岁.主因右下肢水肿,活动受限于2006年7月8日入院.曾在当地某医院诊断有下肢血栓,治疗后未见好转而来本院.体检:右下肢指凹性水肿,浅静脉曲张,皮肤暗紫色,疼痛,活动时加重.     

Isolated bilateral external iliac vein aplasia

We present a case of 11-year-old girl with a history of prominent superficial veins over abdomen and thorax since birth. A superficial vein extending from either inguinal region joined in umbilical region and extended up to right supraclavicular region. Other features of Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome like nevus, limb edema were absent. On radiological investigations both external iliac veins could not be visualized and venous return from lower limbs was draining into the right subclavian vein via these superficial veins. Both external iliac veins could not be identified during surgery.     

髂内、外静脉注入部位变异1例

据《中国人体质调查续集》一书,髂内静脉的类型:1支型为(74.50±4.32),2支型为(24.51±4.26)%,3支型为(0.98±0.98)%,而1支型的髂内静脉均注入同侧髂总静脉。作者在解剖1具老年男性尸体时发现其右髂总静脉缺如、右髂内静脉注入左髂总静脉、右髂外静脉注入下腔静脉变异,现报道如下:该例标本右侧髂内静脉的收集范围正常,其由属支形成后伴髂内动脉和髂总动脉行向内上方,在骶骨岬的前方注入左髂总静脉,其长5.56cm,注入处压扁外径1.18cm;而右髂外静脉由股静脉延续后伴髂外动脉和髂总动脉行向内上方,在第5腰椎下缘与左髂总静脉相互汇合形成下腔静…     

Right internal iliac vein joining the left common iliac vein: case report demonstrated by CT angiography

An unusual variation of the iliac veins was detected by computed tomography (CT) angiography in a 35-year-old man. In coronal CT reconstructions, it was shown that the right internal iliac vein of this patient crossed to the left side and drained to the left common iliac vein. This variation is important in retroperitoneal, laparoscopic and orthopedic surgery. We present the CT findings and discuss the embryological origin of this unusual congenital anomaly.

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Veine iliaque interne droite tributaire de la veine iliaque commune gauche. Un cas découvert par angio-scanner

Résumé Une variation inhabituelle des veines iliaques a été découverte par tomodensitométrie chez un malade de 35 ans. Les reconstructions coronales ont montré que la veine iliaque interne droite du patient croisait la ligne médiane vers la gauche pour se drainer dans la veine iliaque commune gauche. Cette variation est importante à connaître en chirurgie rétro-péritonéale, laparoscopique et orthopédique. Nous présentons les documents obtenus par tomodensitométrie et discutons l'origine embryologique de cette anomalie congénitale rare.

     

Spontaneous rupture of a left gastroepiploic artery aneurysm

Gastroepiploic aneurysms are extremely rare. They occur mainly in elderly men and in 90% of cases are ruptured at presentation. Visceral aneurysms though rare should be borne in mind in cases of unexplained haemorrhagic shock. We present a case of a 79-year-old man who presented with abdominal pain, hypotension and anaemia but no obvious source of bleeding. He had undergone a prior aorto-bifemoral graft. The patient refused an operation and died the following day.     

左髂总静脉的形态学研究及其临床意义

目的：研究左髂总静脉（LCIV）受压部位及相邻节段的结构特征,以探讨LCIV受压段的血管重塑及力学特性.方法：解剖80例成年尸体（男42例,女38例）,观测LCIV受压段及相邻节段外径、右髂总动脉（RCIA）与LCIV的相交角度以及右髂总静脉（RCIV）相应部位的外径;随机选择18例标本采用 Masson染色,观测受压段及其近侧、远侧段以及对侧相应部位的平滑肌（SM）、弹力纤维（EF）、胶原纤维（CF）等组织成分的变化.结果：受压段静脉管壁塌陷、菲薄.与对侧相应部位及受压处近侧和远侧段相比,受压处管径扩大（P＜0.01）;与RCIV比较,LCIV各节段SM相对含量降低,而CF和EF相对含量增加（P＜0.05）;与相邻节段相比,除近侧段的EF以外,其他各项指标差异都具有显著的统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论：（1）LCIV的受压,引起血流动力学改变,诱导血管重塑,管壁弹性成分改建以及粘连结构的出现.（2）上述形态改变进一步引起血流动力学紊乱,从而加剧组织学的改变.（3）这一系列变化可能是导致髂-股静脉血栓形成和髂静脉压迫综合征发生的重要原因.     

Spontaneous rupture of the kidney

Two cases of spontaneous rupture of the kidney manifesting as acute abdomen are described. In both cases urgent transabdominal nephrectomy was carried out. The whole distal half of the kidney was tumorous and rupture, with extensive perirenal and retroperitoneal haemorrhage. Histological findings showed in the first instance renal liposarcoma, in the second instance an atypical lipoma of the kidney. The first patient survives 4 years, the second one year, after the operation both are in a good condition.     

Spontaneous esophageal rupture

Five observations of spontaneous ruptures of oesophagus with a recovery of one patient are described. Acute start, early development of the oesophageal wall phlegmona at the site of rupture followed by a bacterial shock were observed in all patients. Early drainage of the mediastinal tissues with an aspiration favoured the localization of the processes and accelerated the healing of the oesophageal wall. Mature scars were found 4 months after the rupture. Morphological study of the oesophageal wall after the rupture revealed the disturbances of the neuro-muscular coordination of the wall this being documented by a muscle atrophy in the circular layer of oesophagus. A term "spontaneous rupture" may be accepted symbolically as the morphological study indicates the alterations of muscle layers that precede the rupture and under the circumstances of an increased pressure on the oesophageal walls during vomiting may facilitate the rupture.     

左侧下肢静脉曲张患者左髂总静脉受压的CT影像研究

目的 探讨左下肢静脉曲张患者左侧髂总静脉受压迫情况,以及左髂总静脉狭窄与性别、年龄的关系及其临床意义。方法 收集2013年11月-2019年2月在南通大学第三附属医院行下肢静脉CT造影(CTV)的263例左侧下肢静脉曲张患者的CTV资料进行回顾性分析。其中男144例、女119例,年龄18～88(61.9±11.9)岁。将患者按年龄分为18～45、46～55、56～65、66～75和≥76岁组。在CTV矢状位重建图像上,分别测量左髂总静脉受压点及受压点近心端、远心端各1 cm处的前后径D1、D2、D3,并计算左侧髂总静脉狭窄率(Dsr)。比较不同性别、年龄组间左侧Dsr。依据左侧Dsr值将狭窄程度分为Dsr＜25%、25%≤Dsr＜50%、Dsr≥50%,评估不同狭窄程度与年龄之间的关系。结果 263例左下肢静脉曲张患者Dsr为22.0%(13.5%,31.8%),其中Dsr≥50% 21例(8.0%),25%≤Dsr＜50% 77例(29.3%),Dsr﹤25% 165例(62.7%)。男性18～45、46～55、56～65、66～75、≥76岁组Dsr分别为34.6%±16.7%、25.8%±14.8%、20.0%±11.6%、16.6%±10.9%、17.2%(13.8%,21.1%),女性分别为24.6%(21.7%,41.8%)、24.4%(19.9%,33.0%)、27.6%±18.2%、22.7%±18.6%、16.9%±13.5%。总体女性患者Dsr大于男性患者(Z=-2.165, P<0.05)。相同年龄组不同性别间比较,仅56~65岁组女性患者Dsr大于男性患者(t=-2.199, P＜0.05),其余各年龄组Dsr性别间差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。男性不同年龄组间比较:Dsr随着患者年龄的增加呈下降趋势,差异有统计学意义(F=5.818, P＜0.01);两两比较显示,18～45岁组的Dsr明显大于其余各年龄组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01),其余年龄组间Dsr差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。女性患者不同年龄组间Dsr比较,差异无统计学意义(F=1.842, P＞0.05)。男性、女性及总体Dsr均与年龄呈负相关(r_男性=-0.305、r_女性=-0.244、r_总体=-0.272, P＜0.01)。左侧髂总静脉狭窄程度与不同年龄组间存在线性趋势关系,且为负相关(χ²=13.215, R=-0.225, P值均＜0.01)。结论 随着年龄的增大,左下肢静脉曲张患者左侧髂总静脉狭窄严重程度逐渐降低;年轻男性患者Dsr最大。对左侧下肢静脉曲张患者应检查左髂总静脉受压情况,狭窄率≥50%时应同时行左侧髂总静脉血管腔内治疗,解除左侧髂总静脉压迫情况。     

Spontaneous rupture of the renal allograft

Spontaneous renal allograft rupture, an unusual complication of renal transplantation, occurred in a 35-year-old woman 10 days after transplantation. Unusual localized pain and tenderness at allograft site, oliguria, and hypotension, a triad frequently seen in renal allograft rupture, were present. Management by transplant nephrectomy was inevitable because of the patient's downhill course. Histopathologic findings diagnostic of acute allograft rejection support current thinking that spontaneous rupture may be the final outcome, although unusual, of renal allograft rejection.     

Investigation of adverse events associated with an off-label use of arterial stents and CE-marked iliac vein stents in the iliac vein: insights into developing a better iliac vein stent

We analyzed the adverse events associated with an off-label use of arterial stents and CE-marked iliac vein stents for the treatment of iliac venous thromboembolism and investigated their relationships with the anatomical features of the iliac vein, to gain insights into the development of a better iliac vein stent. Reports of adverse events following the use of stents in the iliac vein were retrieved from the Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database that contain suspected device-associated complications reported to the Food and Drug Administration. Data from 2006 to 2016 were investigated. The literature analysis was also conducted using PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Web of Science focusing on English articles published up to 4 October 2016. The analysis of 88 adverse events from the MAUDE database and 182 articles from the literature revealed that a higher number of adverse events had been reported following the use of arterial stents in the iliac vein compared to CE-marked iliac vein stents. While stent migration and shortening were reported only for the arterial stents, stent fracture and compression occurred regardless of the stent type, even though a vein does not pulsate. A study of the anatomical features of the iliac vein implies that bending, compression, and kink loads are applied to the iliac vein stents in vivo. For designing, developing, and pre-clinical testing of stents intended for use in the iliac vein, the above mechanical load environments induced by the anatomical features should be considered.