经胸微创非体外循环下封堵室间隔缺损:多中心经验和近中期随访结果

目的 总结多中心应用食管超声引导、经胸微创小切口、非体外循环(CPB)下封堵室间隔缺损(VSD)的临床经验和近、中期随访结果.方法 432例病儿,男235例,女197例;年龄3个月～15岁,平均(3.2±1.9)岁;体重4.0～26.0 kg,平均(13.3±5.6)kg.膜周部VSD 351例,嵴上或嵴内型VSD 57例,肌部VSD 24例(17例多发VSD).VSD直径3～12 mm,平均(5.3±1.6)mm.膜周部VSD,经剑突下或胸骨下端3～4 cm小切口进胸;嵴内或嵴上VSD,经胸骨左缘第3肋间2～3 cm小横切口进胸.暴露右心室表面,在食管超声引导和实时监测下,穿刺右心室游离壁,导引钢丝经右心室腔穿过VSD到达左心室腔,沿导引钢丝导入输送鞘管建立轨道.通过输送鞘管直接将封堵器安放在VSD部位.经食管超声多切面反复评估封堵器的位置和与周边组织的关系,若无异常情况即可释放封堵器.结果 432例中417例封堵成功(96.5%),15例(3.5%)术中改为常规CPB手术.封堵成功者中,选用对称伞238例(57.1%),偏心伞179例(42.9%).13例(3.1%)发生新的微量至轻度三尖瓣反流,11例(2.6%)术后发生不完全右束支传导阻滞,3例(0.7%)术后发生一过性完全性房室传导阻滞.术后383例(91.8%)病儿在2 h内拔除气管插管,3～5天出院.术后416例(96.2%,416/432例)随访12～38个月,平均(19.3±11.6)个月,无近、中期死亡.1例术后6个月发生完全性房室传导阻滞.其余无明显异常.结论 应用食管超声引导、经胸微创非CPB下封堵VSD技术,是一种相对简单有效的治疗方法,近、中期临床结果满意,但远期结果需要进一步观察.

Abstract：

Objective Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) guided, minimally invasive perventricular device occlusion of ventricular septal defects ( VSDs) without cardiopulmonary bypass ( CPB) has been applied in multiple centers. We reported experiences and the mid-term results. Methods Four hundred and thirty-two cases from 4 cardiac centers were involved in the study. There were 235 males and 197 females, aged from 3 months to 15 years, with a body weight varying from 4.0 to 26.0 kg. Three hundred and fifty-one patients had perimembranous VSDs, 57 had intracristal or supracristal VSDs and 24 had muscular VSDs (17 had multiple muscular VSDs). The diameter of the VSD ranged from 3 to 12 (5.3 ±1.6 ) mm.For those with perimembranous or muscular VSDs, a 3 to 5 cm inferior sternotomy was made, but for those with intracristal or supracristal VSDs, a 2 to 3 cm incision was made parastemally through the left third intercostal space. Being monitored and guided with TEE, the device was deployed to occlude the VSD through the puncture at the free wall of the right ventricle. TEE was used for assessing the residual shunting, the left and right ventricular outlet tracts, valvular function and for detecting any arrhythmia, The devices would be released if the heart rhythm was normal, as well as the residual shunting and valvular regurgilalion were not detected. Results The procedure was completed successfully in 417 cases(96.5% ) and converted to traditional surgical closure with CPB in the other 15 cases(3.5% ). Concentric devices were used in 238 cases(57.1% )and eccentric devices were used in 179 patients(42.9% ). Successful procedures finished in less than 90 minutes, and the deployment and evaluation of the devices were completed in 5 to 60 (18. 2 ± 8.6) minutes. No residual shunt and detectable aortic or tricuspid insufficiency and arrhythmia was observed. Patients were extubated within 2 hours and discharged 3 to 5 days after the operation. During fellow-up period from 3 months to 2 years, no clinically significant complications occurred. Conclusion The minimally invasive device closure of VSD under TEE guidance without CPB is proved to be a simple, safe and effective treatment for a considerable number of children with VSD. Its use in the clinical practice should be encouraged.     

体外循环下小儿肌部室间隔缺损的镶嵌治疗

目的 探讨镶嵌模式(hybrid procedure)治疗小儿肌部室间隔缺损(Mvsd)的手术方法及临床应用.方法 2006年1月至2010年6月,在体外循环心内直视手术下采用手术及封堵相结合的镶嵌技术矫治小儿Mvsd 45例,其中男20例,女25例;年龄52天～12岁;体重3～32 kg.7例为单个Mvsd,38例为多发性VSD.同时合并大血管错位(D-TGA)1例、法洛四联症(TOF)2例、肺动脉狭窄(PS)3例、动脉导管未闭(PDA)6例、房间隔缺损(ASD)6例、主动脉缩窄1例.均在心脏停跳后直视下将导引钢丝经三尖瓣孔自心脏右室面穿过VSD至左室面,直视下置入导引器,然后送入封堵器,完成Mvsd封堵.多发性VSD 38例,予自体心包片修补膜周部等较大的VSD,心内其他畸形同期完成矫治.结果 42例置入单枚封堵器(直径4～10 mm)、3例置入双枚封堵器(直径4～7 mm).手术经过顺利,术前左室射血分数(EF)均在正常范围,术后1天小于8月龄组EF均值低于正常,大于8月龄组EF正常,两者差异有统计学意义.术后常规每天给予5 mg/kg肠溶阿司匹林3～6个月.术后随访超声检查示封堵器位置无偏移,无残余分流,无二尖瓣、主动脉瓣反流、Ⅲ度传导阻滞及新发心律失常等.术后因重症感染放弃治疗1例,无远期死亡病例.结论 体外循环下镶嵌技术治疗小儿 Mvsd明显降低了围手术期并发症及病死率,简化了手术过程,降低了手术风险,是一种安全、有效的方法.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the technique and clinical experience of hybrid procedure under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in children with muscular ventricular septal defect (mVSD). Methods From January 2006 to June 2010, 45 cases of mVSD underwent hybrid procedure with CPB. mVSDs were closed with devices under direct vision in 45 cases. Of them, there were 20 males and 25 females. They ranged from 52 days to 12 years [mean (2.05 ±2.48) year] in age and from 3 to 30 kg [(11.93 ±7.70)kg] in body weight. Preoperatively, most of children were highly susceptible to respiratory tract infections. The hybrid approach was used in all patients with CPB under the guidance of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). The diameter of mVSDs ranged from 2 to 7 mm under TEE. Of 45 cases, 40 patients had increased rates of pulmonary blood flow. 29 patients had left axis deviation and 12 cases had sinus arrhythmia on electrocardiography (ECG). 19 had other congenital heart lesions, including transposition of great arteries in 1 case, tetralogy of Fallot in 2, pulmonary artery stenosis in 3, patent ductus arteriosus in 6, atrial septal defects in 6) and aorta coactation in 1. The quantity of VSDs were from 1 to 7 (single, in 7; two, in 24 case; three, in 8 case; four, in 5 case and seven, in lease. 37 patients were combined with pulmonary hypertension in our cohort. 38 patients with another large VSD and 19 with other congenital heart lesions were required surgical repair at sometime. Results The hybrid procedures were undertaken in all 45 cases of this cohort. All cases were successful and no deaths occurred during operation. A total of 48 devices were implanted in 45 patients, including single devices in 42 cases (device size ranged from 4 to 10 mm) and two devices in 3 cases (device size ranged from 4 -7 mm). The average time on CPB was (58.28 ±20.70) min , while aortic crossclamp time was(34. 94 ± 14.75) min. In addition, the time on mechanical ventilation postoperatively ranged from 2 hours to 6 days. Compared to the older children, 20 infante aged less than 8 monhad a significant difference in cardiac function in the early postoperative period. One infant was given up treatment because of serious infection. Anather cases recovered with the use of supportive treatment, such as using vasoactive agents, digoxin, inhaling nitric oxide, diuresis, and so on. The enteric-coated aspirin was given at dose of 5 mg ? kg -1. day -1 for a period of 3 to 6 months as usual postoperatively. All patients attended follow-up at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years post-procedure. No major complications were encountered during this period. All cases were no instance of migration of any of the devices, residual shunt, aortic regurgitation, atrioventricular valve dysfunction, Ⅲo atrial-ventricular conduction block, new arrhythmia, and so on. There are no death in long-term follow-up. Conclusion Hybrid procedure is safe and effective for the closure of congenital heart defects in children.     

经食管超声在室间隔缺损小切口封堵术中的应用

目的评价TEE在室间隔缺损（VSD）外科小切口封堵术中的价值。方法 25例VSD患者接受外科小切口封堵术,其中膜周型缺损19例,嵴内型缺损6例;缺损直径3～9mm,平均（5.25±3.47）mm。所有患者术前均接受TTE检查评估VSD。气管插管全身麻醉后,在TEE引导下,经右心室游离壁置入VSD封堵器,并于术后即刻评价手术效果。结果 25例均封堵成功,19例使用等边封堵器,6例使用偏心封堵器。25例术后即刻超声及术后超声观察,室间隔水平均无分流信号。结论 TEE在VSD小切口封堵术术中监测及术后评价中具有重要价值。     

应用新型输送系统经胸微创封堵膜周部室间隔缺损

目的 观察应用新型输送系统经胸微创封堵膜周部室间隔缺损（VSD）效果。方法 11例膜周VSD患儿，年龄11月-12岁（中位年龄3．2岁），体重（15．8±6．4）kg，接受经胸微创非体外循环室间隔缺损封堵术。根据经食道超声心动图（TEE）选择合适的封堵器类型，然后自胸骨下端3～5cm小切口入胸，TEE引导和实时监测下穿刺右心室前壁，建立轨道，释放封堵器关闭VSD。TEE评估封堵器的位置、对主动脉瓣、房室瓣的影响以及有无残存分流。结果 11例患儿均1次封堵成功，超声引导下释放封堵器的时间为5—12min，无残余分流和主动脉瓣反流，心电监测无明显心律失常。术后3～5d出院，随访5个月以上无残余分流、主动脉瓣反流以及周围组织卡压。结论 应用新型输送系统经胸微创非体外循环下置入室间隔缺损封堵器是一种安全、有效的治疗方法，有较大临床推广价值。     

TEE在外科微创房、室间隔缺损封堵术中的应用

目的探讨TEE引导下外科微创封堵治疗房间隔缺损(ASD)、室间隔缺损(VSD)的价值。方法 58例ASD和129例VSD患者接受TEE引导下外科微创封堵治疗。术中行胸壁小切口暴露心脏,于TEE监测下选择右心房或右心室穿刺点,指引动脉止血鞘通过缺口后释放封堵装置,待TEE多切面证实封堵器位置良好、无明显残余分流及瓣膜并发症后释放封堵器。结果 58例ASD均封堵成功,术后即刻TEE见8例封堵器周围微量残余分流。129例VSD中,114例VSD封堵成功,其中19例术后即刻TEE检查见残余分流,2例右心室流出道血流速度增快,1例变更右心室壁穿刺点后导丝顺利进入缺口;15例转行体外循环下心内直视修补术。结论 TEE可用于指导外科微创封堵治疗ASD和VSD,包括测量缺损大小和位置、选择封堵器型号、确定手术路径、引导封堵器释放和评估治疗效果。     

Treatment of Gustilo grade Ⅲ leg fractures by external fixation associated with limited internal fixation

Objective： To explore the clinical effects of external fixation associated with limited internal fixation on treatment of Gustilo grade Ⅲ leg fractures. Methods： From July 2006 to December 2008, 40 cases of Gustilo grade Ⅲ leg fractures were emergently treated in our unit with external fixation frames. Soft tissue injuries were grouped according to the Gustilo classification as ⅢA in 17 cases, ⅢB in 13 cases, and ⅢC in 10 cases. All the patients were debrided within 8 hours, and then fracture reposition was preformed to reestablish the leg alignment. Limited internal fixation with plates and screws were performed on all the Gustilo IliA cases and 10 Gustilo ⅢB cases at the first operation. But all the Gustilo ⅢC cases and 3 Gustilo ⅢB cases who had severe soft tissue injuries and bone loss only received Vacuum-sealing drainage （VSD）. Broad-spectrum antibiotics were regularly used and VSD must be especially maintained easy and smooth for one week or more after operation. Limited internal fixation and transplanted free skin flaps or adjacent musculocutaneous flaps were not used to close wounds until the conditions of the wounds had been improved. Results： The first operations were completed within 90-210 minutes （170 minutes on average）. The blood trans- fusions were from 400 ml to 1500 ml （those used for antishock preoperatively not included）. All the 40 patients in this study were followed up for 6-28 months, 20.5 months on average. The lower limb function was evaluated according to the comprehensive evaluation standards of leg function one year after operation and the results of 28 cases were excellent, 9 were good and 3 were poor. Conclusion： External fixation associated with limited internal fixation to treat Gustilo grade Ⅲ leg fractures can get satisfactory early clinical therapeutic effects.     

经胸微创室间隔缺损封堵术38例临床分析

目的 探讨食管超声心动图（ TEE）引导下应用国产封堵器经胸微创封堵室间隔缺损（VSD）的临床价值。方法 回顾性分析自2011年5月至2012年5月内蒙古医学院第一附属医院38例VSD患者的临床资料,,男20例,女18例;年龄2.6～13.0岁;体重10～35 kg。其中膜部VSD 30例,干下型VSD 6例,肌部VSD 2例。术前经胸超声心动图检查符合封堵条件者在全身麻醉下经口插入食管超声探头,手术开始前重新评估VSD是否符合封堵治疗,如符合,根据VSD最大直径选择合适的封堵伞。于手术开始后,监测整个封堵过程,引导封堵伞的位置,评价即刻封堵效果,确认是否有残余分流及并发症。 结果 38例患者均一次封堵成功,置入封堵器直径4～10 mm,TEE显示封堵器与VSD边缘吻合紧密无残余分流。术后4～7 d复查心脏彩色超声心动图提示封堵器位置正常、牢固,无残余分流,主动脉瓣无反流。随访31例,随访时间10～24个月,未出现新的瓣膜和主动脉瓣反流,无溶血和血栓形成,无封堵器位置移动现象,未发现左、右心室流出道狭窄,手术切口隐蔽,基本不影响美观。 结论经胸微创VSD封堵术安全、有效,无需体外循环、创伤小,无需X线辅助,住院时间短,使该手术成为更简便、可行、成功率更高的封堵方法,值得临床广泛推广应用。     

左腋下途径外科微创封堵高位室间隔缺损

目的探讨左腋下途径外科微创封堵高位室间隔缺损(ventricular septal defect,VSD)的可行性、安全性和优势。方法 2014年6~8月,采用左腋下途径外科微创封堵高位VSD 15例。全麻,放置食道超声探头,再次评估和筛选后,做左腋下直切口3~4 cm,第3肋间入胸,根据超声选择合适的封堵器,经食道超声心动图(transesophageal echocardiography,TEE)引导下置入封堵器关闭VSD,实时监测封堵器的位置,有无残余分流,是否累及主动脉瓣、肺动脉瓣,是否有心律失常等。结果 15例封堵均成功。1例首次安放封堵器后残余分流,更换大一号封堵器后封堵成功。1例首次安放对称封堵器后主动脉瓣反流,更换偏心型室缺封堵器后封堵成功。术后5~9天痊愈出院。均随访3个月,无封堵器脱落、残余分流、新增瓣膜反流、心包积液、心内感染、心律失常和溶血等严重并发症。结论左腋下途径外科微创封堵高位室间隔缺损创伤小,术后渗出少,瘢痕小,切口隐蔽,是极具推广价值的创新手术。     

肺动脉闭锁合并室间隔缺损及大的体肺动脉侧支患者肺循环的解剖分析和临床意义

目的 分析肺动脉闭锁合并室间隔缺损和大的体肺动脉侧支的患者肺循环的病理解剖特点,并探讨其临床意义.方法 回顾性分析2002年4月至2010年6月33例肺动脉闭锁合并室间隔缺损和大的体肺动脉侧支的患者,男性21例,女性12例,年龄11个月～29岁.根据1999年国际儿童心脏外科数据和命名会议的分型标准,B型22例,C型11例.29例(87.9%)存在自身肺动脉,其中发育较好的6例(18.2%),发育不良或左右肺动脉无汇合的23例(69.7%).4例(12.1%)自身肺动脉完全缺如.其中31例进行了33次手术治疗,包括主动脉-肺动脉分流手术8例,一期单源化手术2例,矫治手术23例.结果 分流手术和一期单源化手术的患者术后动脉氧饱和度83%～90%.矫治手术早期死亡1例,死亡原因为多脏器功能衰竭;低心排血量综合征4例,低氧血症(氧合指数<150 mmHg,1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)3例.16例矫治手术患者随访超过1年,右心室压41～99 mmHg;肺动脉瓣中度反流2例;射血分数>50%者14例,<50%者2例.结论 肺动脉闭锁合并室间隔缺损和大的体肺动脉侧支应根据肺血管的解剖特点采取个体化治疗的方案,存在中央肺动脉、左右肺动脉有汇合、体肺动脉侧支与肺动脉之间存在肺内交通是决定一期单源化和心内矫治手术的关键.

Abstract：

Objectives To analyze the anatomy features of the pulmonary circuits in the patients with pulmonary atresia (PA) with ventricular septal defect (VSD) and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCA), and discuss the clinical significance. Methods From April 2002 to June 2010, the anatomy features of pulmonary circuits in 33 patients with PA/VSD/MAPCA were examined and analyzed. There were 21 male and 12 female patients. The age ranged from 11 months to 29 years. The anatomic types of PA/VSD included group B for 22 cases, group C for 11 cases. Thirty-one patients of them underwent 33 operative procedures. The operations included aorta-pulmonary shunt in 8 cases, one stage unifocalization with VSD open in 2 cases, complete repair in 23 cases. Results Twenty-nine (87.9%) patients had native pulmonary arteries, 6 of them were normal size and 23 were hypoplastic size. Four patients (12. 1%) had no native pulmonary arteries. The postoperative oxygen saturation of the patients undergone shunt and one stage unifocalization was increased to 83% to 90%. There was one early death after complete repair because of multiorgan function failure. There were 4 cases of severe low cardiac output and 3 cases of respiratory function failure. Sixteen patients after complete repair were followed up more than one year. The postoperative right ventricular pressure was 41 to 99 mmHg (1 mmHg =0. 133 kPa). The ejection fraction value was more than 50% in 14 patients and less than 50% in 2 patients. Two patients had medium pulmonary insufficiency. Conclusions An individualized approach based on the anatomy of the pulmonary circuits permits achievement in the patients with PA/VSD/MAPCA. The surgical strategy for PA/VSD/MAPCA mainly depends on the anatomy features of native pulmonary arteries, confluent pulmonary arteries and MAPCA.     

自体肺动脉补片主动脉弓成形治疗婴儿主动脉缩窄合并弓发育不良

Objective To discuss the operative techniques and results of coarctation resection plus aortoplasty with pulmonary autograft patch for coarctation of the aorta combined with hypoplastic aortic arch in infant.Methods Between May 2007 and Dec 2009,14 cases including 9 males and 5 females with caorctation of the aorta and hypoplastic aortic arch underwent coarctation resection plus aortoplasty with pulmonary autograft patch in our hospital.The age ranged from 23 days to 17 months,with a median of 4.33 months.The mean body weight was (6.14 ±2.36) kg.All patients were diagnosed as aortic coarctation combined with VSD and hypoplastic aortic arch.The surgery was performed under deep hypothermia cardiopulmonary bypass with selective cerebral perfusion in 8 cases and circulation arrest in 6 cases.Fresh pulmonary autograft patch harvested from the main pulmonary artery was used for aortoplasty.The associated VSD was repaired in the same stage.Results All patients survived except one died from circulatory failure during the perioperative period.Low cardiac output syndrome occurred in another case who was cured afterwards by correspondent treatments.No residual obstruction was detected by echocar-diography after the operation.Follow-up was carried out in 13 cases from 4 months to 3 years.Echocardiographic examination showed that the pressure gradient across the aortic arch was less than 16 mm Hg in all cases.The blood velocity at the descending aortic arch was not significantly changed during the follow-up period as compared with that of the immediate after operation.Computed tomography showed that the morphology of aortic arch was normal.The left bronchus compression was relieved obviously or totally disappeared in patients who suffered from left bronchus stenosis before operation,and no aortic aneurysm were detected in these patients.Conclusion Conclusion Coarctation resection plus aortoplasty with pulmonary autograft patch is the optimal surgical method for treating coarctation of the aorta combined with hypoplastic aortic arch in infant.     

食道超声引导下小切口室间隔缺损封堵术的疗效分析

目的评估食道超声引导下小切口室间隔缺损(室缺)封堵术的疗效。方法 2008年10月～2009年6月,45例先天性室间隔缺损患儿,男27例,女18例,平均年龄3.5岁(14个月～11岁),平均体重16.8 kg(9～30 kg)。经胸心脏超声显示室间隔缺损,8例为嵴内型,36例为膜部型(其中6例伴有膜部瘤形成),1例为肌部型。缺损直径3～10 mm,平均4.5mm。气管插管全身麻醉后,经胸骨下段正中切口,长3～5 cm。在食道超声的引导下,经右室游离壁置入腰部直径5～16 mm的国产室缺封堵器。结果 45例均成功封堵,无中转体外循环病例。42例术后无残余分流,3例封堵后即刻超声示少量残余分流,术后5天复查超声示分流消失。2例术后心电图示右束支传导阻滞,无Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞发生,余43例术后心电图无异常改变。术后住院时间3～7 d,平均4.4 d。随诊3～6个月,1例术后1个月大量心包积液,经心包穿刺后痊愈,余44例均恢复良好,无Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞,无残余分流,无封堵器晚期移位,无瓣膜关闭不全加重。结论食道超声引导下小切口室缺封堵术创伤小,安全性高,近期疗效满意。     

经食管超声心动描记术在先天性心脏病镶嵌治疗中的应用

目的观察TEE在非体外循环下先天性心脏病镶嵌治疗中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析167例TTE初筛拟行先天性心脏病镶嵌治疗的患者,术前TEE检查进一步筛选患者,指导选择适当封堵器,术中TEE监测引导置入封堵器并评价其疗效。结果本组167例中,24例房间隔缺损(ASD)和121例室间隔缺损(VSD)成功完成镶嵌治疗,1例ASD和5例VSD术后即刻TEE可见一丝残余分流,术后3个月复查1例ASD和4例VSD残余分流消失,1例VSD右心室流出道血流速度稍加快,1例VSD术前无主动脉瓣反流,术后出现轻-中度反流。3例ASD和9例VSD镶嵌治疗不顺利,转体外循环。对1例ASD和2例VSD由于缺口过小而放弃治疗。7例VSD合并主动脉瓣脱垂直接放弃镶嵌治疗,转修补术。结论在非体外循环下先天性心脏病的镶嵌治疗中,TEE能为选择适应证和封堵器提供技术支持,实时监测指导及评价手术,降低手术风险,提高手术成功率。     

Does direct visualization of peripatch areas in beating heart eliminate the risk of residual ventricular septal defect in adult patients?

AIM: Although the incidence of residual ventricular septal defect (VSD) following surgical therapy in the modern series is very low, especially the risk of hemodynamically insignificant shunt still exists. Intraoperative assessment of residual shunt is useful in identifying patients at risk of having subsequently required reoperation and reintervention for residual VSD before chest closure. METHODS: In 87 patients who were operated because of isolated VSD (Group I), VSD was closed under cardioplegic arrest and right atriotomy or right ventriculotomy were closed in the beating heart after aortic cross-clamp removal. The VSD patch was watched out for residual shunt and additional sutures were placed if it existed. Results of this technique have been compared with the other 216 (Group II) in which all procedures of the VSD closure were performed under cardioplegic arrest. Transosephageal echocardiography (TEE) was performed for evidence of residual shunting intraoperatively and postoperatively in all patients. RESULTS: In group I, additional sutures were placed for residual shunt in 14 patients (16.1%), and insignificant residual shunt was detected in only one (1.1%) patient at early postoperative period (p<0.05, according to group II). In group II, there was hemodynamically insignificant residual shunt in 31 patients (14.5%), and 9 patients (4.2%) were reoperated for significant shunt (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Transatrial or transventricular inspection to peripatch areas in the beating heart is a safe technique to detect a residual shunt, an observation that may eliminate reoperation.     

经食管超声心动图监测微创室间隔缺损封堵术

目的探讨TEE在监测探条辅助微创室间隔缺损（VSD）封堵术中的临床价值。方法 100例VSD患者术前均接受TTE检查,以明确VSD的位置、类型、大小及边缘情况,来选择合适的封堵器。在TEE引导下选择荷包开口位置,实时监测封堵器放置并即刻评价手术疗效。术后1周内行TTE复查。结果 100例患者全部封堵成功,实心探条输送法55例,中空探条输送法33例,直接输送法12例。患者均于术后3～4天出院,随访1～12个月,无封堵器脱落、移位、溶血和房室传导阻滞等并发症发生。结论 TEE在探条辅助经胸微创封堵VSD的术中引导和术后评价中均发挥重要作用,使该术成为更简便可行、成功率更高的封堵方法。     

TEE引导下经胸微创封堵治疗先天性心脏病

目的探讨TEE引导下经胸介入封堵治疗先天性心脏病(CHD)的临床应用价值。方法回顾50例接受TEE引导下经胸介入封堵治疗的CHD患者的资料,包括29例室间隔缺损(VSD)、12例房间隔缺损(ASD)、1例ASD合并VSD及8例动脉导管未闭(PDA),封堵前均经TEE再次明确诊断并观察心脏缺损情况,术中超声实时监测并引导导丝、鞘管等到达指定位置及封堵伞放置,术后超声观察有无残余分流、瓣膜功能障碍评以价封堵效果,并通过心电图监测患者有无心律失常、传导阻滞。结果 49例介入封堵成功,其中11例术后即刻TEE可见残余分流;术后1、3、6个月复查TEE,49例均显示封堵器位置良好,无残余分流及封堵术导致的瓣膜反流,复查心电图未见心律失常及传导阻滞。1例VSD介入封堵失败。结论 TEE用于引导经胸介入封堵治疗CHD安全、有效且创伤小、无辐射、无需对比剂,操作简便,值得临床推广应用。     

经胸穿刺封堵术治疗干下型室间隔缺损的安全性及有效性研究

目的经胸穿刺封堵术是治疗干下型室间隔缺损的新方法,本研究评估其在干下型室间隔缺损患者中的安全性及有效性。方法纳入2010年11月至2012年5月间华西医院经超声心动图确诊干下型室间隔缺损、年龄小于10岁的患者39例,其中男18例、女21例,年龄(5.9±3.2)岁。经胸封堵采用偏心封堵器,并在经食管超声心动图(TEE)引导下完成。观察围手术期及随访期间患者残余分流、瓣膜反流(如主动脉瓣反流)、心律失常等并发症发生情况。结果共33例成功行经胸穿刺封堵术,中转开胸6例。术后住ICU时间(2.2±0.8)d,住院时间(4.8±1.8)d。术后主要并发症包括残余分流,轻度以下主动脉瓣反流。随访时间(7±2)个月,随访中未发现明显心律失常或中度以上瓣膜反流。结论对于部分解剖形态合适的干下型室间隔缺损患儿,经胸穿刺封堵术安全有效、创伤小,中期随访结果良好。     

杂交(hybrid)手术在复杂性先天性心脏病治疗中的初步应用

目的探讨结合介入器械和实时影像学的术中"杂交"(hybrid)手术对复杂性先天性心脏病的治疗价值.方法2005年3月～10月,我院行hybrid手术治疗7例复杂性先天性心脏病.球囊扩张组3例均为室间隔完整型肺动脉闭锁(PAIVS)的新生儿.缺损封堵组4例,其中1例右冠状动脉异常起源于肺动脉合并房间隔缺损,1例右侧肺静脉异位引流合并房间隔缺损(ASD),2例多发室间隔缺损(VSD).正中进胸,在超声引导下经右室流出道置入球囊扩张管扩张肺动脉瓣或经右心房植入封堵器.多发室间隔缺损于体外循环下经三尖瓣植入封堵器.合并的其他心脏病变同期常规外科矫正.术后心脏超声随访.结果7例均顺利出院,无一例手术死亡.3例PAIVS术后中位住院时间10 d,余4例均在术后7 d出院.随访1～6个月,7例生长发育良好,人工体肺分流管通畅,未发现中度以上的肺动脉瓣再狭窄,ASD和多发VSD术后均未发现明显残余分流及封堵器移位,均无影响瓣膜功能等并发症发生.结论hybrid手术可以不采用体外循环,减少手术创伤,对于提高复杂性先天性心脏病的疗效具有重要的意义.