Simple enucleation for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma between 4 and 7 cm in greatest dimension: progression and long-term survival

PURPOSE: We present our findings in a series of patients treated with simple enucleation for RCC 4 to 7 cm in greatest dimension. We specifically report the incidence of local and systemic recurrence, and the disease specific survival rate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed clinical and pathological data on 71 patients who underwent nephron sparing surgery by simple enucleation between 1986 and 2004 for sporadic, unilateral, pathologically confirmed, 4 to 7 cm RCC. Patients with a solitary kidney due to previous RCC treated with radical nephrectomy were excluded from study. None of the patients had preoperative or intraoperative suspicion of positive nodes. All patients were free of distant metastases before surgery (M0). Patient status was last evaluated in May 2005. Mean followup was 74 months (median 51, range 12 to 225). RESULTS: Pathological review according to the 2002 TNM classification showed that 42% of the tumors (30 of 71) were pT1a, 44% (31 of 71) were pT1b and 14% (10 of 71) were pT3a. Mean tumor greatest dimension +/- SD was 4.7 +/- 0.81 cm (median 4.5, range 4.0 to 7.0) cm. None of the patients died within the first 30 days of surgery. There were no major complications requiring open reoperation, such as bleeding and urinary leakage/urinoma. Five and 8-year cancer specific survival was 85.1% and 81.6%, respectively. Five-year cancer specific survival in patients with pT1a (4 cm), pT1b and pT3a disease was 95.7%, 83.3% and 58.3%, respectively (pT1a vs pT1b p = 0.254, pT1a vs pT3a p = 0.006 and pT1b vs pT3a p = 0.143). Overall 10 patients experienced progressive disease (14.9%), of whom 3 had local recurrence (4.5%) alone or local recurrence associated with distant metastases. CONCLUSIONS: Simple tumor enucleation is a useful and acceptable approach to nephron sparing surgery for 4 to 7 cm RCC. It provides long-term cancer specific survival rates similar to those of radical nephrectomy and is not associated with a greater risk of local recurrence than partial nephrectomy for RCC less than 4 cm in greatest dimension.     

Nephron sparing surgery for central renal tumors: experience with 33 cases

PURPOSE: Nephron sparing surgery is standard treatment for small, peripherally located renal cell carcinoma. In patients with a solitary kidney, bilateral tumors or impaired renal function nephron sparing surgery provides the only option to nephrectomy and subsequent hemodialysis or transplantation. We retrospectively investigated the value of nephron sparing surgery for centrally located renal cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1969 and 1997, 311 renal tumor enucleations were performed at our institution. The tumor was centrally located in 33 cases. The indication for enucleation was elective in 7 cases and imperative in 26, including bilateral tumor in 16 (metachronous in 9 and synchronous in 7), chronic renal failure in 4 and solitary kidney in 6. Four patients had metastasis at enucleation. RESULTS: Convalescence was unremarkable in 28 cases. Hemorrhage occurred in 1 patient, a urinary fistula in 2 and a local abscess secondary to a urinary fistula in 1. One patient died postoperatively of heart failure. Average serum creatinine was 1.25, 1.63 and 1.33 mg./dl. preoperatively, at hospital discharge and at a mean followup of 33 months, respectively. Hemodialysis was necessary transiently during convalescence in 1 patient and permanently starting 6 years after enucleation in another. Definitive histology revealed oncocytoma in 4 cases and renal cell carcinoma in 29. Disease was stages pT1 to pT3 in 9, 18 and 2 cases, and grades 1 to 3 in 6, 18 and 5, respectively. Local recurrence developed in 2 patients. Mean followup was 5.2 years (range 0.3 to 16.7). At a mean followup of 6.2 years (range 0.7 to 16.7) 20 patients were free of disease. In addition to the patient who died postoperatively, 9 died of renal cell carcinoma at a mean of 1.6 years (range 0.3 to 5.3) and 3 died of other causes at 5, 11 and 12 years postoperatively, respectively. No patient who underwent elective enucleation died. CONCLUSIONS: Nephron sparing surgery for centrally located kidney tumors is technically feasible and associated with an acceptable complication rate. Local tumor control is excellent, and the overall prognosis depends on contralateral disease and metastasis. Benign tumors may be diagnosed and removed without loss of the kidney. By avoiding hemodialysis quality of life is improved.     

Renal cell carcinoma in the solitary kidney: an analysis of complications and outcome after nephron sparing surgery

PURPOSE: We evaluated surgical techniques, pathological features and extended outcomes in patients with renal cell carcinoma in a solitary kidney treated with surgical excision. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1970 and 1998, 76 patients underwent nephron sparing surgery for sporadic renal cell carcinoma in a solitary kidney, including 63 with tissue specimens available for pathological review who comprised the cohort. Six (9.5%) patients had a congenitally absent kidney and 57 (90.5%) had previously undergone contralateral nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. The clinical and pathological features examined were patient age at nephron sparing surgery, sex, type of nephron sparing surgery (enucleation, partial nephrectomy or ex vivo resection), tumor size, nuclear grade, histological subtype and 1997 tumor stage. Overall cancer specific, local recurrence-free and metastasis-free survival as well as early (within 30 days of nephron sparing surgery) and late (30 days to 1 year after nephron sparing surgery) complications were assessed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were done to test for the associations of clinical and pathological features with outcome. RESULTS: Most patients were treated with enucleation (36.5%), standard partial nephrectomy (38.1%) or the 2 procedures (11.1%) and in 8 (12.7%) ex vivo tumor resection was done. The renal cell carcinoma histological subtypes were clear cell in 82.5% of cases, papillary in 15.9% and chromophobe in 1.6%. Grade was 1 to 3 in 10 (15.9%), 42 (66.7%) and 10 (15.9%) tumors, respectively. At 5 and 10 years the overall survival rate was 74.7% and 45.8%, the cancer specific survival rate was 80.7% and 63.7%, the local recurrence-free survival rate was 89.2% and 80.3%, and the metastasis-free survival rate was 69% and 50.4%, respectively. Tumor stage and nuclear grade were significantly associated with death from any cause, death from renal cell carcinoma and distant metastases on multivariate analysis. Notably no patient with papillary or chromophobe renal cell carcinoma died of renal cell carcinoma, or had recurrence or metastasis. The type of nephron sparing surgery was not significantly associated with outcome, although there were too few patients with recurrence to assess the association of the type of nephron sparing surgery with local recurrence. The most common early complication was acute renal failure in 12.7% of cases, while the most common late complications were proteinuria in 15.9% and renal insufficiency in 12.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The 1997 tumor stage and nuclear grade were significant predictors of death from any cause, death from renal cell carcinoma and distant metastases in patients treated with nephron sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma involving a solitary kidney. Nephron sparing surgery in a solitary kidney can be performed safely and with minimal morbidity.     

Clinical outcomes after sexuality preserving cystectomy and neobladder (prostate sparing cystectomy) in 44 patients

PURPOSE: We describe the functional outcome on erectile function, continence and voiding, and local and distant cancer recurrence rates in 44 patients after sexuality preserving cystectomy and neobladder (prostate sparing cystectomy). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 44 males underwent cystectomy with preservation of the prostate, seminal vesicles and vasa deferentia, after which a Studer type neobladder was anastomosed to the prostate. Oncological outcome (disease specific survival, distant and local recurrence rates) and functional results (continence, voiding, erectile function) were determined. RESULTS: At a median followup of 42 months, 13 (30%) patients died of cancer. All 13 experienced widespread disease, which was combined with a pelvic recurrence (pelvic recurrence rate 6.9%) in 3. The 3-year survival according to pathological stage was 86% for pT 2N0 or lower, 63% pT3N0 and 39% for node positive tumors (anyT Npos). Prostate cancer was diagnosed in 1 patient 5 years after treatment, and recurrent carcinoma in situ in the prostatic urethra in another patient. Complete daytime and nighttime continence was achieved in 95.3% and 74.4%, respectively. Incontinence during day and night could be managed by 1 pad per day/night in 4.7% and 20.9%, respectively, while 4.7% needed more than 1 pad per night. Erectile function could be determined in 40 patients, and potency was maintained in 77.5%, impaired in 12.5% and absent in 10%. CONCLUSIONS: Functional results with regard to erectile function and urinary continence after prostate sparing cystectomy are good. Oncological results have been promising, but need to be confirmed after longer followup and in larger trials.     

Renal cell carcinoma: histological findings on surgical margins after nephron sparing surgery

PURPOSE: We evaluated the incidence of peritumoral satellite lesions in nephron sparing surgery and examined whether these findings have a negative effect on cancer specific survival and on the percent of local recurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed nephron sparing surgery in 63 patients with kidney cancer, including 53 elective (group 1) and 10 imperative (group 2) operations. In all cases we removed 10 mm. of apparently healthy peritumoral parenchyma with the tumor. This tissue was subsequently examined by an anatomical pathologist to identify any satellite lesions. RESULTS: Four satellite lesions were identified, including 3 in group 1 and 1 in group 2, at a mean of 5.3 mm. from the primary lesion. None of the patients in either group had local recurrence at followup. Cancer specific survival was 96.3% in group 1 (mean followup 61 months) and 58% in group 2 (mean followup 39 months). It was not influenced by the presence of satellite micro-lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Despite common perplexities concerning the risk of multifocality in renal cell carcinoma we believe that the nephron sparing procedure in select patients is as effective as radical surgery. Based on our experience the surgical safety margin must be at least 10 mm. of macroscopically healthy, peritumoral tissue.     

Independent validation of the 2002 American Joint Committee on cancer primary tumor classification for renal cell carcinoma using a large, single institution cohort

PURPOSE: The primary tumor classification for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was updated by the American Joint Committee on Cancer in 2002. To date the new classification has not been validated using an independent group of patients and, therefore, its accuracy for predicting patient outcome is unknown. In the current study we evaluated the 2002 primary tumor classification and compared its predictive ability with that of the 1997 classification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 2,746 patients treated with radical nephrectomy or nephron sparing surgery for unilateral, sporadic RCC between 1970 and 2000. Cancer specific survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The predictive abilities of the 1997 and 2002 classifications were compared using the concordance index. RESULTS: There were 812 deaths from RCC a mean of 3.3 years following nephrectomy. Median followup in patients still alive at last followup was 9 years. Estimated 5-year cancer specific survival rates by the 2002 tumor classification were 97%, 87%, 71%, 53%, 44%, 37% and 20% in patients with pT1a, pT1b, pT2, pT3a, pT3b, pT3c and pT4 RCC, respectively. The concordance index for the association between the 2002 classification and death from RCC was 0.752 compared with 0.737 for the 1997 classification, indicating that the 2002 version contained more predictive ability. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the 2002 primary tumor classification with pT1 cancers subclassified into pT1a and pT1b provides excellent stratification of patients according to cancer specific survival and it has a predictive ability that is superior to that of the 1997 classification.     

IS FROZEN SECTION ANALYSIS IN NEPHRON SPARING SURGERY NECESSARY? A CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF 301 CASES

PURPOSE: One of the basic principles of nephron sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma is resection of the tumor with normal tissue margins verified by frozen section analysis. In cases of positive tumor margins the surgeon is committed to complete the local resection or to perform radical nephrectomy. In this study we retrospectively evaluated the yield of frozen section analysis performed during nephron sparing surgeries, especially concerning compatibility with the final histological report and the long-term oncological outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1988 and 2003, 172 men and 129 women with a mean age of 59 years (range 16 to 83) underwent nephron sparing surgery due to suspected renal tumors. Mean tumor size was 3.56 cm (range 1 to 12.5). Frozen section analysis was routinely performed during surgery. RESULTS: Positive tumor margins in frozen section analysis were found in 2 cases (0.7%). In both cases the tumor was centrally located. Those 2 patients underwent immediate radical nephrectomy but no residual tumor was subsequently found in the radical nephrectomy specimens. Paraffin sections disclosed positive tumor margins in 4 other cases (1.3%) in whom the frozen section analysis had shown tumor negative margins. Of the 4 patients 1 underwent radical nephrectomy for tumor recurrence after 9 months. The other 3 patients showed no evidence of disease recurrence after 26, 59 and 120 months of followup. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that frozen section analysis during nephron sparing surgery has minimal clinical significance and hence routine incorporation in urological practice should be reconsidered.     

Disease Outcome in Patients With Low Stage Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated With Nephron Sparing or Radical Surgery

Purpose

We investigated the outcome of nephron sparing surgery in patients with low grade and low stage (Robson stage II or less) renal cell carcinoma.

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the records of 185 patients treated with nephron sparing surgery and 209 matched for patient age and sex, and tumor stage and grade who were treated with radical nephrectomy. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed for progression and survival end points. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine the tumor characteristics independently correlated with progression and cancer death.

Results

No significant difference was observed with respect to progression-free, crude or cancer specific survival between the nephron sparing surgery and radical nephrectomy groups. Less than 5 percent of the patients treated with conservative nephron sparing surgery had local recurrence. Tumor size was a strong independent predictor of outcome, whereas Robson stage was not. Patients treated with radical nephrectomy had a significant cancer specific and progression-free survival advantages when controlling for tumor diameter and grade. However, no difference was observed in patients with primary tumor diameters of 4 cm. or less.

Conclusions

Robson staging is inaccurate in predicting tumor behavior. Patients with tumors larger than 4 cm. and a normal contralateral kidney may be best served by radical nephrectomy rather than elective nephron sparing surgery. However, nephron sparing surgery may result in an outcome similar to that of radical nephrectomy for low grade, low stage renal cell carcinomas of 4 cm. or smaller.     

pT2 classification for renal cell carcinoma. Can its accuracy be improved?

PURPOSE: The 2002 tumor classification for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) classifies pT2 tumors as more than 7 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the kidney. In this study we determined whether a size cutoff point exists within pT2 tumors and whether such subclassification would further improve the accuracy of the current tumor classification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 544 patients with unilateral, sporadic pT2 RCC treated with radical nephrectomy or nephron sparing surgery between 1970 and 2000. The association of tumor size with death from RCC was examined using martingale residuals from a Cox proportional hazards regression model to determine the optimal size cutoff point. RESULTS: There were 204 deaths from RCC a median of 3.8 years following nephrectomy. Univariately tumor size was significantly associated with death from RCC (risk ratio 1.08, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.13, p <0.001). A scatterplot of tumor size vs expected risk of death per patient suggested that a cutoff point between 9 and 10 cm was appropriate. When adjusted for regional lymph node involvement and distant metastases, the 10 cm cutoff point performed better than the 9 cm point (risk ratio 1.42, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.90, p = 0.017 vs 1.22, 95% 0.86 to 1.72, p = 0.268). Therefore, we propose using a 10 cm cutoff point to subclassify patients into pT2a and pT2b. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the prognostic accuracy of the 2002 pT2 tumor classification can be further improved by subclassifying patients with tumors greater than 7 and less than 10 cm into a pT2a category, and those with tumors 10 cm or greater into a pT2b category.     

The role of nephron sparing surgery for metastatic (pM1) renal cell carcinoma

PURPOSE: Studies have demonstrated increased time to progression when cytoreductive nephrectomy is performed for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. We evaluated the role of nephron sparing surgery in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We selected all patients with pM1 renal cell carcinoma treated with nephron sparing surgery or radical nephrectomy, and all patients with pM0 renal cell carcinoma undergoing nephron sparing surgery for solitary kidney from 1970 to 2002 from the Mayo Clinic Nephrectomy Registry. RESULTS: We identified 16 patients who underwent nephron sparing surgery for pM1 renal cell carcinoma. Solitary kidney was present in 12, 3 had bilateral synchronous disease and 1 had elective nephron sparing surgery. Cancer specific survival rates at 1, 3 and 5 years were 81%, 49% and 49%, respectively. We identified 404 patients who underwent radical nephrectomy for pM1 renal cell carcinoma. Cancer specific survival rates at 1, 3 and 5 years were 51%, 21% and 13%, respectively. The pM1 nephron sparing surgery for solitary kidney cases were more likely to have early (33% vs 10%, p = 0.009) or late (50% vs 19%, p = 0.018) complications compared with pM1 radical nephrectomy cases. There were no significant differences in early (p = 0.475) or late (p = 0.350) complications between pM1 nephron sparing surgery cases and 139 pM0 nephron sparing surgery cases. CONCLUSIONS: Cancer specific survival rates in pM1 nephron sparing surgery cases were comparable to pM1 radical nephrectomy cases. Although there were differences in early and late complications between the pM1 nephron sparing surgery and pM1 radical nephrectomy groups, there were no differences when compared with imperative pM0 nephron sparing surgery cases. This study demonstrates that nephron sparing surgery can achieve adequate cytoreductive therapy while preserving renal function, with postoperative complication rates similar to those of pM0 nephron sparing surgery cases.     

Assessment of surgical margins in renal cell carcinoma after nephron sparing: a comparative study: laparoscopy vs open surgery

PURPOSE: We compared the status of the peritumoral parenchyma after open and laparoscopic nephron sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of 64 consecutive patients who underwent nephron sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma of 4 cm or less were reviewed retrospectively. Patients in group 1 underwent open retroperitoneal surgery (1998 to 2000) and patients in group 2 underwent laparoscopic (transperitoneal or retro peritoneal) surgery (2001 to March 2004). A single pathologist was employed to analyze the specimens, and comparative analysis included examination of tumor size, weight, histological cell type, intraoperative histological biopsies and margin status. RESULTS: The 2 groups were comparable in terms of clinical data, and mean lesion size was 31.4 mm in group 1 and 32 mm in group 2. Positive margins were found in 1 of 30 patients in group 1 and in 1 of 34 in group 2 (p = 0.9). An analysis of margins was performed by taking measurements at the minimum and maximum points of the section. The minimum mean measurement was 2 mm in group 1 and 2.08 mm in group 2 (p = 0.75). The maximum mean measurement was 4.56 mm in group 1 and 5.2 mm in group 2 (p = 0.09). The difference between minimum and maximum margin thickness was 2.56 mm in group 1 and 3.16 mm in group 2 (p = 0.04). Mean followup for group 1 was 50 months (range 30 to 72) and 16 months (range 2 to 35) for group 2. One local recurrence was recorded in group 1 and treated with radical nephrectomy, while no recurrence was recorded in group 2. CONCLUSIONS: In this study we further confirmed the efficiency of resectioning lesions using laparoscopy. In our experience there is no difference between the 2 procedures in terms of efficient surgical margins. However, despite these encouraging results it is necessary to obtain more extensive followup data, which will allow us to be more specific in reporting on laparoscopic margin quality.     

Simple enucleation for the treatment of PT1a renal cell carcinoma: our 20-year experience

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of simple enucleation as a conservative treatment for pT1a RCC, and to report on the incidence of major complications, local recurrence, and progression-free and disease-specific survival rates. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the data of 232 patients who had nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) by simple enucleation between 1986 and 2004 for sporadic, unilateral, pathologically confirmed pT1a RCC. The patients' status was evaluated last in September 2005. The mean (median, range) follow-up was 76 (61, 12-225) months. RESULTS: The mean (SD, median, range) tumor greatest dimension was 2.8 (0.78, 2.85, 0.6-4) cm. The histopathologic review according to the International Union Against Cancer and American Joint Commission for Cancer (1997) classification revealed 198 clear cell (85.3%), 18 papillary (7.8%), 15 chromophobe (6.5%) and one (0.4%) collecting duct RCCs. There were no major complications, such as prolonged acute tubular necrosis/chronic renal insufficiency and bleeding requiring open reoperation. One patient developed postoperative late retroperitoneal fluid collection consistent with urinoma, which required aspiration, drainage position and JJ stenting for 3 weeks. The 5- and 10-year cancer-specific survival were 96.7% and 94.7%, respectively. The 5- and 10-year progression-free survival were 96% and 94%, respectively. Overall, 13 (6.4%) patients had disease progression, three of whom had local recurrences alone (1.5%) elsewhere in the kidney; none had local recurrence at the level of the enucleation bed. CONCLUSIONS: Simple tumor enucleation is a safe and acceptable nephron-sparing treatment that provides excellent long-term local control and cancer-specific survival rates.     

保存肾单位的肾癌切除术适应证及疗效观察：附17例报告

目的 探讨保存肾单位的肾部切除术适应证,观察其治疗效果。方法 对１９９０～１９９８年施行的保存肾单位的肾癌切除术１７例患者进行回顾性分析,其中１１例作肾肿瘤切除术,６例作肾上极或下极切除术。结果 术后随访１～６．５年,除１年术后５年死于肿瘤转移外,其余均正常,预后满意。结论 对双侧同时发生无症状性肾癌、孤立肾伴肾癌或需靠双侧肾维持功能的肾癌,可考虑行保存肾单位的肾癌切除术;保存肾单位的肾癌切除术效     

Nephron sparing surgery for suspected malignancy: open surgery compared to laparoscopy with selective use of hand assistance

PURPOSE: Laparoscopic nephron sparing surgery has been reported rarely, likely due to technical difficulty when using only laparoscopic instrumentation. Hand assisted techniques may facilitate the procedure in select cases while maintaining the benefits of minimally invasive surgery. We prospectively compared the laparoscopic with selective hand assistance and open surgical approaches to nephron sparing surgery for suspected malignancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We compared our initial 10 laparoscopic nephron sparing procedures for suspected malignancy, including 8 with hand assistance, in 9 patients (11 tumors) with 11 consecutive open surgical procedures for similar indications. Standard laparoscopic technique was used in cases of an exophytic mass with shallow penetration into the parenchyma. Otherwise hand assistance was used. Recovery data were obtained prospectively using self-administered questionnaires. RESULTS: Although mean operative time was 24% greater in the laparoscopic group, recovery was more favorable than in the open surgical group, as evidenced by 62% less parenteral narcotic use, 43% shorter hospital stay, 64% more rapid return to normal nonstrenuous activity, and improved pain and physical health scores 2 and 6 weeks postoperatively. In each group mean lesion diameter was 2.4 cm., 8 of 11 neoplasms were malignant and no margins were positive for malignancy. There were no conversions to open surgery and no major complications in the laparoscopic group. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic nephron sparing surgery appears to have an advantage over open surgery in terms of patient recovery. Facilitation by hand assistance may make laparoscopic nephron sparing surgery a more widely available, minimally invasive alternative to open surgery for small, favorably located renal tumors.     

小切缘保肾手术治疗早期肾细胞癌的长期疗效观察

目的 探讨小切缘保肾手术治疗肾细胞癌的安全性及有效性.方法 1998年1月至2006年12月采用5 mm以上切缘对115例直径≤4 cm的T1a期肾细胞癌患者施行保肾手术.肿瘤平均直径3.3 cm(1.0～4.0 cm),其中双侧肾癌同时保肾手术3例,对侧肾脏正常的单侧肾癌112例.随访观察其远期效果.结果 115例患者手术均成功完成,手术时间80～120 min,平均90 min.术中出血量50～200 ml,均不需输血.98例患者采用肾蒂阻断,局部低温手术,阻断时间20～25 min,平均22 min.17例局限于肾上、下极且体积较小者采用手捏法控制出血,不阻断肾蒂,也不需要局部降温.115例切缘常规冰冻病理检查均未发现肿瘤残留.3例于住院期间出现二次肉眼血尿,经卧床、抗炎、止血治疗痊愈,无尿瘘、感染及需手术处理的大出血等并发症.所有患者均获随访,平均随访时间62个月,其中局部复发1例(异位复发),局部复发率0.9%,所有患者均存活至今,未发生远处转移.结论 小切缘保肾手术有利于保留更多的功能性肾单位,且并发症少,是直径4 cm以下早期肾癌安全、有效的治疗手段.     

Local recurrence after cystectomy and survival of patients with bladder cancer: a population based study in greater amsterdam

PURPOSE: We determined retrospectively in a population based study the survival of patients with bladder cancer and the local recurrence rate (LRR) after cystectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients with bladder cancer diagnosed between 1988 and 2001 (vital status updated until September 2003) were selected from the Amsterdam Cancer Registry, which covers a population of 2.84 million individuals. For all patients who underwent cystectomy between 1988 and 1997 at 18 participating hospitals information on local recurrence and vital status was collected from the medical records. RESULTS: Five-year relative survival in all 8,321 bladder cancer cases combined was 75%. For clinical stage 0-a this was 99%, decreasing to 85% for stage 0-is and 82% for stage I, and to 44%, 28% and 9% for stages II to IV, respectively. Five-year relative survival after cystectomy was 81%, 44% and 23% for stages II to IV, respectively. The LRR after cystectomy was 19% in all 566 cases and all institutions combined. The LRR increased with higher pT stage and it achieved 11%, 23% and 31% for stages II to IV, respectively. It was slightly lower at oncological centers than at community hospitals (18% vs 20%, not significant). CONCLUSIONS: Survival is higher than the European average but below the value in the United States. Only 1 of 3 stages II-III cases was treated with cystectomy. Relatively high stage specific survival is experienced after cystectomy despite local recurrence in 1 of 5 patients.     

A scoring algorithm to predict survival for patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a stratification tool for prospective clinical trials

PURPOSE: We developed a clinically useful scoring algorithm to predict cancer specific survival for patients with clear cell metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 727 patients treated with radical nephrectomy for clear cell RCC from 1970 to 2000 who had distant metastases at nephrectomy (285) or in whom metastases subsequently developed (442). A scoring algorithm to predict cancer specific survival was developed using the regression coefficients from a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: There were 606 deaths from clear cell RCC at a median of 1.0 years (range 0 to 14) following metastatic RCC. Constitutional symptoms at nephrectomy (+2), metastases to the bone (+2) or liver (+4), metastases in multiple simultaneous sites (+2), metastases at nephrectomy (+1) or within 2 years of nephrectomy (+3), complete resection of all metastatic sites (-5), tumor thrombus level I to IV (+3), and the primary pathological features of nuclear grade 4 (+3) and histological tumor necrosis (+2) were significantly associated with death from RCC. All patients started with a score of 0 and points were added or subtracted as indicated in parentheses. Cancer specific survival rates at 1 year were 85.1%, 72.1%, 58.8%, 39.0%, and 25.1%, respectively, for patients with scores of -5 to -1, scores of 0 to 2, scores of 3 to 6, scores of 7 or 8, and scores of 9 or more. CONCLUSIONS: This scoring algorithm can be used to predict cancer specific survival for patients with metastatic clear cell RCC.     

Nephron sparing surgery for localized renal cell carcinoma: impact of tumor size on patient survival, tumor recurrence and TNM staging

PURPOSE: We studied the impact of tumor size on patient survival and tumor recurrence following nephron sparing surgery for localized sporadic renal cell carcinoma. In addition, we evaluated the usefulness of the new TNM staging system in which T1 versus T2 tumor status is delineated by tumor size 7 or less versus more than 7 cm., respectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The results of nephron sparing surgery for localized sporadic renal cell carcinoma in 485 patients treated before 1997 were reviewed. Patients were divided into groups according to tumor size as 1--2.5 or less (142), 2--2.5 to 4.0 (168), 3--more than 4 to 7 (125) and 4--more than 7 cm (50). Mean postoperative followup was 47 months. RESULTS: Overall and cancer specific 5-year survival for the entire series was 81 and 92%, respectively. Of 44 patients with recurrent renal cell carcinoma 16 (3.2%) had local recurrence and 28 (5.8%) had metastatic disease. There was no difference in 5-year cancer specific survival or tumor recurrence between groups 1 and 2 or groups 3 and 4. However, these outcome measures were significantly more favorable in groups 1 and 2 combined (tumors 4 cm. or less) compared to groups 3 and 4 combined (tumors more than 4 cm.) (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Following nephron sparing surgery for localized sporadic renal cell carcinoma cancer-free survival is significantly better in patients with tumors 4 cm. or less compared to those with larger tumors. The usefulness of the current TNM staging system can be improved by subdividing T1 tumors into T1a (4 cm. or less) and T1b (4 to 7 cm.).     

低位直肠癌局部切除术后复发因素分析

目的探讨低位直肠癌局部切除术后复发的相关因素。方法回顾分析1975年4月至2005年4月间收治的97例早期低位直肠癌行局部切除治疗患者的临床资料。结果全组Tis、T1和T2期病变者分别为28例、48例和21例;有17例（17．5％）患者出现复发,其中局部复发13例．局部复发伴远处转移2例．局部复发率15．5％;Tis、T1和T2期病变者局部复发率分别为7．1％、12．5％和33．3％：另有2例远处转移。局部切除术后复发时问为4～173（中位时间27）个月。肿瘤大体类型和T分期为局部切除术后局部复发的相关因素（P〈0．05）。T2期病变者局部切除术后行和未行辅助治疗的局部复发率分别为21．4％和57．1％（P=0．127）。带蒂肿瘤、无蒂肿瘤和溃疡型肿瘤的局部复发率分别为10．5％、13．7％和3／5。15例局部复发者经治疗后的5年生存率为59．6％。结论低位直肠癌局部切除术后T分期和肿瘤的大体类型是局部复发的主要因素,T2期病变局部切除后需行辅助治疗或行根治性切除术。     

Intermediate followup of hand assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for urothelial carcinoma: factors associated with outcomes

PURPOSE: We report our experience with hand assisted laparoscopic (HALS) nephroureterectomy and describe the associations of preoperative, operative and pathological factors with outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: HALS nephroureterectomy was performed in 54 consecutive patients using modified transurethral resection of the ureteral orifice (TURUO) or a 1 port transvesical endoscopic cuff technique for the distal ureter in all except 8. Data were collected prospectively and retrospectively, and followup was distinguished for bladder, contralateral upper tract and nonurothelial (local recurrence and distant metastases) sites. RESULTS: The endoscopic cuff was associated with significantly shorter mean operative time than the transurethral resection of the ureteral orifice method (234 vs 295 minutes, p = 0.002) but the comparison was confounded by the effect of experience. With 28% of patients having stage II or greater tumors and 49% having high grade bladder disease, contralateral upper tract and nonurothelial recurrences developed in 55%, 11% and 25% of evaluable patients at a median followup of 25.1, 24.4 and 24.9 months, respectively, in those without recurrence. At a median followup of 25.0 months cancer specific survival was 94%, 86% and 80% at 1 to 3 years, respectively. Three-year cancer specific survival was 100% in patents with grade 1 or 2, or stage 0 or I tumors but only 57% and 36% in patients with grade 3 and stage II or IV tumors, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: HALS nephroureterectomy is associated with 3-year outcomes that are strongly associated with stage and grade. We prefer the endoscopic cuff method for the distal ureter because it is performed after nephrectomy, does not require patient repositioning and is expedient.