额窦及前中筛窦口l引流的临床应用解剖

目的 :为临床开展鼻窦内窥镜手术提供外科手术解剖学依据。方法 :在 2 0具 40侧经防腐处理的完整成人尸头标本上观测筛泡气化发育的情况 ,观察额窦及前中筛气房窦口引流情况。结果 :额窦向中鼻道引流占 87.5 % (3 5侧 ) ;向筛漏斗引流占 10 .0 % (4侧 ) ;鼻丘向中鼻道引流占 90 .0 % (3 6侧 ) ;向筛漏斗引流占 10 .0 % (4侧 ) ;额隐窝向中鼻道引流占 15 .0 % (6侧 ) ;向筛漏斗引流占 10 .0 % (4侧 ) ;向侧窦引流占75 % (3 0侧 ) ;筛泡向筛漏斗引流占 2 5 .0 % (10侧 ) ;向侧窦引流占 75 .0 % (3 0侧 )。结论 :钩突和筛泡的解剖异常直接影响前组鼻窦的通气引流 ,从而导致前组鼻窦的炎症发生和加重。     

Anatomic variations of the paranasal sinus area in pediatric patients with chronic sinusitis

Endoscopic endonasal surgery has been performed in children. Therefore, we need to know the precise anatomy and anatomic variations of the lateral nasal wall. This is important in order to achieve better surgical results and avoid complications. We also need to know the relationship between the anatomic variations and sinonasal disease. For the purpose of this study we assessed the anatomic variations of the lateral nasal wall and the association of these variations with chronic sinusitis in children. Forty-seven children with chronic sinus disease were included in the study. There were 25 female and 22 male patients with ages ranging from 2 to 16 years (mean 10.5+/-3.8 years). On coronal and axial computed tomographic (CT) scans, the anatomic variations of the lateral nasal wall and sinusitis were assessed. A pneumatized middle concha (MC) was the most common anatomic variation, followed by pneumatization of the superior concha (SC), Haller cell and agger nasi cell. Secondary MC, large ethmoidal bulla, maxillary sinus hypoplasia, Onodi cell, and uncinate process pneumatization were relatively rare. Maxillary sinusitis was the most common sinus infection, followed by ethmoidal, sphenoidal and frontal sinusitis in that order. There was no significant relationship between the sinusitis and anatomic variations except for some minor associations. In conclusion, anatomic variations in the lateral nasal wall are common in children. Local, systemic or environmental factors appear to be more important in pediatric sinusitis than the anatomic variations. Due to the absence of a definitive relationship between the anatomic variations and sinus disease, aggressive surgical interventions should be avoided while performing endonasal endoscopic surgery in the children.     

筛动脉筛窦段的鼻内窥镜手术相关解剖

目的：研究筛动脉在筛窦内的走行特点,为减少鼻内窦镜手术并发症提供解剖指导。方法：通过３０具湿性成人尸头（男１９,女１１）的解疲、观察了筛动脉在筛窦段的走行部位、方向、骨管厚度及其与筛窦气房的关系。结果（１）筛前动脉与中鼻甲基板的位置关系密切,多走行于中鼻甲基板之前的紧邻筛房顶（６６．６）及中甲基板顶（２６．７％）;筛后动脉则以位于最后筛房顶最为多见（６４．９％）;（２）筛前、后动脉骨管的下壁明显薄     

额窦开口的临床应用解剖学研究

目的：探讨额窦开口部位,为鼻内镜下额窦开放手术提供解剖学基础。方法：成人颅骨100例、尸头30例,观察额窦开口部位,测量额窦矢状径、额骨的内侧骨板和眶部骨板的厚度、额窦口距筛前动脉管的距离。结果：100例成人颅骨有8侧额窦未发育,占4．0％;额窦开口于额隐窝者92侧（47．9％）,开口于筛漏斗者52侧（27．1％）,开口于筛漏斗上隐窝者40侧（20．8％）;额窦的矢状径为（12．16±7．62）mm;额窦口与筛前动脉管的距离平均为（3．40±2．32）mm。30例湿性尸头额窦矢状位观测,发现有3侧额窦末发育,占5．0％;额窦开口于额隐窝者27侧（47．4％）,开口于筛漏斗者17侧（29．8％）,开151于筛漏斗上隐窝者12侧（21．1％）;中鼻甲前下附着点至额窦开口的距离为（11．74±2．60）mm。结论：熟悉额窦开口部位及周围毗邻结构的解剖,可减少额窦开放手术中并发症的发生。     

内镜经鼻入路视神经管和眼眶的解剖学

目的通过研究对视神经管和眼眶的解剖研究,为内镜经鼻入路视神经管减压和治疗眼眶内病变提供解剖基础。方法国人尸头5例,采用大体解剖和内镜下经鼻入路两种方法,观察重要的解剖标志;使用内直肌内移技术,观察视神经管和眼眶内结构的暴露情况以及重要结构的位置、毗邻、走行等。结果钩突位于中鼻甲的前下方;筛泡在钩突的后方,切开筛泡可进入筛窦;筛前后动脉是筛窦内的重要解剖标志;视神经管隆突、颈内动脉隆突和视神经管颈内动脉隆突(OCR)是蝶窦内重要的解剖标志;纸样板位于筛窦的外侧壁,切开纸样板可暴露眶内容物;在眶内,可从内直肌与下直肌之间的通路暴露视神经。在本次10侧标本中,9侧眼动脉起自于颈内动脉的床突上段;1侧眼动脉起自于颈内动脉海绵窦段。7侧眼动脉在视神经管内走行于视神经的下外侧;2侧走行于视神经的正下方;1侧走行于视神经的下内侧。结论内镜下经鼻入路可以进行视神经管和眼眶内侧部分的暴露。钩突、筛泡、筛前后动脉及后组筛窦是本入路重要解剖标志。视神经管隆突、颈内动脉隆突及视神经管颈内动脉隆突(OCR)是进行视神经管减压的重要标志。眼动脉及其眼眶内分支、筛前后动脉和颈内动脉是重要的血管结构。眼内直肌内移技术可以有助于暴露眶内解剖结构。     

额窦引流通道及额隐窝气房的CT影像分型及临床应用价值研究

目的　探讨CT影像上额窦引流通道的解剖分型及额隐窝气房的分布特征,了解其与额窦炎症发生的关系。 方法　对1355例病人鼻窦CT薄层扫描及多平面重建图像进行解剖学观察及额窦炎诊断。对于气化额窦,按钩突附着部位分型：附着于眼眶侧壁、筛板及颅底分别为额窦引流通道I型、II型和III型;观察额隐窝气房的解剖特征及变异情况,并依据国际额窦解剖分型（IFAC）对其进行分类。 结果　本组1355例中,气化额窦2582侧,额窦炎456例,II型、III型额窦引流通道其额窦炎发生率较高,I型与II型、III型比较有统计学差异（P<0.05）,II型与III型之间无统计学差异（P>0.05）。鼻丘气房（ANC）、筛泡上气房（SBC）为“常驻气房”,炎症发生率与平均额窦炎症发生率相近,其余类型额隐窝气房炎症发生率相对于平均额窦炎症发生率均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论　额窦引流通道的变异及额窦周围各型气房气化情况对于额窦炎症发生都有重要影响,高分辨率CT扫描及多平面重建可清晰反映额窦的引流通道变异及额窦周围各型气房解剖情况。     

CT矢状位重建对鼻内窥镜手术相关解剖结构的测量

目的:探讨CT矢状位重建图像上测量与鼻内窥镜手术相关解剖结构对鼻内窥镜手术的参考价值。方法:对66例132侧健康志愿者鼻腔行CT轴位薄层扫描后矢状位重建,以鼻小柱下端外缘为参考点,鼻底为基线,测量与鼻内窥镜手术相关的重要结构与起点的距离及与基线的夹角。结果:所测鼻腔侧壁结构在矢状位重建图像上显示清晰,能准确区分额隐窝、钩突、蝶窦口、前筛顶及其相互关系。鼻小柱至额隐窝的角度和距离分别是(66.1±6.31)°和(52.2±4.55)mm;额隐窝前后径所测值为(5.1±2.72)mm;鼻小柱至前筛顶的角度和距离分别为(62.9±5.75)°和(60.3±5.48)mm;钩突长度为(12.7±3.92)mm;蝶窦口至鼻小柱的距离是(67.0±5.00)mm;准确获得了鼻小柱至鼻腔侧壁与鼻内窥镜手术相关各解剖结构的角度及长度数据。结论:CT鼻腔矢状位重建图像上能准确测量与鼻内窥镜手术相关解剖结构,对了解患者个体差异,减少术中并发症有较大帮助,具有较大的临床价值。     

额-鼻额管区断层解剖学研究及临床意义

目的　为临床开展额-鼻额管区手术提供精确的形态学依据。 方法　用改进火棉胶包埋技术,制作三维连续超薄切片（0.25 mm）,同时对成人脱钙尸头标本及干燥骨进行观测。 结果　鼻额管形态有斜行狭长形,直线形,弧形,倒“L”形,“S”形,其下口开口于额隐窝、筛漏斗上方、筛漏斗、筛泡上方及侧窦上方。鼻额管长度左侧为（19.81±2.56）mm,右侧为（19.90±2.60）mm。额窦形态多样,主要为三角形,额窦前壁厚度左侧为（22.48±1.72）mm,右侧为（22.63±1.38）mm。 结论　经鼻额管行额窦手术,可从中鼻道进入,找到鼻额管下口,经鼻额管直接进入额窦,手术安全可行。     

泪前隐窝入路的解剖与手术学意义

本文就泪前隐窝入路相关的应用解剖以及该入路的临床应用进行概述,重点介绍泪前隐窝、齿槽隐窝、鼻泪管、筛前动脉鼻外侧支、中鼻甲动脉、下鼻甲动脉、下鼻道动脉、翼腭窝及其内容物、颞下窝及其内容物以及蝶窦外侧隐窝等的临床应用解剖结构,并对泪前隐窝入路在真菌性上颌窦炎、上颌窦囊肿、眼眶眶底骨折、翼腭窝肿瘤、颞下窝肿瘤以及蝶窦外侧隐窝病变中的应用,以及相应解剖结构对手术的影响加以分析,为耳鼻咽喉头颈外科临床医师开展此类手术提供参考。     

The pterygopalatine recess of the superior nasal meatus

The pneumatizations surrounding the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) and closely related to the sphenopalatine foramen are anatomically variable. During the assessment of a cone beam computed tomography of a 64-year-old male patient, we found bilaterally a previously unreported anatomic variant. This was represented by a lateral or pterygopalatine recess (PPR) of the superior nasal meatus which extended in the anterior wall of the PPF and protruded within the maxillary sinus to determine a maxillary bulla. The PPR was antero-superior to the sphenopalatine foramen. Additionally were found a right nasal septal deviation, seemingly compensated by a left middle concha bullosa and a left prominent ethmoidal bulla. The superior turbinates were also pneumatized. Such anatomic variants related to the pterygopalatine angle of the maxillary sinus should be explored prior to surgical or endoscopic procedures which target the maxillary sinus, the pterygopalatine fossa, or the skull base.     

内窥镜下与颅底相关的鼻腔鼻窦解剖标志的研究

目的：研究内窥镜下鼻颅底相关的解剖标志及其在手术中的意义。方法：观测4例尸体标本和术时179个病例与颅底相关的鼻腔鼻窦解削结构。结果：(1)筛前动脉位于额隐窝后隆突或其后2～3mm范围;筛前动脉骨管可呈管状或管状悬空占58．2％,呈嵴状或半管状占41．8％。(2)纸样板与筛顶的连接方式有直角为3％,钝角44％,锐角53％．(3)蝶窦前壁位于后鼻孔上缘上,鼻中隔和中鼻甲后缘之间。(4)蝶窦外侧壁视神经管隆起呈管型或半管型为15．4％,压迹型35.3％。颈内动脉隆起60％。(5)蝶骨嵴延长线为鞍底中线。结论：(1)作为判断筛顶或蝶窦侧壁重要标志的额隐窝、筛前动脉或视神经管隆起、颈内动脉隆起是有一定的解剖变异．(2)中鼻甲前后附着缘、上颌窦口、后鼻孔上缘和纸样板是可供参照的相对恒定标志。(3)蝶骨嵴可作为判断鞍底中线的标志。     

Nasal endoscopic findings in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis

Nasal endoscopy was carried out in 83 patients with perennial allergic rhinitis to evaluate endonasal anatomic variation and to find the correlation between the symptoms of patients and the endoscopic findings. All of the patients had nasal symptoms, 7.2% of the patients were runner, 7.2% were blocker and 85.6% were both. 86.75% of the patients had allergy-related symptoms, i.e. throat symptoms (73.5%), sinus headache (50.6%), and smell disturbance (10.8%). 95.2% of patients had abnormal endoscopic findings, i.e. deviated nasal septum (72.3%), abnormal middle turbinate (49.4%), narrowing of the entrance into the frontal recess (30.1%), septal spur (25.3%), obstruction of the entrance into the frontal recess (19.3%), nasal polyps (15.7%), mucopurulent discharge (14.5%), inferior turbinate hypertrophy (10.8%), abnormal uncinate process (9.6%), abnormal ethmoid bullae (7.2%), and enlargement of aggar nasi cells (2.4%). There was no significant correlation between each symptom and each endoscopic finding. However, there was a significant correlation between sinus headache and all of the combined abnormal endoscopic findings (P<0.05). These findings suggested that variations in endonasal anatomy was not by itself a pathology or a cause of symptoms. However, a combination of these variations may narrow the cleft of the ostiomeatal unit and cause contact area or stenosis, which predisposed patients to persistent symptoms, recurrent infection or resistance to therapy in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. The endoscope might be a very useful tool for allergists, immunologists, and rhinologists, who work in the nose to deal with these cases.     

窦口鼻道复合体的应用解剖

目的：确定窦口鼻道复合体的境界，为临床在内窥镜下施行上颌窦手术提供解剖学依据。方法：在６０例成人鼻腔外侧壁的标本上，测量半月裂、钩突、筛泡、额鼻管和筛漏斗的有关数据。并观察了它们相互间的关系以及上颌窦的自然开口。结果：半月裂、钩突、筛泡、额鼻管的长度分别为１５．０ｍｍ，１８．３ｍｍ，１６．２ｍｍ和５．９ｍｍ；钩突与筛泡的高度分别为６．９ｍｍ和５．８ｍｍ；筛漏斗宽３．９ｍｍ、深３．７ｍｍ。上颌窦自然开口９８％在半月裂内，其中６０％位于半月裂后部、３３％位于中部、５％位于前部、１例变异。结论：窦口鼻道复合体的形态和病变与鼻窦炎的发病有直接联系     

筛窦区手术入路断层解剖学研究及其意义

目的　为筛窦区新型手术的开展提供解剖学依据。 方法　在大体解剖学研究的基础上,应用改进的火棉胶包埋技术对前颅底区域进行连续的三维薄切片,通过两者的有机结合,深入研究筛窦区域精细的解剖结构与复杂的毗邻关系。 结果　对筛窦区域解剖结构与毗邻关系显示良好精确：眶内侧壁（纸样壁）厚度左侧为（0.35±0.089）mm,右侧为（0.36±0.086）mm;鼻小柱到上颌窦开口距离左侧为（39.1±2.4）mm,右侧为（40.0±2.5）mm;筛窦中鼻道开口到筛顶壁距离左侧为（12.0±1.0）mm,右侧为（11.8±　1.1）mm。 结论　经筛窦区自然腔道行筛内、颅前窝、眶内及视神经管手术,安全可行。     

The surgical anatomy of the middle nasal meatus

Summary An exact study was made of the middle nasal meatus in 20 anatomical preparations (left and right) from 10 subjects. Some features (the ethmoidal bulla, the uncinate process of the ethmoidal bone, the openings of the maxillary and frontal sinuses) are relatively constant in their arrangement, but very variable in shape and size. An understanding of these structures is now essential for the practice of endonasal microsurgery.

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De l'anatomie médicochirurgicale du méat nasal moyen

Résumé Une série de 20 préparations anatomiques gauche et droite sur 10 sujets a permis une observation précise du méat nasal moyen. Certains reliefs: la bulle ethmoïdale, le processus uncinatus, les méats des sinus maxillaire et frontal sont relativement fixes dans leur disposition, mais très variables dans leur forme et leurs dimensions. Leur connaissance est maintenant indispensable à tout praticien exerçant la microchirurgie endonasale.

     

最后筛房的解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的:了解最后筛房的解剖发育情况及其解剖毗邻关系对临床开展蝶鞍区域手术的指导意义。方法:对50具成人头颅进行鼻窦冠状位及水平位薄层CT扫描,重点观测后筛窦最后筛房的影像解剖形态及其毗邻关系。结果:测得其矢状径位于5.76～21.48mm之间。其中,最后筛房大于或等于同侧蝶窦腔的有23侧(23％)。最后筛房与蝶窦、视神经管之间的解剖关系的不同形成蝶上筛房的有28侧,(28％),形成蝶旁筛房的有5侧(5％),形成Onodi窦的有24侧(24％)。结论:鼻窦冠状位及水平位CT扫描在最后筛房的影像解剖研究及临床手术中具有实际的指导作用。最后筛房与蝶窦、视神经管之间的解剖关系可形成蝶上筛房、蝶旁筛房或Onodi窦对临床开展蝶鞍区域手术具有一定的影响。     

Asymmetry of lateral lamella of the cribriform plate: a software-based analysis of coronal computed tomography and its clinical relevance in endoscopic sinus surgery

Background

Endoscopic sinus surgery is a known approach for sinonasal pathologies. Due to close proximity of sinuses to orbits and brain, surgeon should be aware of sinonasal anatomy and associated variations. The roof of ethmoid (fovea ethmoidalis) separates the ethmoidal cells from the anterior cranial fossa. Medially the fovea attaches to the lateral lamella of the cribriform plate, which is the thinnest bone of the skull base. Hence, it is at a high risk of getting damaged during surgery.

Objective

To ascertain the quantitative analysis of height of lateral lamella according to Keros classification in the computed tomographic (CT) images of patients presenting to our clinic.

Methods

It was retrospective review of 77 CT scans using computerized software known as picture archiving and communication system. The height of lateral lamella was examined for both sides and then classified according to Keros classification. Asymmetry between two sides was also reported.

Results

Keros type I was seen in 46 sides (29.8 %), type II in 75 sides (48.7 %) and type III was seen in 33 (21.4 %) sides. Keros type I was seen in 38 sides in males and 8 sides in females. Type II was seen in 46 and 29 sides in males and females, respectively. Type III was seen in 18 sides in males and in 15 sides in females.

Conclusion

Understanding of the anatomy of ethmoid roof with its possible variation is crucial to give the surgeon optimal information about the possible risk that one can face during the surgery. Hence dreadful complications can be avoided.     

Sphenoid sinus: an anatomic and endoscopic study in Asian cadavers

An anatomic and endoscopic study of 48 cadaveric heads (96 sphenoid sinuses) was undertaken to describe the anatomy of the sphenoid sinus in Asians. Sellar type of sphenoid sinus is the most common, present in 53 out of 96 sides (55%). Forty-five of the 48 heads had a dominant sphenoid cavity, of which 11 contained vital structures from both sides of the sphenoid sinus. The incidence of accessory septae, carotid artery, optic nerve, maxillary nerve, and vidian nerve bulges were 70.8%, 67.7%, 69.8%, 61.5%, and 64.6%, respectively. There is a significantly higher number of overriding ethmoid sinuses in Asian cadavers (46/96 sides) compared to western studies (P < 0.0005). Seven (15%) of these 46 sides were also Onodi positive. The rest of the overriding ethmoid cells were Onodi negative. Surgeons should be aware of the significantly higher number of overriding posterior ethmoid cells in Asian populations during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). The optic nerve is at risk during FESS surgery if the sphenoid sinus is sought behind the deepest point of these posterior ethmoid cells. These overriding posterior ethmoid cells may also confuse the unwary surgeon that he has entered the sphenoid sinus where in fact he is still operating in the posterior ethmoid cells.     

Anatomical variations in the human paranasal sinus region studied by CT

A precise knowledge of the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses is essential for the clinician. Conventional radiology does not permit a detailed study of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, and has now largely been replaced by computerised tomographic (CT) imaging. This gives an applied anatomical view of the region and the anatomical variants that are very often found. The detection of these variants to prevent potential hazards is essential for the use of current of endoscopic surgery on the sinuses. In the present work, we have studied the anatomical variants observed in the nasal fossae and paranasal sinuses in 110 Spanish subjects, using CT in the coronal plane, complemented by horizontal views. We have concentrated on the variants of the nasal septum, middle nasal concha, ethmoid unciform process and ethmoid bulla, together with others of lesser frequency. The population studied showed great anatomical variability, and a high percentage (67%) presented one or more anatomical variants. Discounting agger nasi air cells and asymmetry of both cavities of the sphenoidal sinus, which were present in all our cases, the variations most often observed were, in order, deviation of the nasal septum, the presence of a concha bullosa, bony spurs of the nasal septum and Onodi air cells.