Use of Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging to Detect the First Draining Lymph Node (FDLN) in a Swine Model

Objective. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of contrast‐enhanced ultrasound imaging (CEUS) to detect the first draining lymph node (FDLN) in a swine model and to determine whether the distance from the contrast agent injection site to the FDLN has any affect on the ability to detect contrast‐enhanced FDLNs. Methods. Thirteen swine (25–32 kg) were anesthetized during examinations and euthanized afterward. In every swine, 1 mL of a sulfur hexafluoride microbubble ultrasound contrast agent was bilaterally injected subcutaneously below a mammilla. The examined distances varied from 6 to 36 cm. The contrast‐enhanced lymphatic channels were visualized with low–mechanical index CEUS and mapped from the injection site to the FDLN. After CEUS was performed, blue dye was injected in the same locations as the contrast agent, and dye‐guided surgery was used to localize the FDLNs. To ensure the lymph node detected with the blue dye technique was the same found with CEUS, it was scanned again to confirm contrast enhancement. Results. After 26 injections, 22 inguinal FDLNs were detected with CEUS and the blue dye technique. After 4 injections in 2 swine, contrast‐filled lymphatic channels were identified with a course running toward the neck. In all cases but 1, the FDLNs received the contrast agent within 5 minutes. Conclusions. In this swine model, it was possible to use CEUS to locate the FDLNs. In these preliminary experiments, the distances from the contrast agent injection site to the FDLN did not affect the ability to detect the contrast‐enhanced FDLNs.     

术中超声、术中超声造影与MRI对不同级别胶质瘤的诊断一致性分析

目的通过术中超声、术中超声造影与MRI对诊断不同级别胶质瘤的一致性进行分析。方法对术前经MRI、术中超声及术中超声造影诊断并被病理证实为胶质瘤的42例患者进行分析,探讨三种检查方法与病理结果在诊断不同级别胶质瘤的一致性,以及三种检查方法之间在诊断不同级别胶质瘤的一致性。结果二维超声与病理结果的一致性差(Kappa=0.381,P=0.013),超声造影与病理结果的一致性好(Kappa=0.667,P=0.000),MRI与病理结果的一致性中等(Kappa=0.583,P=0.000),二维超声与超声造影的一致性中等(Kappa=0.476,P=0.001)。MRI与超声造影的一致性中等(Kappa=0.521,P=0.000)。结论超声造影与二维超声、MRI相比在诊断不同级别胶质瘤中有优势,能为胶质瘤的诊断及初步分级提供参考依据。     

超声造影对高强度聚焦超声联合肝动脉栓塞化疗治疗肝癌的疗效评价

目的探讨超声造影(CEUS)评价高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)联合肝动脉栓塞化疗(TAE)治疗肝恶性肿瘤疗效的应用价值。方法 24例肝癌患者,其中原发性肝癌15例,转移癌9例,治疗病灶总计31个,TAE治疗后1周内行HIFU治疗,于治疗前和治疗后7～14 d行CEUS检查,并与同期彩色多普勒超声(CDFI)、增强MRI检查结果比较。结果 CEUS观察31个病灶治疗覆盖区,19个(61.3%)在各期均为无增强,提示肿瘤完全灭活,12个(38.7%)病灶边缘或中央局部动脉期高增强,门脉期或延迟期减退为低增强,提示为肿瘤残存。以最终诊断为金标准,CEUS诊断准确性90.3%,增强MRI为93.5%,彩色多普勒超声为48.4%。CEUS与增强MRI在评价肿瘤灭活方面的敏感性、特异性、准确性差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),CEUS对肿瘤灭活诊断的准确性高于CDFI(P<0.05)。结论 CEUS可较准确地判断HIFU联合TAE治疗后肿瘤灭活程度,可为肝癌治疗近期疗效评价提供依据,有较高临床应用价值。     

Use of Ultrasound Contrast Agents in Relation to Percutaneous Interventional Procedures: A Systematic Review and Pictorial Essay

The aim of this article is to provide an inventory of the use of contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in relation to percutaneous interventional procedures. The article is structured into a systematic literature review followed by a clinical part relating to percutaneous CEUS‐guided procedures. A literature search identified 3109 records. After abstract screening, 55 articles were analyzed and supplemented with pictorial material to explain the techniques. In conclusion, the best‐evidenced indications for CEUS‐guided interventions are biopsy and ablation of inconspicuous or B‐mode–invisible tumors, intraprocedural ablation control and follow‐up, as well as percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and drainage procedures.     

常规超声及超声造影参数对甲状腺乳头状癌被膜侵犯的评估

目的探讨常规超声及超声造影检查相关参数对评估甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)被膜侵犯的应用价值。方法选取经手术病理证实的290例PTC患者共317个PTC结节,术前分别进行常规超声及超声造影定性定量检查,以病理结果癌结节有无被膜侵犯分组,回顾性比较常规超声及超声造影参数对判断被膜侵犯的价值。结果 317个癌结节中,经手术病理证实被膜侵犯为212个(66.88%),甲状腺癌结节大小、常规超声及超声造影条件下癌结节与被膜关系、结节动脉期灌注模式以及超声造影增强模式,在病理证实侵犯与未侵犯组之间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),多因素分析结果显示超声造影下癌结节与被膜接触、结节动脉期灌注模式表现为向心性增强以及超声造影表现为等增强及高增强与被膜侵犯相关(P<0.05)。结论常规超声检查及超声造影有助于判断甲状腺乳头状癌被膜是否侵犯,对临床应用具有一定的指导价值。     

实时超声造影检测兔微小VX2肝肿瘤的实验研究

目的评估实时超声造影对最大径≤10mm的兔肝VX2微小肿瘤的检出效能。方法实时超声造影检查30只肝脏接种2个VX2肿瘤的新西兰大白兔,造影剂为注射用六氟化硫微泡（声诺维）,成像技术采用对比脉冲序列。观察兔肝VX2肿瘤的时间推移影像特征,并与普通超声及病理检查比较。结果30只动物肝脏大体病理检查共检出39个肿瘤,大小4．2—9．1mm。其中〈5．0mm的肿瘤结节造影前检出1个,造影后检出14个;5．0～10．0mm的肿瘤结节造影前检出4个,造影后检出17个;微小肿瘤检出率从造影前的12．8％提高到造影后79．5％。结论实时超声造影比普通超声显著提高了10．0mm以下兔微小VX2肿瘤的检出率。     

How to Develop a Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound Program

With the recent Food and Drug Administration approval of Lumason (sulfur hexafluoride lipid‐type A microsphere, Bracco Diagnostics Inc, Monroe Township, NJ) for contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) to characterize focal liver lesions in both adult and pediatric patients, widespread use of CEUS is expected in the United States. This paper provides guidance in setting up a CEUS program, and reviews the practical details that will need to be instituted in a standard ultrasound department to provide both safe and efficient use of CEUS. A review of the indications, contraindications, adverse events, instructions for performing the exam, and image interpretation are discussed.     

Burned‐Out Testis Tumors in Asymptomatic Infertile Men: Multiparametric Sonography and MRI Findings

Multiparametric testicular ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were analyzed in a series of 10 infertile asymptomatic men presenting with pathologically confirmed burned‐out testicular tumors. Color/power Doppler ultrasound (CDUS), shear wave elastography (SWE), contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS), and MRI were performed on 10, 5, 6, and 7 patients, respectively. All lesions appeared as a hypoechoic and hypovascular nodular area at CDUS, SWE, CEUS CDUS, and CEUS (if performed). Shear wave elastography showed a stiffer nodular area compared with the surrounding/contralateral tissues (13 versus 2 kPa); MRI revealed a well‐delineated nodular area in hypointense signal on T2, a high apparent diffusion coefficient value, and a lack of enhancement.     

Late‐onset type I endoleak characterized by contrast enhanced ultrasound after endovascular repair of aortic aneurysm

We report in the case of a patient with an intra‐abdominal aortic aneurysm treated with endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) who developed renal impairment during the period of follow up. The repair was complicated with an early‐onset type II endoleak which later evolved into a late‐onset type I endoleak. It was treated with proximal extension of stent graft, with treatment success and follow‐up documented on contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). This case illustrates the usefulness of CEUS in post‐EVAR surveillance and emphasizes the need for life‐long monitoring as late‐onset complications are not uncommon.     

超声造影在原发性胆囊癌的应用探讨

目的探讨超声造影对原发性胆囊癌的诊断价值。 方法13例原发性胆囊癌患者接受了超声造影检查。采用对比脉冲序列（CPS）成像技术,造影剂为SonoVue。 结果注射造影剂后13例原发性胆囊癌均见造影增强,各病灶较常规超声显示更清晰。2例常规超声漏诊的胆囊癌造影后癌灶增强而胆泥不增强得以确诊。2例胆囊癌伴肝转移造影后检出更多的转移病灶。 结论超声造影是常规超声的重要补充,有助于提高原发性胆囊癌的诊断水平。     

Usefulness of contrast‐enhanced ultrasound in the diagnosis of biliary leakage following T‐tube removal

Biliary leakage is a serious complication related to T‐tube removal. Identifying the location of the leak is important for accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment. We report a case of biliary leakage in the common bile duct (CBD) following a T‐tube removal that was successfully diagnosed with contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). The micro‐bubble contrast medium was administrated into the bile ducts through the percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage catheter. The real‐time delineation of contrast agent leaking from the CBD was confirmed by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. CEUS can be used to detect biliary leakage after T‐tube removal. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2010     

Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound examination of the gallbladder and bile ducts: A pictorial essay

The gallbladder and bile ducts are usually assessed initially with conventional gray‐scale ultrasound (US). Contrast enhanced US (CEUS) is used when a diagnosis cannot be reached with conventional US. CEUS is easy to learn and perform. US contrast agents can be safely administered in patients with renal function impairment. In this pictorial essay the physics, examination technique and indications of CEUS for examining the gallbladder and bile ducts are reviewed. Gallbladder indications include elucidating normal variants, differentiating sludge from neoplastic lesions, benign and malignant pathology, infection, wall rupture and hemobilia. In the biliary tree CEUS is used for studying benign and malignant tumors, including metastases and cholangiocarcinoma, as well as intrabiliary injection.     

常规超声和超声造影对肝脏局灶性病变定性诊断的有用性评估

目的评估常规超声(B型超声 彩色多普勒超声)和超声造影(CEUS)在肝脏局灶性病变(FLL)定性诊断中的有用性。方法模拟日常超声检查工作情景检测常规超声和CEUS对305例FLL的定性诊断性能和诊断者的信心强度。CEUS采用造影剂SonoVue和对比脉冲序列成像技术。结果常规超声和CEUS的诊断正确率对肝细胞性肝癌分别为86.8%、88.6%,对转移性肝癌分别为97.6%、99.2%。对肝内胆管癌、血管瘤、局灶性结节增生、肝硬化结节、不均匀脂肪肝和其他病变,诊断正确率常规超声为26.2%～71.9%,CEUS为46.4%～92.9%,可相应提高19～25个百分点。对所有病变,CEUS均较大幅度地增强了诊断者的信心强度。结论在病灶回声表现典型、同时存在有力支持诊断的临床资料和伴随声像的条件下,常规超声定性诊断FLL的准确程度与CEUS相当,并不一定需要做造影检查。如不具备上述条件,CEUS是值得推荐的。     

Multiparametric Sonography of Hematologic Malignancies of the Testis: Grayscale,Color Doppler,and Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound and Strain Elastographic Appearances With Histologic Correlation

Primary testicular lymphoma is rare and appears with nonspecific findings on grayscale and color Doppler sonography. We present 8 patients further examined with contrast‐enhanced sonography, strain elastography, and histologic analysis after orchiectomy. Seven of 8 patients had a diagnosis of large B‐cell lymphoma, and 1 of 8 had a diagnosis of granulocytic sarcoma, with solitary lesions (2 of 8), multiple lesions (3 of 8), or entire testicular involvement (3 of 8). Lesions appeared hypoechoic (7 of 8) or isoechoic (1 of 8), all with increased vascularity on color Doppler sonography and a nonbranching linear pattern of intratumoral vessels (7 of 8). Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) confirmed this pattern and showed increased enhancement in all lesions. On strain elastography, all lesions were hard, with an elasticity score of greater than 4. Multiparametric sonography of testicular lymphoma identifies increased vascularity on color Doppler and contrast‐enhanced ultrasound and increased lesion stiffness on strain elastography.     

Intravenous and Intracavitary Use of Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound in the Evaluation and Management of Complicated Pediatric Pneumonia

Pediatric pneumonia can be complicated by necrotizing pneumonia or a parapneumonic effusion either in the form of an empyema or a clear effusion. Ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography represent well‐established modalities for evaluation of complicated pediatric pneumonia. Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) was recently introduced and is gaining increasing acceptance in pediatric imaging. In this case series, we present our initial experience with both intravenous and intracavitary use of CEUS in children with complicated pneumonia. Intravenous CEUS accurately and confidently showed necrotizing pneumonia and delineated pleural effusions, whereas intracavitary CEUS accurately identified the chest catheter location and patency and showed the presence of loculations, suggesting the use of fibrinolytics.     

肝内胆管细胞癌超声造影与病理对照(附5例报告)

目的 分析肝内胆管细胞癌的超声造影增强模式及其病理基础。 方法 5例患者接受超声造影检查，采用对比脉冲序列成像技术，造影剂为SonoVue。所有肝内胆管细胞癌均经病理检查证实。 结果 静脉注射SonoVue后，4例动脉期病灶边缘等回声增强、网隔样等回声增强，门静脉期可见动脉强化最早的部分轻度消退，但整体仍可见造影剂继续向内部充填，延迟期全部病灶造影剂明显消退。1例动脉期边缘增强及网隔样增强，无向心性充填。病理切片显示肿瘤内血管稀少，癌细胞主要位于边缘部分，中央部分纤维组织丰富，可伴有坏死，这可能是肝内胆管细胞癌超声造影强化模式的病理基础。 结论 胆管细胞癌超声造影的边缘等回声增强、网隔样等回声增强对肝内胆管癌有较高的诊断和鉴别诊断价值。     

An unusual pelvic mass: Contrast-enhanced sonographic diagnosis of pelvic splenosis

Splenosis is an unusual condition representing auto-transplantation of splenic tissue following splenic trauma or surgery. When detected on imaging studies, the splenosis deposits are usually misinterpreted as pathological masses. We present a case where a pelvic mass incidentally visualized on an MRI examination, was proven to represent a deposit of splenosis by contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). CEUS demonstrated persistent late-phase enhancement characteristic of splenic tissue. Ultrasound practitioners should be aware of this condition when an unusual abdominal or pelvic mass is encountered in a patient with a history of splenic trauma or surgery. CEUS is ideally suited to confirming the diagnosis.     

对比增强超声对猪肝轻度损伤的初步研究

目的应用对比增强超声来探索肝割裂伤口的位置、范围及图像特征。方法两只巴马小型猪,用手术刀经皮经肝作深20mm,宽10mm的切口。静脉注入超声造影剂(SonoVue)来显示伤口的位置、范围和图像特点。结果经皮经肝形成的割裂口,于裂口的位置用二维声像图(基波和谐波模式)上无法显示伤口的位置和范围。注入造影剂后,肝实质高回声消退后,呈线状强回声的割裂口显示十分清晰,此处的强回声一直持续时间较长。另外,紧贴裂口处的肝包膜下,可见线状强回声。肝实质内造影剂完全消除后,将造影模式转换成灰阶模式,仍见裂口处的强回声条索,并见其后方的弱声影。再反转成彩色血流成像模式,于裂口处彩色血流明显增强。结论由于造影剂的原因,割裂口在对比增强超声图上显示为强回声。因此,对比增强超声能反映肝脏损伤的程度和损伤区的部位、形态和范围。     

肝内胆管癌超声造影的增强特点

目的 探讨肝内胆管癌（ICC）超声造影的增强特点。 方法 13例ICC患者共13个病灶接受了超声造影检查（CEUS）。CEUS采用造影剂Sono Vue和低机械指数成像技术对比脉冲序列（CPS）。 结果 动脉期13个（100％）病灶呈不均匀增强。9个（69．2％）病灶为低增强，其中7个在周边见高回声的不规则环状增强。另外4个（30．8％）在动脉期显示为高（n=1）或等增强（n=3）。门静脉期全部病灶呈不均匀低增强，其中6个（46．2％）病灶低增强范围有所扩大。至延迟期全部病灶呈均匀低增强。 结论 ICC在CEUS各时相的增强模式具有特征性，对ICC的定性诊断可提供帮助。     

超声造影鉴别诊断胆囊良恶性病变的价值

目的 探讨超声造影在鉴别诊断胆囊良恶性疾病中的价值.方法 回顾分析应用对比脉冲序列成像技术和SonoVue超声造影检查117例胆囊病变的特征,比较胆囊良恶性病变常规超声和超声造影的诊断符合率.结果 除胆泥无造影剂进入外,胆囊良恶性病灶在达峰时多表现为高增强、富血供;消退时胆囊癌为低增强,良性病灶多为等增强.对于胆囊癌,常规超声的诊断符合率为65.38%,超声造影为92.31%;胆囊良性病灶,常规超声的诊断符合率为82.41%,超声造影为93.41%.结论 超声造影可提高超声诊断胆囊疾病的准确率,可鉴别胆泥沉积与胆囊癌,了解胆囊癌侵犯胆囊壁的程度及肝内转移情况,但对于腺瘤和单发息肉以及直径小的胆囊癌鉴别较困难.