股骨头圆韧带动脉血供的相关研究

目的:评测股骨颈骨折后股骨头圆韧带动脉血供情况,探讨其临床治疗方法,为可以采用闭合复位内固定保留股骨头治疗股骨颈骨折取得理论依据.方法:70例行人工髋关节置换术的患者,按年龄分为A、B、C 3组,A组＜60岁(21例),B组为60～70岁(26例),C组＞70岁(23例).断头取出后,肉眼直视下观察干净纱布擦拭前后髋臼窝圆韧带动脉的出血情况.术后切除的圆韧带送病理检查,横断圆韧带制作病理切片观察圆韧带动脉通畅情况.结果:70例观察对象,干净纱布擦拭前可见圆韧带动脉出血而擦拭后仍有出血共有44例;擦拭前可见圆韧带动脉出血而擦拭后未见出血共有13例;擦拭前后均未见出血13例.术后送检圆韧带行病理切片提示圆韧带动脉通畅38例,不通畅者32例.A组圆韧带动脉通畅率高于另外两组,差异有统计学意义P＜0.0167.结论:综合评估股骨颈骨折后股骨头圆韧带动脉血供情况,60岁以下年龄组股骨颈骨折后患者股骨头圆韧带动脉总体通畅情况良好,Garden III型及以下股骨颈骨折可行保留股骨头治疗;Garden IV型及60岁以上股骨颈骨折患者建议一期行人工假体置换术.     

Load–deformation properties of the ligament of the head of femur in situ

The ligament of the head of femur (LHF) or ligamentum teres has been reported to tense during hip adduction and also to provide mechanical stability to the joint. LHF injury is more common in females and also in right hip joints compared with left ones. Although this could be due to leg dominance, pelvic size or muscle strength, there is no study that has looked into these differences. This cadaveric biomechanical study aimed to compare potential differences in the mechanical behavior of the LHF between neutral and 20° adducted hip joints, sex, and sides. Tensile tests of the LHF were performed on 25 hip joints (mean age at death of 85.7 ± 7.5 years; 9 females, 4 males; 13 left, 12 right), positioned either neutrally or in adduction. The maximum force required to rupture the ligament, its strain at failure, tensile strength, linear stiffness, and elastic modulus were obtained and statistically compared between analysis groups. The maximum force the LHF could withstand before rupture averaged 57 ± 37 N, strain at failure of 59 ± 33%, tensile strength of 2.9 ± 1.8 MPa, linear stiffness of 5.4 ± 3.5 N/mm, and elastic modulus of 7.2 ± 3.8 MPa. The LHF length at failure was significantly greater in males compared with females (P = 0.02). Irrespective of joint position, there were no statistical differences in the stress–strain properties of the LHF between females and males, or sides. There may be other anatomical, functional, and demographic factors that could render the ligament tissue vulnerable to injury in these groups. Clin. Anat., 33:705–713, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

股骨骨髓腔的应用解剖

本文测量了30块成人股骨的长度,骨髓腔长度及内径。骨髓腔的长度为28.86±2.79cm,其最狭窄部位在股骨中段,最小径为9.86±1.20mm。股骨长度与骨髓腔长度明显相关(P(0.001),回归方程为Y=-4.0543+0.8516X,为骨外科髓内钉术提供应用解剖学数据。     

颞下颌关节韧带的断层影像解剖研究

目的：通过cT和MRI扫描,明确颞下颌关节韧带的形态、结构及其断层影像解剖特点。方法：选取60名健康志愿者分别行颞下颌关节CT、磁共振检查,观察颞下颌关节韧带的断层影像解剖特点。结果：颞下颌关节在cT图像中显示韧带呈等密度影,而钙化的韧带呈高密度影;在磁共振T1WI和T2WI图像中,翼下颌韧带、蝶下颌韧带、茎突下颌韧带、颞下颌韧带、下颌锤骨韧带（关节盘锤骨韧带）均显示为结构清晰的低信号影像,骨皮质在T1WI及T2WI图像中均显示为结构清晰的低信号影像,骨髓质均显示为结构清晰的高信号影像。结论：CT、磁共振成像可清楚地显示颞下颌关节韧带的断层影像解剖结构。     

胎儿和婴儿股骨近端的血供及其临床意义

对54侧8个月胎儿至1岁儿童股骨近端的血供进行了研究。骨外以前、后、外侧、内侧颈升动脉和股骨头韧带动脉,骨内以前、后、上、下、内骺动脉和前、后、上、下于骺动脉分布于股骨头颈部。对动脉分布特点与股骨头缺血性坏死的关系进行了讨论。     

肺韧带的临床解剖

本文以外科解剖的方法结合阅读胸部X片研究了肺韧带,发现左肺韧带与纵隔胸膜和膈胸膜移行处相连,右肺韧带与膈胸膜相续,作者对气胸时肺压缩的胸部X线变化提出了见解,对肺韧带位置作了空间定位。     

股骨头颈骨内、外静脉回流的解剖学研究

目的 :为探讨Legg Perthes病的发病机理及临床治疗提供形态学依据。 方法 :采用巨微解剖、血管透明、组织切片、造影、扫描电镜等方法对 45例胎儿、新生儿及儿童的股骨头颈骨内、外静脉回流途径、骨内微血管构筑特点进行观察。结果 :(1 )髋关节骨外静脉包括 :旋股内、外侧静脉 ,闭孔静脉 ,臀上、下静脉 ,颈后静脉 ,髂腰静脉 ,股骨头韧带静脉 ,颈升静脉 ;骨内静脉包括 :前、后、上、下骺静脉 ,内骺静脉 ,前、后、上、下干骺静脉。关节囊内存在丰富的滑膜下静脉网 ,髋关节周围形成两个彼此有吻合的环状结构。(2 )一条微动脉一般有两条微静脉伴行 ,微静脉间有丰富的横行吻合支 ,在微动脉移行为毛细血管的部位 ,常可见到环形缩窄。结论 :(1 )Legg Perthes病与股骨头、颈静脉回流障碍密切相关。 (2 )根据股骨头、颈骨内外静脉回流特点 ,Legg Perthes病可以设计骨内、外双重介入治疗 ,骨内、囊内静脉搭桥的显微外科治疗方案     

Neurovascular structures of the ligament of the head of femur

The ligament of the head of femur (LHF), or ligamentum teres, is believed to provide blood supply to the head of femur and mechanical stability to the hip joint. But these functions in the adult are often debated. The existence and distribution of neurovascular structures within the ligament are not widely documented. This study examined the blood vessels and nervous tissue within the LHF to determine whether the ligament may have a vascular and proprioceptive function at the hip joint. Histological sections from the LHF from 10 embalmed hips (six female, four male; mean age 80.4 ± 8.7 years) were cut at three levels: the foveal attachment, mid‐length and its base where it attaches to the transverse acetabular ligament. Sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin to study general tissue architecture or with von Willebrand factor and neurofilament to identify blood vessels and nervous tissue, respectively. The proportion of the ligament's cross‐sectional area occupied by blood vessels was expressed as a vascularity index (VI). Nerve endings within the ligament were identified and morphologically classified. Comparisons between the VI at the three levels, or between the tissue layers of the ligament, were made using 95% confidence intervals; statistical significance was set P < 0.05. The ligament tissue comprised three distinct layers: a synovial lining with cuboidal cells, a sub‐synovial zone formed of loose connective tissue and the ligament proper composed of dense collagen bundles. Patent blood vessels and nerve fibres were present both in the sub‐synovial zone and the ligament proper; Pacinian corpuscles and free nerve endings were found scattered only in the sub‐synovial zone. The VI of the ligament proper at the fovea was significantly higher than its middle (P = 0.01) and basal levels (P = 0.04); it was also higher than that of the sub‐synovial layer (P = 0.04). The LHF has three histologically distinct zones, and blood vessels and nerves are distributed both in the sub‐synovial layer and ligament proper. Higher vascularity within the ligament proper at its foveal insertion suggests a possible nutritive role of the LHF to the adult head of femur. The presence of nerves and nerve receptors indicates the ligament is involved in the perception of pain and proprioception, thereby contributing to mechanical stability of the joint.     

Anatomy of the coracohumeral and coracoglenoidal ligaments

The Ligg. coracohumerale and coracoglenoidale are constant anatomical structures, represented in all the 34 preparations investigated. The Lig. coracoglenoidale is a strong band of dense connective tissue, running from the Processus coracoideus to the Tuberculum supraglenoidale. In 27 specimens out of 34 it was the continuation of the M. pectoralis minor tendon. The Lig. coracohumerale consists of two separate parts. The “inferior part” originates from the Processus coracoideus and the Lig. coracoglenoidale, which separates it from the base of the coracoid process. It is composed of the joint capsule anteriorly and a remnant of the M. pectoralis minor tendon posteriorly. The “superior part” arises from the medio-posterior surface of the Processus coracoideus, just below the Lig. coracoacromiale. Both parts of the Lig. coracohumerale run into the shoulder joint capsule under the M. supraspinatus tendon and insert into a capsular semicircular band. According to the shape and course of fibres between the greater and lesser tubercles of the Humerus, we propose to name it the “Lig. semicirculare humeri”. None of the two parts of the Lig. coracohumerale begins from the base of the Processus coracoideus, and fibres of the Lig. coracohumerale do not reach the Tuberculum majus et minus directly.     

Study of the three-dimensional orientation of the labrum: its relations with the osseous acetabular rim

Understanding the three-dimensional orientation of the coxo-femoral joint remains a challenge as an accurate three-dimensional orientation ensure an efficient bipedal gait and posture. The quantification of the orientation of the acetabulum can be performed using the three-dimensional axis perpendicular to the plane that passes along the edge of the acetabular rim. However, the acetabular rim is not regular as an important indentation in the anterior rim was observed. An innovative cadaver study of the labrum was developed to shed light on the proper quantification of the three-dimensional orientation of the acetabulum. Dissections on 17 non-embalmed corpses were performed. Our results suggest that the acetabular rim is better represented by an anterior plane and a posterior plane rather than a single plane along the entire rim as it is currently assumed. The development of the socket from the Y-shaped cartilage was suggested to explain the different orientations in these anterior and posterior planes. The labrum forms a plane that takes an orientation in between the anterior and posterior parts of the acetabular rim, filling up inequalities of the bony rim. The vectors V(L) , V(A2) and V(P) , representing the three-dimensional orientation of the labrum, the anterior rim and the posterior rim, are situated in a unique plane that appears biomechanically dependent. The three-dimensional orientation of the acetabulum is a fundamental parameter to understand the hip joint mechanism. Important applications for hip surgery and rehabilitation, as well as for physical anthropology, were discussed.     

带血管蒂大转子骨瓣修复股骨颈的应用解剖

在40侧标本上解剖观测了供应大转子的血供来源。大转子后部的动脉发自旋股内侧动脉深支,深支的大转子支经股方肌与下孖肌之间浅出到达大转子,供应范围约4×3cm。利用旋股内侧动脉深支及大转子支为血管蒂进行大转子骨瓣移位,是修复股骨颈骨折的一种简易手术新方案。     

早期股骨头缺血性坏死治疗：髓芯减压并钽棒优于并植骨

背景：单纯髓芯减压并植骨治疗早期股骨头缺血性坏死对软骨下骨支撑不够,增加了骨折及塌陷的风险。钽棒的置入不仅可以提供很好的生物学支撑,也会增加坏死区域的再血管化,从而达到修复股骨头坏死的作用。目的：比较髓芯减压并植骨、髓芯减压并钽棒置入治疗早期股骨头缺血性坏死的临床效果。方法：纳入髓芯减压并植骨治疗ARCOⅠ/Ⅱ期股骨头缺血性坏死患者24例28髋,髓芯减压并钽棒置入治疗ARCOⅠ/Ⅱ期股骨头缺血性坏死患者25例29髋。随访24个月,观察治疗前后Harris评分变化及临床疗效。结果与结论：所有患者均获得随访。治疗后6个月,髓芯减压并植骨组患者Harris评分较治疗前平均提高了4.93分;髓芯减压并钽棒置入组患者Harris评分较治疗前平均提高了6.89分,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。治疗后12个月,2组患者Harris评分均有治疗前显著提高,髓芯减压并植骨组患者Harris评分低于髓芯减压并钽棒置入组(P < 0.05)。髓芯减压并钽棒置入组总的治疗优良率为83%,优于髓芯减压并植骨组的75%。治疗后24个月髓芯减压并钽棒置入组X射线评分显著高于髓芯减压并植骨组(P < 0.05)。提示与髓芯减压并植骨相比,髓芯减压并钽棒置入能够更有效地防止股骨头塌陷,改善关节功能及延缓股骨头坏死进程。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程全文链接：     

关节镜下LARS韧带重建后交叉韧带的早期临床疗效分析

目的 回顾性分析关节镜下LARS韧带重建后交叉韧带的早期临床疗效。方法 自2016年8月~2017年10月筛选50例确诊为后交叉韧带损伤患者。其中应用LARS韧带重建后交叉韧带患者22例设为实验组,应用自体半腱肌、股薄肌重建后交叉韧带的患者28例设为对照组。记录患者术后并发症发生率,采用Lysholm、IKDC、Tegner膝关节运动评分标准对术后膝关节的稳定性与活动性随访评分。结果 所有患者均获得随访,随访时间3~6个月。对照组术后并发症的发生率高于实验组（21.43% vs 9.09%）,实验组在避免膝关节僵硬及下肢深静脉血栓方面优于对照组（4.55% vs 17.86%）,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;两组患者术前Lysholm评分、IKDC评分以及Tegner评分比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,在术后随访过程中,实验组Lysholm评分、IKDC评分以及Tegner评分优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 关节镜下LARS韧带重建后交叉韧带创伤小,降低术后并发症,有效的恢复膝关节的稳定性和功能性,具有较好的近期临床疗效。     

髋臼发育不良髋关节置换前髋臼侧的三维测量

背景：成人髋臼发育不良髋臼小而浅,臼内有大量骨痂和瘢痕组织等都为人工髋关节置换术中真臼的辨认、臼杯的准确安装带来极大困难,关节置换前对髋臼的全面认识是选择合适的髋臼假体和制定个性化髋臼重建方案的前提。 目的：评估三维影像重建技术在成人髋关节发育不良全髋关节置换前臼杯型号选择中的应用价值。 方法：对11例准备进行全髋关节置换的髋臼发育不良患者行螺旋CT扫描,多平面重建髋臼,并进行数字化臼杯模板置入拟定术中假体型号,并与置换中实际作吻合度评估。 结果与结论：螺旋CT扫描可清晰显示髋臼形态,基于此所进行三维关节置换前计划,拟定的臼杯大小数据中71.4%与置换中实际一致,其组内相关系数为0.888,明显较基于X射线平片所作二维置换前计划准确。髋臼发育不良病例髋臼变浅变小,髋臼外上方普遍存在不同程度的骨缺损,为达到骨床对臼杯良好的包容,可借助三维多平面重建能有效评估髋臼形态,其对成人髋关节发育不良术前假体的选择具有较高的参考价值。     

Surgical Treatment of Pathological Fractures Occurring at the Proximal Femur

PurposeTo analyze the results of surgical treatment for pathological fractures at the proximal femur.ResultsThe primary malignancies were 6 cases of breast cancer, 3 cases of lung cancer, 3 cases of renal cell carcinoma, 2 cases of cholangiocarcinoma, 2 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, 1 case of esophageal cancer, 1 case of colon cancer, and 1 case of ovarian cancer. Pathological fractures included 8 cases of pertrochanteric fractures and 11 cases of subtrochanteric fractures. Intramedullary nailing was performed in 10 cases, and joint replacement surgery was performed in 9 cases. Postoperative complications included local recurrence in 1 case, infection in 1 case, and nail breakage in 1 case. The mean postoperative MSTS score was 21. The mean survival period was 10.6 months. Patient survival rates were 42.1% after 6 months, 26.3% after 12 months, and 10.5% after 24 months.ConclusionSurgical treatment of pathological fractures at the proximal femur provided early ambulation, and excellent pain relief. The surgery was well tolerated emotionally. Surgery is necessary for improving the quality of life in such patients; however, more cases of pathological fractures in these regions should be subjected to detailed analysis.     

胎儿和婴儿股骨近端的静脉及其临床意义

对54侧8个月胎儿至1岁儿童股骨近端的静脉进行了研究。股骨近端的静脉与其动脉伴行。骨内静脉先以静脉网套在小动脉外周,再汇集成一或二条静脉与动脉伴行引流至骨外。骨外回流途径包括前、后、内侧和外侧颈升静脉,股骨头韧带静脉,闭孔静脉,臀上、下静脉,旋股内、外侧静脉。结合静脉分布特点,对髋部某些疾病的发病机制进行了讨论。     

肱二头肌短头腱转位修复肩锁关节脱位的解剖与临床

目的:为应用肱二头肌短头肌腱转位修复肩锁关节脱位提供解剖学基础和术式设计。方法:在31侧经动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人尸体标本上,对肱二头肌短头肌腱的形态、血管及喙突的局部结构进行解剖学观察、摹拟手术设计并应用于临床11例。结果:肱二头肌短头肌腱长8.7±1.5cm,上部宽0.9±0.4cm,中部宽1.2±0.4cm,下部宽1.4±0.4cm,喙突尖至肩峰的距离4.7±0.5cm,喙突尖至锁骨肩峰端4.3±0.4cm。应用肱二头肌短头肌腱转位修复肩锁关节脱位疗效满意。结论:应用肱二头肌短头肌腱移位重建喙锁韧带、肩锁韧带及修复肩锁关节脱位,是一种行之有效的新术式。     

股骨转子下截骨的全髋关节置换治疗高脱位髋臼发育不良

背景：高位脱位的髋臼发育不良患者的骨性和软组织畸形严重,常规的全髋关节置换风险高,并发症多,而结合股骨转子下截骨的全髋关节置换可以简化置换方法。 目的：回顾性分析人工全髋关节置换结合股骨转子下截骨治疗高位脱位髋臼发育不良患者17例的疗效及安全性。 方法：对2006年1月到2011年6月在北京积水潭医院行人工全髋关节置换结合股骨转子下截骨治疗髋臼发育不良的患者17例的临床资料进行回顾性分析,均获得至少2年以上随访,共21髋关节,对置换并发症、髋关节功能改善以及髋关节部位影像学改变进行评估。 结果与结论：患者平均随访(48.0±20.5)个月。患者置换后Harris评分高于置换前(P < 0.05)。患者主要症状为双下肢不等长,下蹲后站起困难、下肢力量不足及下肢软组织紧张。1髋发生大转子骨折以钢爪固定;4髋在置换中股骨距裂纹骨折以钢丝捆绑。1例患者置换后出现股神经损伤表现,获得部分恢复。所有患者无感染、脱位和假体松动出现。结果说明,结合股骨转子下截骨短缩的人工全髋关节置换是治疗髋关节脱位的有效方法,安全可靠,但仍需要一定的置换技术控制其并发症的发生,其长期结果有待进一步随访。     

Bernese髋臼周围截骨治疗髋臼发育不良

背景：改变髋臼朝向是纠正髋臼发育不良的最好方法,而Bernese髋臼周围截骨是当前最常应用也是最成功的治疗方法之一。 目的：总结分析Bernese髋臼周围截骨的适应证及技术和影响效果的因素,以期更好的应用于临床。 方法：使用“Bernese osteotomy,Ganz osteotomy,periacetabular ostetomy”作为关键词,采用计算机检索PubMed、Elsevier和Springer数据库中2012年12月以前的相关文章。纳入与Bernese髋臼周围截骨治疗在髋臼发育不良患者中临床应用的相关文献;排除重复研究和Meta分析类文章。重点对Bernese髋臼周围截骨治疗的适应证及技术和治疗效果的影响因素进行综合分析。 结果与结论：计算机初检得到483篇文献,根据纳入排除标准,对其中43篇文献进行分析。Bernese截骨术是采用改良的Smith-Peterson入路在髋臼周围进行多边形截骨。虽然手术技术逐渐改进,但是主要截骨步骤一直保持不变,只是改良了软组织松解方法。影响Bernese髋臼周围截骨治疗后效果的直接因素是影像学上髋关节退变和发育不良的严重程度。将来随着对髋关节畸形理解的深入,Bernese髋臼周围截骨治疗的指征、技术方式也将得到发展。     

股骨上端恶性肿瘤瘤段切除及人工关节置换的体会及教训

目的介绍一组因股骨上端恶性肿瘤行瘤段切除和人工关节置换术的病例,从中总结一些经验和教训。方法 回顾自1984年10月至2003年12月57例股骨上端恶性肿瘤采用瘤段切除及人工关节置换来修复和替代切除的股骨上段及髋关节,作者介绍了手术适应症的选择,假体设计的要点,手术方法和术后治疗的要点等。结果57例中生存的46例,假体置换后功能评定优良率达87.7％。结论对股骨上端的原发性中低度恶性肿瘤或孤立存在的转移瘤,如无禁忌症,可考虑行瘤段切除和人工关节置换术,术后功能较满意,根治效果也较好。