Waist circumference and sleep disordered breathing

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To explore how the different metrics of obesity, specifically body mass index (BMI), Mallampati, neck circumference, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio, correlate with metrics of sleep disordered breathing (SDB), specifically the apnea/hypopnea index (AHI), and which is/are the most likely to predict and correlate with SDB. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Four hundred fourteen patients presenting to the University of California San Diego Head and Neck Surgery Clinic for SDB had a sleep evaluation including a history and physical examination assessing the markers of obesity and a sleep test. Data comparing AHI with BMI, neck circumference, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, and Mallampati were analyzed by means, standard deviations, and Pearson's correlations. RESULTS: The mean AHI for males was 34, and the mean AHI for females was 24. The mean age was 48 for both sexes. The mean waist circumference for males was 104 cm (41 inches) and for females 99 cm (39 inches). In males and females, waist measurement was most strongly correlated with SDB (males: r = 0.366, P = .00; females: r = 0.445, P = .00). The mean neck circumference for males and females was 43 cm (17 inches) and 38 cm (15 inches) (males: r = 0.358, P = .00; females: r = 0.38, P = .00). The mean waist-hip ratio for males and females was 0.94 and 0.87 (males: r = 0.359, P = .00; females: r = 0.254, P = .03). The mean BMI for males and females was 31 kg/m2 (males: r = 0.325, P = .00; females: r = 0.40, P = .00), and the mean Mallampati for males and females was 2.84 and 2.92 (males: r = 0.176, P = .012; females: r = 0.149, P = .16). A linear regression demonstrated that waist and neck circumference were better correlates of SDB than BMI. CONCLUSION: Obesity correlates with SDB severity. Waist circumference is a better measure than BMI or neck circumference to predict SDB. Men and women are anthropometrically different. Even with an AHI of 5 or more, only half of SDB patients in this study were clinically obese. An abnormal waist circumference for men and women is 102 cm (40 inches) or more.     

Sleep disordered breathing: surgical outcomes in prepubertal children

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the treatment outcomes of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in prepubertal children 3 months following surgical intervention. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective investigation of 400 consecutively seen children with SDB who were referred to otolaryngologists for treatment. METHOD: After masking the identities and conditions of the children, the following were tabulated: clinical symptoms, results of clinical evaluation and polysomnography at entry, the treatment chosen by the otolaryngologists, and clinical and polysomnographic results 3 months after surgery. RESULTS: Treatment ranged from nasal steroids to various surgical procedures. Adenotonsillectomy was performed in only 251 of 400 cases (68%). Four cases included adenotonsillectomy in conjunction with pharyngoplasty (closure of the tonsillar wound by suturing the anterior and posterior pillar to tighten the airway). Persistent SDB was seen in 58 of 400 children (14.5%), and an additional 8 had persistent snoring. Best results were with adenotonsillectomy. CONCLUSION: SDB involves obstruction of the upper airway, which may be partially due to craniofacial structure involvement. The goal of surgical treatment should be aimed at enlarging the airway, and not be solely focused on treating inflammation or infection of the lymphoid tissues. This goal may not be met in some patients, thus potentially contributing to residual problems seen after surgery. The possibility of further treatment, including collaboration with orthodontists to improve the craniofacial risk factors, should be considered in children with residual problems.     

Sleep-disordered breathing in children: survey of current practice

OBJECTIVES: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends objective testing with polysomnography (PSG) before adenotonsillectomy for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in children. Several studies have also shown that a clinical diagnosis correlates poorly with the presence or severity of SDB as confirmed by PSG. The purpose of this study was to examine surgical practice patterns among members of the American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngologists (ASPO). METHODS: A questionnaire was sent electronically to all members of ASPO asking about demographics, PSG facilities, and pre- and postoperative management of children with SDB. RESULTS: A total of 245 questionnaires were sent, and 105 (43%) were completed. The results of the survey show that up to 50% of pediatric visits in individual practices were for SDB. Only 10% of children who underwent adenotonsillectomy had PSG, and the most common reason to request it was doubt about diagnosis. The average wait for PSG was 3 to 6 weeks. Preoperative PSG was routinely requested in children under 1 year of age and children with morbid obesity, craniofacial abnormalities, or neuromuscular disease. The majority of pediatric otolaryngologists proceeded with an adenotonsillectomy in symptomatic children with normal PSG findings. Postoperative PSG was requested in less than 5% of children. Approximately 20% of children who underwent adenotonsillectomy for suspected SDB were observed overnight in hospital. CONCLUSIONS: A majority of respondents from this survey rely on a clinical diagnosis rather than PSG to recommend an adenotonsillectomy for SDB in children. PSG was generally used when the diagnosis was in doubt.     

儿童睡眠呼吸障碍呼吸事件分析

目的：分析儿童睡眠呼吸障碍的呼吸事件特点。方法：对203例睡眠打鼾儿童进行整夜多导睡眠监测,按呼吸暂停低通气指数（apnea hypopnea index,AHI）和呼吸暂停指数（apneaindex,AI）分5组,比较组间呼吸事件监测结果。结果：①REM睡眠期人均呼吸事件次数与NREM期比较差异有统计学意义;②低通气发生次数（6．28±1．29）次／h与呼吸暂停次数（1．81±0．39）次／h比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：①儿童呼吸事件多发生于REM睡眠期;②儿童低通气的发生次数多于呼吸暂停;③以AI≥1诊断儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征需进一步探讨。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸障碍诊疗——口腔视角

口腔团队因其拥有的颅颌＆上气道测量分析技术、口腔正畸技术、颅颌框架重建＆软组织减容技术等是阻塞性睡眠呼吸障碍（obstructive sleepdisordered breathing,OSDB）［14］诊疗领域的一支主力军。     

腺样体扁桃体切除术对睡眠呼吸紊乱患儿生活质量的影响

目的：评价阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患儿行扁桃体和（或）腺样体切除手术治疗前后生活质量的改善程度,并与有睡眠呼吸紊乱（SDB）症状但整夜PSG阴性的患儿进行比较;同时分析PSG与疾病特异性生活质量调查结果之间的相关性。方法：SDB患儿术前1～2周内行整夜PSG监测,根据结果分为PSG阳性组和阴性组,术后6～9个月内进行随访。使用儿童OSAHS疾病特异性生活质量调查量表（OSA-18）对患儿术前及术后的生活质量进行评估,比较2组患儿术后生活质量改善情况。对PSG确诊的OSAHS患儿,分析术前整夜PSG与OSA-18指标之间的相关性。结果：共51例患儿入选,其中28例整夜PSG结果达到OSAHS诊断标准（阳性组）,另23例为PSG阴性组。2组的临床资料具有可比性。术前OSA-18评分在2组之间的差异无统计学意义。术后2组患儿的OSA-18总分及各维度评分较术前均明显降低（均P〈0．01）,且术前、术后评分的变化值2组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。在PSG确诊的OSAHS患儿,术前AHI与OSA-18量表中睡眠障碍、身体症状和对监护人影响3个维度的评分有明显相关性（均P〈0．01）,而与总分及其他2个维度无显著相关（均P〉0．05）。结论：对整夜PSG确诊的OSAHS患儿,扁桃体和（或）腺样体切除术后整夜PSG指标显著改善伴随生活质量明显提高,但没有发现术前OSA-18量表评分与整夜PSG检测指标之间有显著相关性。对有睡眠呼吸紊乱症状而其他方面健康的患儿,即使整夜PSG阴性,也能从手术治疗中受益。     

Staging of obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome: a guide to appropriate treatment

OBJECTIVE: Early studies by Friedman et al. have demonstrated the value of staging obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) patients for the prediction of success for uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) on the basis of short-term follow up. The goal of this study is to test the value of this staging system in a prospective study. STUDY DESIGN: This is a prospective study of two cohorts of patients: one was treated with the benefit of a clinical staging system and the other without. METHODS: Patients with symptoms of OSAHS were assessed by polysomnography and were staged according to a previously described staging system. The staging system is based on palate position, tonsil size, and body mass index (BMI). The control group was treated without the benefit of staging. All patients in the control group were treated with UPPP only. Patients in the experimental group were treated based on their clinical stage. Patients with stage I disease, regardless of the severity of disease, were treated with UPPP only. Selected patients with stage II and stage III disease were treated with UPPP in addition to a staged tongue-base reduction using a radiofrequency technique (TBRF). RESULTS: Follow-up at 6 months showed significant improvement compared with a group of patients treated without the benefit of a staging system. Successful treatment of patients with stage II disease improved from 37.9% to 74.0%. The overall success rate improved from 40% to 59.1%. CONCLUSION: Clearly, patients with stage I disease had the best success rate, but a selective protocol based on clinical staging improves the overall success rate. In addition, it can eliminate as surgical candidates those patients with whom the procedure is likely to fail.