Localization of important facial foramina encountered in maxillo-facial surgery

Knowledge of the location of foramina in the maxillo-facial region is necessary in clinical situations requiring regional nerve blocks and in open as well as endoscopic surgical procedures to avoid injury to corresponding nerves. In this study, measurements were taken on 79 adult dried human skulls to determine the position of the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina. Supraorbital foramina were found to be approximately 25 mm lateral to the midline, 30 mm medial to the temporal crest of the frontal bone, and 2-3 mm superior to the supraorbital rim. Additional exits for branches of the supraorbital nerve were present in 14% of skulls. The intersection of the zygomatico-maxillary suture with the inferior orbital rim was a readily palpable landmark for locating the infraorbital foramen. This foramen was approximately 7 mm inferior to the inferior orbital rim and 28.5-mm lateral to the midline. Mental foramina were on average, 25.8-mm lateral to the midline and about 13-mm superior to the inferior mandibular margin. Both the infraorbital and mental foramina were most often on a vertical line with the second premolar (Position 3). The distances of the foramina from the midline were similar on both sides demonstrating facial symmetry. In about 80% of skulls, the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina/notches were along the same vertical line. These measurements may be of value to clinicians in localizing and safeguarding these nerves and providing effective nerve blocks.     

Morphometric measurements from various reference points in the orbit of male Caucasians

The aim of this study was to determine the morphometric variations from various reference points to decrease risks in orbital surgery. Sixty-two orbits obtained from 31 skulls of male adult Caucasians were measured with a millimetric compass. On the medial orbital wall, the midpoint of the anterior lacrimal crest was the reference point; from this point we measured distances of 23.9+/-3.3 mm, 35.6+/-2.3 mm, 41.7+/-3.1 mm and 6.9+/-1.5 mm respectively to the anterior ethmoidal foramen, posterior ethmoidal foramen, midpoint of the medial aspect of the optic canal and posterior lacrimal crest. On the same wall, distances from the plane of the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina to the ethmoido-maxillary suture and distance from the posterior ethmoidal foramen to the anterior ethmoidal foramen and midpoint of the medial margin of the optic canal were 14.9+/-2.3 mm, 9.8+/-2.9 mm and 6.8+/-2.2 mm respectively. On the inferior orbital wall, the main reference point was the infraorbital foramen, and from this point to the midpoints of the lateral margin of the fossa for the lacrimal gland, inferior orbital fissure, inferior orbital rim and inferior aspect of the optic canal was 23.8+/-7.2 mm, 31.9+/-3.9 mm, 6.7+/-1.9 mm and 50.3+/-3.2 mm respectively. On the superior orbital wall, the distances from the supraorbital foramen to the midpoints of the superior orbital fissure, fossa for the lacrimal gland and superior aspect of the optic canal were 45.7+/-3.6 mm, 26.0+/-2.5 mm and 45.3+/-3.2 mm respectively. Furthermore, on the same wall, the distance from the posterior ethmoidal foramen to the midpoint of the superior orbital fissure was 14.6+/-2.8 mm. Finally, on the lateral orbital wall the frontozygomatic suture was the reference point. From this point distances to the midpoints of the fossa for the lacrimal gland, superior orbital fissure, lateral aspect of the optic canal and inferior orbital fissure were 17.5+/-2.1 mm, 37.7+/-3.6 mm, 44.9+/-2.5 mm and 33.4+/-3.1 mm respectively.     

Localization of the supraorbital,infraorbital, and mental foramina using palpable,bony landmarks

The purpose of this study was to locate the infraorbital, supraorbital, and mental foramina by using palpable anatomical landmarks that are conducive to surgical use. Fourteen embalmed cadavers (27 sides) were dissected to expose the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina. Measurements were made from the lateral orbital rim at the zygomaticofrontal (ZF) suture to both the supraorbital and infraorbital foramina. The distance from the inferior orbital rim at the zygomaticomaxillary (ZM) suture to both foramina was also measured. The distance to the mental foramen was measured from the angle and the inferior border of the mandible. The supraorbital foramen was located 26.2 ± 2.8 mm medial and 13.5 ± 3.7 mm superior to the ZF suture. The infraorbital foramen was located 23.8 ± 3.1 mm medial and 30.9 ± 3.8 mm inferior to the ZF suture, on average. Vertical measurements made from the ZM suture to the supraorbital foramen averaged 34.4 ± 3.6 mm and from the ZM suture to the infraorbital foramina averaged 7.6 ± 2.2 mm. The mental foramen was 64.2 ± 6.4 mm medial to the angle of the mandible and 12.9 ± 1.6 mm superior to the inferior border of the mandible. This study provides data that may be useful in predicting the location of the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina using palpable landmarks. These data may be particularly helpful for surgery in patients with missing teeth or fractures of the maxillary bone. Clin. Anat., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

The ZMF: Is it a reliable intraoperative guide for the IOF?

Intraoperative localization of the inferior orbital fissure (IOF) is necessary when making an osteotomy across the zygomatic bone while performing an orbito‐zygomatic craniotomy. The zygomatico‐facial foramen (ZMF) may serve as good reference point for locating the IOF. In this study, the position of the ZMF was assessed and its location in relation to the IOF was measured in 78 skulls. The ZMF was present in 83.3% of the skulls and when present, was related to the lateral end of the IOF in all cases. The mean distance of the ZMF from the IOF was 15.6 mm, and the mean distance between the ZMF and the fronto‐zygomatic suture was 25.9 mm. In skulls where the ZMF was absent, the mean distance of the inferior orbital rim (at the level of IOF) from the fronto‐zygomatic suture (20.7 mm) could be used for determining the position of the IOF. The IOF could thus be located ～15–16 mm medial to the ZMF in the same transverse plane. The location of the ZMF could also be used as a landmark for determining the inferior limit of the orbito‐zygomatic craniotomy. Clin. Anat. 22:451–455, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

改良经眶入路翼腭窝穿刺解剖学观测

目的　为眶入路法行翼腭窝穿刺提供新的进针路径。 方法　对77个（154侧）成人颅的眶和翼腭窝进行相关的观察和测量。 结果　眶外缘点至眶外下缘点、圆孔外口下缘、眶上裂后端、眶下裂前端的距离分别为：左（4.93±1.80）mm,右(4.02±2.05）mm;左（43.74±2.75）mm,右(43.80±2.89）mm;左（47.83±2.47）mm,右(47.74±2.53）mm;左（17.74±2.18）mm,右(17.43±1.97）mm。穿刺针（直针）由眶外缘点进入翼腭窝的成功率为：左侧96.10%;右侧93.51%。对穿刺针（直针）进入翼腭窝失败者改用弯针穿刺,直针和弯针由眶外缘点进入翼腭窝的总成功率为：左、右均达98.70%。 结论　经眶外缘点行眶入路翼腭窝穿刺可明显提高穿刺成功率。     

Morphometric measurements from various reference points in the orbit of male Caucasians

The aim of this study was to determine the morphometric variations from various reference points to decrease risks in orbital surgery. Sixty-two orbits obtained from 31 skulls of male adult Caucasians were measured with a millimetric compass. On the medial orbital wall, the midpoint of the anterior lacrimal crest was the reference point; from this point we measured distances of 23.9Dž.3 mm, 35.6DŽ.3 mm, 41.7Dž.1 mm and 6.9ǃ.5 mm respectively to the anterior ethmoidal foramen, posterior ethmoidal foramen, midpoint of the medial aspect of the optic canal and posterior lacrimal crest. On the same wall, distances from the plane of the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina to the ethmoido-maxillary suture and distance from the posterior ethmoidal foramen to the anterior ethmoidal foramen and midpoint of the medial margin of the optic canal were 14.9DŽ.3 mm, 9.8DŽ.9 mm and 6.8DŽ.2 mm respectively. On the inferior orbital wall, the main reference point was the infraorbital foramen, and from this point to the midpoints of the lateral margin of the fossa for the lacrimal gland, inferior orbital fissure, inferior orbital rim and inferior aspect of the optic canal was 23.8lj.2 mm, 31.9Dž.9 mm, 6.7ǃ.9 mm and 50.3Dž.2 mm respectively. On the superior orbital wall, the distances from the supraorbital foramen to the midpoints of the superior orbital fissure, fossa for the lacrimal gland and superior aspect of the optic canal were 45.7Dž.6 mm, 26.0DŽ.5 mm and 45.3Dž.2 mm respectively. Furthermore, on the same wall, the distance from the posterior ethmoidal foramen to the midpoint of the superior orbital fissure was 14.6DŽ.8 mm. Finally, on the lateral orbital wall the frontozygomatic suture was the reference point. From this point distances to the midpoints of the fossa for the lacrimal gland, superior orbital fissure, lateral aspect of the optic canal and inferior orbital fissure were 17.5DŽ.1 mm, 37.7Dž.6 mm, 44.9DŽ.5 mm and 33.4Dž.1 mm respectively. The French version of this article is available in the form of electronic supplementary material to this paper can be obtained by using the Springer Link server located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00276-002-0071-0. Résumé. Le but de cette étude était de déterminer les variations morphométriques à partir de différents points de référence afin de diminuer le risque en chirurgie orbitaire. Soixante-deux orbites, obtenues à partir de 31 crânes de sujets mâles adultes caucasiens, ont été mesurées avec un compas millimétrique. Sur la paroi médiale de l'orbite le milieu de la crête lacrymale antérieure était le point de référence ; à partir de ce point ont été obtenues des mesures de 23,9Dž,3 mm, 35,6DŽ,3 mm, 41,7Dž,1 mm, 6,9ǃ,5 mm respectivement pour le foramen ethmoïdal antérieur, le foramen ethmoïdal postérieur, le milieu du bord médial du canal optique et la crête lacrymale postérieure. Sur cette même paroi, la distance entre le niveau des foramen ethmoïdaux antérieur et postérieur et la suture ethmoïdo-maxillaire, et la distance entre le foramen ethmoïdal postérieur et le milieu du bord médial du canal optique ont été trouvées à respectivement 14,9DŽ,3 mm, 9,8DŽ,9 mm, 6,8DŽ,2 mm. Sur la paroi inférieure de l'orbite, le principal point de référence était le foramen infra-orbitaire; à partir de ce point ont été mesurées respectivement les distances jusqu'aux milieux du bord latéral de la fosse de la glande lacrymale, de la fissure orbitaire inférieure, du bord orbitaire inférieur et du bord inférieur du canal optique respectivement à 23,8lj,2 mm, 31,9Dž,9 mm, 6,7ǃ,9 mm, 50,3Dž,2 mm. Sur la paroi supérieure de l'orbite, les distances à partir du foramen supra-orbitaire jusqu'aux milieux de la fissure orbitaire supérieure, de la fosse de la glande lacrymale et du bord supérieur du canal optique ont été trouvées respectivement à 45,7Dž,6 mm, 26,0DŽ,5 mm, 45,3Dž,2 mm. De plus, sur cette même paroi, la distance séparant le foramen ethmoïdal postérieur et le milieu de la fissure orbitaire supérieure a été mesurée à 14,6DŽ,8 mm. Pour terminer, sur la paroi latérale de l'orbite, la suture fronto-zygomatique était le point de référence. A partir de ce point, des mesures ont été réalisées jusqu'aux milieux de la fosse de la glande lacrymale, de la fissure orbitaire supérieure, du bord latéral du canal optique et de la fissure orbitaire inférieure, trouvées respectivement à 17,5DŽ,1 mm, 37,7Dž,6 mm, 44,9DŽ,5 mm et 33,4Dž,1 mm.     

宽鼻缩窄截骨术的临床应用解剖

目的为更好地开展鼻背缩窄截骨术并减少其并发症提供解剖学基础。方法10例20侧防腐成人头部标本用局部解剖的方法观察鼻背骨结构与周围组织的比邻关系。结果鼻背骨结构由鼻骨、上颌骨鼻突、额骨鼻突组成。其中:(1)鼻骨间缝合长度(25.2±2.91)mm;(2)鼻颌缝合长度(29.2±2.51)mm;(3)上颌骨鼻突厚度①梨状孔起点处(1.86±0.22)mm,②眶下缘平面(2.18±0.22)mm,③内眦平面(2.78±0.10)mm;⑷鼻颌沟到鼻泪管之间的距离①顶部(3.52±1.22)mm,②中部(5.10±1.48)mm,③底部(5.62±1.26)mm;⑸内眦韧带止点与鼻颌缝的距离(2.87±0.08)mm。结论鼻背缩窄的侧鼻安全截骨线为:截骨术要从下鼻甲上部的附着部位开始,于骨膜下沿鼻颌沟进行,避开鼻外侧静脉,于眼窝内下方大约相距3.5mm左右,到鼻根点部位于内侧截骨线相遇。     

Surgical anatomy of the superficial temporal artery to prevent facial nerve injury during arterial biopsy

To investigate the topographical relationship between the frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery (FSTA) and the temporal branch of the facial nerve (TFN) with the aim of preventing nerve injury during FSTA biopsy. Fifty‐seven hemifaces of 33 cadavers were dissected. Vertical lines drawn to the lateral orbital margin (LOM) and the superior root of the helix were used as the anterior and posterior reference positions, respectively. Horizontal lines drawn through the supraorbital margin and lateral canthus were used as the superior and inferior reference points, respectively. The depth and course relationships of the FSTA and TFN were examined. Midpoints between the FSTA and TFN are situated approximately 6.0 and 4.5 cm posterior to the lateral orbital margin at the levels of the lateral canthus and supraorbital margin, respectively. The TFN is generally situated 1–2 cm anteriorly and inferiorly to the FSTA in the temporal region. However, in two cases (3.6%), the TFN ran just underneath the FSTA with only a very small safe distance, making it highly vulnerable to iatrogenic injury. In conclusion, when performing an FSTA biopsy, the surgeon should not dissect below the superficial temporal fascia because there is an overlap between the course of the FSTA and the TFN in a minority of cases. Also, surgical incisions should be made outside the area delineated by an oblique line passing through the points 6.0 and 4.5 cm posterior to the lateral orbital margin at the levels of the lateral canthus and the supraorbital margin, respectively. Clin. Anat. 31:608–613, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Navigational area of the cranio-orbital foramen and its significance in orbital surgery

The cranio-orbital foramen (COF) is located on the lateral wall of the orbit. It is a potential source of hemorrhage during deep lateral orbital dissection, since it functions as an anastomosis between the lacrimal artery and the middle meningeal artery. The aim of this study was to guide and facilitate the surgical procedures in the orbit, so as to determine a navigational area and the precise location of the COF and to standardize certain anatomical marks. The navigational area of the COF and topographical features were studied in 75 craniums with presented COF. 33 bilateral main COFs, 41 (18 on the right, 23 on the left) unilateral main COFs at the main cranium and 19 accessory COFs were studied for their navigational features on the orbit. The distances between the COF and the fronto-zygomatic suture, supraorbital notch, lateral angle of the superior orbital fissure (SOF) and Whitnall’s tubercle were measured. The mean distance of the COF from the fronto-zygomatic suture, supraorbital notch, lateral angle of the SOF and Whitnall’s tubercle was 26.3, 37.3, 92 and 27.1 mm, respectively. For the navigational area signs of the COF, areas of the orbit that form the transversal and vertical lines are generated on the reference points. Whilst the upper outer area of the orbit contains a potential bleeding risk, the bottom section of the outer column is identified as safe for the surgical operations of the lateral orbital wall. The fronto-zygomatic suture and Whitnall’s tubercle are recommended as the most reliable navigational landmarks for identifying the COF. Hence, the transversal and vertical orientation of the COF should be mastered by the surgeons reconstructing the anterior base of the skull and the orbit.     

喉返神经入喉处的精细解剖学研究

目的　通过对喉返神经(recurrent laryngeal nerve, RLN)入喉处的精细解剖,为临床上甲状腺手术提供有意义的参考标志与数据。 方法　40具甲醛固定的男性成人尸体标本,解剖双侧RLN,以同侧气管侧缘与RLN的交点作为角的顶点,记录双侧RLN入喉处与同侧气管侧缘的夹角,双侧RLN入喉处与第1、第2气管环前上缘的垂直距离,与同侧第1、第2气管环侧缘的水平距离。 结果　（1）分析双侧RLN入喉处与同侧气管侧缘夹角(α),0°≤α＜5°的共21例,占26.25%,5°≤α＜10°的共46例,占57.50%,10°≤α＜15°的共11例,占13.75%,α≥15°的仅2例,占2.50%。左侧的夹角为（6.0±0.5）°（0~21°）,右侧的夹角为（7.0±0.5）°（0~25°）。(2) 左、右侧RLN距第1气管环前上缘的垂直距离分别为：（19.72±0.52）mm,（21.21±0.43）mm;距第2气管环前上缘的垂直距离分别为（20.91±0.49）mm,（21.42±0.39）mm;距同侧第1气管环侧缘的水平距离分别为：（2.96±0.11）mm,（2.96±0.10）mm;距同侧第2气管环侧缘的水平距离分别为：（3.49±0.12）mm,（3.50±0.52）mm。 结论　双侧RLN入喉的角度及在第1、第2气管环的位置较为固定。了解更为精细的RLN入喉处解剖,可在术中更高效且安全的找到RLN入喉处,减少甲状腺手术中对RLN的损伤,从而降低手术并发症的发生率。     

基于CT影像的经皮椎间孔镜腰椎体间融合手术入路的解剖学研究

目的 探讨在椎间孔区域的神经根与邻近组织的CT影像学的解剖学关系,为经皮椎间孔镜腰椎融合手术的应用提供参考。方法 回顾性分析2017年1—10月天津市天津医院因腰背部不适行腰椎CT检查的110例患者CT影像资料。110例患者均行螺旋CT平扫,图像经AW46图像工作站后处理,行三维重建及测量。选取L_2/3~L₅/S₁节段椎间盘三维重建旋转冠状面可见神经根走行的层面以及相应节段椎间盘横断面图像,对椎间盘上、下缘两个层面出口神经根到脊髓硬膜囊的最短距离(Js、Ji),出口神经根到椎弓根内、中、外侧的距离(Pa、Pb、Pc),以及出口神经根到骨性关节突和关节突关节面的最短距离(Gs、Gi)进行测量分析。结果 L_2/3节段~L₅/S₁节段,Js和Ji数值均逐渐增大,且Ji均>Js,其中L_2/3节段Js的数值最小为(6.71±2.10)mm,L₅/S₁节段Ji的数值最大为(22.05±3.96)mm;每一节段出口神经根-椎弓根的距离从内侧向外侧逐渐减小,Pb及Pc值逐渐减小,以L₅/S₁节段为最小(3.86±1.93)mm;下缘层面的Gi均大于上缘层面的Gs。结论 在L_3/4以上节段置入宽度为10 mm的椎间融合器较为困难;术中镜下磨除部分或全部上关节突,可以扩大安全区域,避免损伤神经及周围重要结构,利于融合器的置入。     

应用鼻翼和口角定位眶下孔和颏孔的应用解剖学研究

目的：应用鼻翼和口角标记定位眶下孔和颏孔,为颌面外科手术避免损伤出入两孔的血管神经提供应用解剖学资料。方法：取30例10％甲醛溶液固定尸体头部标本,解剖暴露眶下孔和颏孔。眶下孔和颏孔测量点为各自中心点,鼻翼测量点为鼻翼外侧下脚。测量两侧眶下孔、颏孔、鼻翼及口角之间的距离,眶下孔和颏孔最大径,鼻翼至经眶下孔垂直线的垂直距离、眶下孔至经鼻翼水平线的垂直距离、眶下孔至鼻翼直线距离,口角至经颏孔水平线的垂直距离、颏孔至经口角垂直线的垂直距离、颏孔至口角直线距离。结果：眶下孔定位在鼻翼上方（13．9±3．6）mm,向外（6．7±2．8）mm处;眶下孔与鼻翼间直线距离为（16．4±3．2）mm。颏孔定位在口角下方（20．6±2．9）mm,向内（3．4±3．1）mm处;颏孔与口角间直线距离为（21．7±3．3）mm。结论：以鼻翼和口角为标记定位眶下孔及颏孔位置,有助于临床避免损伤出入两孔的血管神经。     

上、下项线间相关距离测量及临床应用研究

目的　测量完整人颅骨的上、下项线及枕骨大孔间的距离,为临床应用提供数据。 方法　在113例中国成年人正常、干燥颅骨标本上,取枕外隆突最高点、上项线上枕外隆突最高点左、右两侧旁开1 cm、2 cm各取一点,颅骨后正中线上枕外嵴中点及其左、右两侧旁开1 cm点各取一点,从上、下项线所取测量点向枕骨大孔方向作与颅骨后正中线平行的直线,用游标卡尺测量枕骨上、下项线间及上、下项线分别与枕骨大孔间的弧面、直线、垂直及水平距离。 结果　在后正中线上,上、下项线间的距离最小,直线距离为（18.11±2.99）mm、弧面距离为（19.18±2.83）mm、垂直距离为（11.11±3.44）mm、水平距离为（14.65±3.19）mm,向左、右旁开后除水平距离变小,其余各距离指标变大;枕外嵴中点到枕骨大孔后缘间两点的距离最小,直线距离为（21.73±3.35）mm、弧面距离为（22.74±3.47）mm、垂直距离为（10.69±3.44）mm、水平距离为（19.10±3.35）mm,向左、右旁开后,各距离指标变大。 结论　下项线准确定位是临床操作安全和有效的关键,以枕外隆突和上项线可以确定下项线位置,在后正中线上,下项线距上项线的垂直距离最小,为（11.11±3.44）mm。     

后鼓室手术入路的应用解剖学研究

目的　为后鼓室入路手术提供解剖学依据。方法　利用成人 6 0侧颞骨标本 ,用牙科钻磨开乳突腔 ,打开外耳道外侧壁和鼓室盾板 ,充分暴露后鼓室入路手术中有关的解剖结构。以外耳道上棘、面神经管锥曲为测量标志 ,在手术显微镜下 ,对在手术中遇到的解剖结构之间的距离进行了测量。结果　外耳道上棘至砧骨窝、锥隆起、鼓索隆起、面神经管锥曲、外侧半规管、后半规管、前庭窗、蜗窗、匙突、乙状窦垂直部前缘中点、窦膜角的距离分别是 17 19、18 0 2、15 2 2、14 4 9、15 39、17 35、19 5 8、2 0 0 9、2 0 32、15 6 8、18 76mm。面神经管锥曲至鼓索隆起、水平半规管、后半规管的距离分别是 3 33、1 5 3、2 15mm。结论　外耳道上棘、面神经管锥曲是后鼓室入路的重要手术标志 ,鼓索隆起向内 3mm是手术入路的安全区 ,面神经减压术时应避免损伤水平半规管及后半规管等结构     

Paraclinoid and cavernous sinus regions: measurement of critical structures relevant for surgical procedure

Determination of the safest distance the falciform ligament can be incised from its origin to the orbital apex. Measurement of the distance between the oculomotor foramen and the IV nerve in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus. Evaluation of the optic strut as an accurate landmark between the intradural (subarachnoid) and extradural segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Ten fixed human cadaver heads were examined for a total of 20 sides. A frontotemporal craniotomy, an orbito-optic osteotomy, and extradural anterior clinoidectomy were carried out followed by opening the falciform ligament, circumferentially releasing the distal dural ring and dissection of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus under the operating microscope. We measured: 1) the distance between the entry of the III nerve and the point where the IV nerve crosses over it into the cavernous sinus; 2) the distance the falciform ligament can be incised along the optic nerve laterally until the IV nerve is encountered at the orbital apex; 3) the distance between the optic strut and the lateral part of the distal dural ring; and 4) the distance between the optic strut and the ophthalmic artery. All measurements were made in millimeters, using small calipers. The distance between the optic strut and the lateral part of the distal dural ring ranges from 3-7.5 mm (mean=5.47 mm). In all our specimens, the ophthalmic artery was found distally from the optic strut in the intradural space at a distance ranging from 0.5-7 mm (mean=3.35 mm). The distance between the entry of the third nerve and the IV nerve into the cavernous sinus ranged from 7-15 mm (mean=10.9 mm). The distance between the origin of the falciform ligament and the IV nerve at the level of the orbital apex ranged from 9-15 mm (mean=10.75 mm). The falciform ligament and the optic sheath should not be opened longer than 9 mm along the lateral optic nerve or injury to the IV nerve can occur. Starting at the oculomotor foramen, the opening of the cavernous sinus should be limited to 7 mm to avoid injuring the IV nerve. Finally, the optic strut can be a reliable bony landmark that separates the subarachnoid space and extradural compartments along the anterior and medial ICA.     

视觉假体微电极经眶外侧壁入路植入视神经的应用解剖

目的为经眶外侧壁入路植入视神经视觉假体微电极提供解剖学依据。方法选用经4%甲醛固定及动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人头湿性标本30例,观测眶内眼动脉及相关分支的起始、数量和外径与穿入视神经鞘膜动脉的起始、外径和穿入部位、视神经外径等参数。结果泪腺动脉1～2支,经外直肌上缘上方(3.83±1.43)mm前行。外直肌-视神经间隙的深度为(8.14±0.90)mm,内有睫状短神经5～10条,颞侧睫状后动脉1～2支。穿入视神经鞘膜动脉的方位,内侧20%,上方29.3%,外侧6.7%,下方44%。视网膜中央动脉主要经下方穿入视神经,穿入处距球后(0.85±0.28)cm,该处动脉外径为(0.40±0.09)mm。眼动脉斜跨视神经处远侧端距球后(1.44±0.22)cm。在球后与总腱环中点处,视神经左右径(3.96±0.35)mm,上下径(4.18±0.33)mm。结论宜经眶外侧壁入路植入视神经视觉假体微电极,植入微电极的部位以视神经球后4～8mm处的外侧较好,植入深度应小于1.5mm。     

翼管、圆孔和蝶腭孔的CT三维重建解剖学观察

目的 使用三维高分辨率CT（HRCT）重建的方法,观察经鼻内镜至翼腭窝（PPF）的手术入路中的重要解剖结构,探讨翼管（VC）、圆孔（FR）和蝶腭孔（SPF）这些重要解剖标志的三维立体空间关系。方法 回顾性分析17例患者及1例尸体标本的HRCT扫描数据。在CT三维重建的影像中,观察 SPF、VC和FR的形态以及SPF和VC之间的三维立体空间关系。 结果 三维测量SPF,VC,和FR的平均直径分别为（6.26±1.59）mm,(2.35±0.77)mm和(2.75±0.77)mm。VC和SPF后下缘之间的平均距离为(4.03±1.15)mm。三维立体CT重建影像中VC和FR之间的平均垂直和水平距离分别为(4.94±1.35)mm和(9.22±3.07)mm。VC的全部或部分边缘92%(33/36)位于SPF的下缘以上,97%（35/36）位于SPF内缘外侧。结论 深入理解SPF、VC和FR之间的三维空间立体关系,有助于安全实行内镜下经鼻至翼腭窝的手术。     

Transtibial versus anteromedial portal of the femoral tunnel in ACL reconstruction: a cadaveric study

The aim of this cadaveric study was to compare the transtibial versus the anteromedial portal with respect to the anatomic femoral positioning of the ACL attachment. Ten fresh frozen cadaveric knees were included in our study. A standard arthroscopy was performed and the normal ACL was partially cut through with arthroscopic scissors leaving a small footprint of 2 mm at the anatomical insertion area on the lateral femoral condyle. The femoral tunnel was drilled through the tibial tunnel and subsequently through the anteromedial portal. Using a probe with standard magnification, we measured the distances of the two femoral tunnels from the margin of ACL footprint arthroscopically. The femurs were then dissected and we measured the distances of the two tunnels from the posterior part of the lateral femoral condyle. The median arthroscopically measured distance of the centers of transtibial femoral tunnel and of the femoral tunnel through the anteromedial portal from the margin of the femoral ACL footprint were 6.20 mm and 2.80 mm respectively. The difference was statistically significant. After femoral dissection the median distance of the centers of the transtibial femoral tunnel and the femoral tunnel performed through the anteromedial portal from the border of the articular surface at the lateral femoral condyle was 6.10 mm and 5.25 mm respectively (p<0.001). Both measurements showed that ACL reconstruction technique through the anteromedial portal is more accurate compared to the transtibial technique.     

乙状窦前入路迷路后区应用解剖学研究

目的：为临床乙状窦前入路迷路后区域手术操作提供解剖学资料。方法：经10％甲醛溶液固定成人尸头标本15具共30侧。在外耳道后上棘、乳突上嵴、乳突尖之间磨除骨质，暴露乙状窦、岩上窦、岩上窦-乙状窦交点、颅中窝硬膜、乙状窦前方的颅后窝硬膜。磨出后骨半规管、外骨半规管、上骨半规管及面神经垂直段、颈静脉球。测量相关数据。结果：乙状窦前入路迷路后区域的骨质可分为三层：表面骨皮质，乳突蜂房骨质，覆盖深部结构的坚硬骨质。外耳道后上棘至后骨半规管的最近距离为（17．88±1．27）mm；面神经垂直段在外半规管下方、后半规管的前方走向二腹肌嵴前缘的内侧，其长度为（7．58～14．02）mm；外耳道后上棘．乙状窦最短距离为（13．84±2．74）mm。结论：此区域骨质分层明显的解剖学特点及测量的数据可以指导手术操作，避免损伤重要结构，为乙状窦前入路迷路后锁孔入路提供了重要的解剖学资料。     

泪小管形态特点及其临床应用解剖研究

目的　获取国人泪小管形态学数据,探明泪小管与内眦区域相关结构之间的关系。 方法　通过解剖31侧成人内眦区域标本,观察泪小管与周围结构之间的关系,并测量国人泪小管相关数据。 结果　①男性上泪小管垂直部、水平部、下泪小管垂直部、水平部以及泪总管长度分别为(2.66±0.42) 、(9.54±0.97)、(2.56±0.43)、(9.58±0.87)、(2.50±0.50) mm;女性上泪小管垂直部、水平部、下泪小管垂直部、水平部以及泪总管长度分别为(2.33±0.46)、(9.73±1.13)、(2.43±0.18)、(9.67±1.10)、(1.97±0.84) mm。② 93.5%（29侧）上、下泪小管汇合形成泪总管;6.5%（2侧）上、下泪小管共同开口于泪囊。③睑板前部眼轮匝肌肌纤维分为前、后两束,沿泪小管前、后方向鼻侧走行,前束汇入内眦,形成内眦韧带前部;后部汇合成Horner肌,形成内眦韧带后部,止于泪后嵴及其后方骨面。 结论　掌握泪小管各部分形态结构特征和毗邻结构关系对临床治疗泪小管损伤和内眦区域整形具有重要意义。