基质细胞衍生因子和趋化因子受体在骨髓间充质干细胞治疗心肌梗死中的作用

<正>胎儿和新生儿的心肌能够指导DNA合成和细胞分裂,然而到发育时期,它们的分裂能力逐渐减低。成年人和哺乳动物的心肌已被认为是终末期分化,不能增生,在产后心肌细胞也不可逆地离开了细胞周期。尽管可以通过外来因素,如诱导骨膜蛋白、p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)抑制剂、细胞周期素D1/CDK4、A2和转     

A critical challenge: Dosage-related efficacy and acute complication intracoronary injection of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in acute myocardial infarction

Background

Previous studies showed improvement in heart function by injecting bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) after AMI. Emerging evidence suggested that both the number and function of BMSCs decline with ageing. We designed a randomized, controlled trial to further investigate the safety and efficacy of this treatment.

Methods

Patients with ST-elevation AMI undergoing successful reperfusion treatment within 12 hours were randomly assigned to receive an intracoronary infusion of BMSCs (n = 21) or standard medical treatment (n = 22) (the numbers of patients were limited because of the complication of coronary artery obstruction).

Results

There is a closely positive correlation of the number and function of BMSCs vs. the cardiac function reflected by LVEF at baseline (r = 0.679, P = 0.001) and at 12-month follow-up (r = 0.477, P = 0.039). Six months after cell administration, myocardial viability within the infarct area by 18-FDG SPECT was improved in both groups compared with baseline, but no significant difference in the BMSCs compared with control groups (4.0 ± 0.4% 95%CI 3.1–4.9 vs. 3.2 ± 0.5% 95%CI 2.1–4.3, P = 0.237). 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT demonstrated that myocardial perfusion within the infarct area in the BMSCs did not differ from the control group (4.4 ± 0.5% 95%CI 3.2–5.5 vs. 3.9 ± 0.6% 95%CI 2.6–5.2, P = 0.594). Similarly, LVEF after 12 and 24 months follow-up did not show any difference between the two groups. In the BMSCs group, one patient suffered a serious complication of coronary artery occlusion during the BMSCs injection procedure.

Conclusions

The clinical benefits of intracoronary injection of autologous BMSCs in acute STEMI patients need further investigation and reevaluation.     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗心肌梗死的研究进展

溶栓、经皮冠状动脉介入治疗及常规药物治疗可挽救许多急性心肌梗死患者的生命,但不能从根本上恢复心肌细胞数量。骨髓间充质干细胞(BM-MSCS)是骨髓中一种具有多向分化潜能的细胞,可被诱导分化为心肌样细胞,改善梗死区的血液供应及心肌重构,为心肌梗死的治疗带来了新的希望。本文就BM-MSCS移植治疗心肌梗死的方式,移植的时机及临床应用等方面作一综述。     

经冠状动脉自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗急性前壁心肌梗死的临床研究

目的 评价经冠状动脉自体骨髓干细胞（MSCs）移植治疗急性前壁心肌梗死的有效性和安全性.方法 入选我院心内科急性前壁心肌梗死住院患者20例,随机分成两组,每组10例.治疗组PCI后经冠状动脉行骨髓干细胞移植,对照组单纯PCI治疗.出院前及移植后定期复查心脏彩超、心肌核素显像（SPECT）及6 min步行试验.结果 ①心脏彩超检查：治疗组术后心功能逐渐好转,随访6个月左室射血分数（LVEF）由（50.5±6.6）%提高至（63.9±7.9）%（P＜0.05）,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.②SPECT：对照组无明显变化,治疗组心肌灌注显像明显改善.③6 min步行试验：随访6个月,两组较出院前均明显改善（P＜0.05）,组间比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 经冠状动脉自体MSCs移植治疗急性前壁心肌梗死安全、有效,可能与MSCs再生心肌、抑制心室重构、改善心功能有关.     

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy for decompensated liver cirrhosis: A meta-analysis

AIM: To assess the efficacy and safety of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSC) in the treatment of decompensated liver cirrhosis.METHODS: The search terms “bone marrow stem cell” “chronic liver disease” “transfusion” and “injection” were used in the Cochrane Library, Med-Line (Pub-Med) and Embase without any limitations with respect to publication date or language. Journals were also hand-searched and experts in the field were contacted. The studies which used BM-MSC in the treatment of any chronic liver disease were included. Comprehensive Review Manager and Meta-Analyst software were used for statistical analysis. Publication bias was evaluated using Begg’s test.RESULTS: Out of 78 studies identified, five studies were included in the final analysis. The studies were conducted in China, Iran, Egypt and Brazil. Analysis of pooled data of two controlled studies by Review Manager showed that the mean decline in scores for the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) was -1.23 [95%CI: -2.45-(-0.01)], -1.87 [95%CI: -3.16-(-0.58)], -2.01 [95%CI: -3.35-(-0.68)] at 2, 4 and 24 wk, respectively after transfusion. Meta-analysis of the 5 studies showed that the mean improvement in albumin levels was -0.28, 2.60, 5.28, 4.39 g/L at the end of 8, 16, 24, and 48 wk, respectively, after transfusion. MELD scores, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin levels and prothrombin times improved to some extent. BM-MSC injections resulted in no serious adverse events or complications.CONCLUSION: BM-MSC infusion in the treatment of decompensated liver cirrhosis improved liver function. At the end of year 1, there were no serious side effects or complications.     

微创法联合导入骨髓间充质干细胞及碱性成纤维细胞生长因子基因促进急性心梗后冠脉侧支新生

目的观察经冠脉联合导人骨髓间充质干细胞及碱性成纤维细胞生长因子基因促进急性心梗后冠脉侧支新生。方法开胸结扎法制作小猪急性心肌梗死模型（17只）,1周后行冠状动脉造影,随机分为3组,分别经冠脉导人生理盐水10ml（对照组）,10ml含1×10^7MSCs的生理盐水（实验A组）,含1×10^7MSCs的生理盐水10ml和pcDNA3-bFGF2000μg（实验B组）;同时行心脏超声检查测定左室收缩功能。心梗后5周再次行冠状动脉造影及心脏超声检查,处死动物后通过病理切片光镜观察,免疫组化染色进行血管计数,观察猪急性心肌梗死恢复期缺血区血管新生及心功能恢复情况。结果所有动物均成功建立急性心肌梗死模型,心梗后1周左室射血分数明显下降,5周后冠脉造影显示实验B组冠脉侧支生长明显,病理切片及免疫组化结果也显示实验B组新生血管明显,实验组心功能较对照组改善。结论联合导入骨髓间充质干细胞及碱性成纤维细胞生长因子基因可促进梗死区血管新生,改善心功能。     

急性心肌梗死患者骨髓间充质干细胞生物学特性改变的研究

目的:研究急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者骨髓间充质干细胞(MSC)生物学特性的改变。方法:取AMI患者和对照组骨髓的贴壁细胞,测定其生长曲线和倍增时间,流式细胞仪检测其免疫表型,进行纤维母细胞集落形成单位(CFUF)计数,体外诱导成脂肪和成骨,以油红O及VonKossa染色证实。结果:这些细胞呈梭形贴壁生长,CD105、CD44、CD29、Flk1均阳性,AMI组细胞倍增时间长于对照组[(61.2±4.6)∶(55.1±5.2)h],CFUF低于对照组[(10.2±1.9)∶(13.3±2.9),P<0.05],2组MSC细胞均可成脂肪、成骨。结论:AMI组MSC增殖能力较对照组弱,MSC的异常可能是AMI患者易患动脉粥样硬化原因之一。     

两种成人骨髓间充质干细胞体外分离方法的比较研究

目的比较两种体外分离方法获得的成人骨髓间充质干细胞的形态、增殖能力和纯度。方法分别采用直接贴壁法和密度离心法分离成人骨髓间充质干细胞,观察细胞形态;采用MTT法绘制第3代细胞的生长曲线并计算对数期倍增时间;将1×105个第3代细胞连续培养扩增至第30天并计数细胞总数;采用流式细胞仪检测第3代细胞CD31、CD34、CD73、CD105和CD166等表型。结果两种方法获得的MMSCs均呈长梭状成纤维样细胞形态;直接贴壁法获得的细胞首次传代时间为10d,对数生长期倍增时间为30±5.6h,而密度离心法细胞首次传代时间为18d,对数生长期倍增时间为38±7.2h;连续培养至第30d时,直接贴壁法细胞总数约为密度离心法细胞的15倍;直接贴壁法第3代细胞表达CD73、CD105和CD166的阳性率均低于密度离心法（P〈0.05）。结论应用直接贴壁法和密度离心法均可有效分离成人骨髓间充质干细胞,直接贴壁法分离的细胞增殖能力更强,而密度离心法分离的细胞纯度更高。     

A placebo controlled, dose-ranging, safety study of allogenic mesenchymal stem cells injected by endomyocardial delivery after an acute myocardial infarction.

AIMS: Although mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show promising signs in reducing myocardial infarct (MI) size, the safety of endomyocardial delivery and the most efficacious dose is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three days after MI, female Yorkshire swine (25-32 kg, age 2 months, n = 32) were randomized to endomyocardial delivery of one of three MSC doses (2.4 x 10(7), 2.4 x 10(8), 4.4 x 10(8) cells) or vehicle control. Animals were sacrificed at 12 weeks. There were no safety issues related to cell delivery and all animals tolerated the procedure. By magnetic resonance imaging infarct size (g) was decreased in the experimental groups and increased in the control group; 2.4 x 10(7): Delta -2.5 +/- 2.5 g, 2.4 x 10(8): -0.9 +/- 2.71 g, 4.4 x 10(8): -1.6 +/- 5.8 g, and control +3.6 +/- 3.4 g (P = 0.002, P = 0.016, and P = 0.055 compared with control, respectively). There was no effect on ejection fraction or left ventricular volumes. By histology there were no toxic effects of MSC delivery, however, few engrafted MSCs were observed. CONCLUSION: Direct MSC delivery into infarcted myocardium was safe and produced a local but not a functional effect. There was no dose-dependent effect. The effect of MSCs on infarct reduction may result from transient residence and subsequent paracrine effects.     

Comparison of intracoronary and transendocardial delivery of allogeneic mesenchymal cells in a canine model of acute myocardial infarction

This study assessed safety of transendocardial (TE) electromechanical-guided delivery of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and compared intracoronary (IC) delivery with TE delivery. In a canine acute myocardial ischemia model, 100 × 10⁶ MSCs were delivered 7 days after AMI via IC and TE routes. Functional assessment was performed by 2D echocardiogram, and detailed histopathologic analyses were performed to assess the impact of cell therapy in vascular density and fibrosis. Patterns of cell distribution in both delivery methods were also compared. There was a statistically significant reduction in the amount of myocardial ischemia in the TE group (P = 0.007). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) increased 13% (mean) in the TE group (21-day follow-up) and was significantly better than that of the controls (P = 0.01), but did not improve in the IC-delivery group. Dissimilar patterns of cell distribution were noted between the IC and TE groups. This study suggests that MSC treatment is probably safe and effective after AMI. In the comparison of TE and IC delivery, the TE group showed higher cell retention (clusters even in the injury center of the infarct) with an increased vascularity and greater functional improvement than did the IC group (no clusters; cells at the border of the infarct). The higher local cell density in the TE group may be important for therapeutic effectiveness.     

骨髓间质干细胞在心血管疾病治疗中的应用

心血管疾病是世界范围内的常见病、多发病,细胞移植是治疗心血管疾病的有效途径.而骨髓间质干细胞(BMSC)具有来源广泛、取材方便、免疫源性低、可以分化为心肌细胞、内皮细胞等特点,是治疗心血管疾病的良好种子细胞来源.国内、外学者对BMSC治疗心血管疾病进行了很多的动物实验及部分临床研究,但仍存在很多的问题.本文就BMSC治疗心血管疾病的机制、实验研究、临床研究及所面临的问题作一综述.     

小鼠骨髓造血干细胞转化为肝细胞的实验研究

为进一步明确向肝细胞分化的细胞为骨髓中的那一亚群细胞,我们将纯化后的雄性小鼠造血干细胞移植到雌性受体小鼠的体内,然后在受体小鼠的肝脏内进行检测,以确定有无供体来源的肝细胞存在。一、材料与方法1.实验动物、主要器材和试剂:健康清洁级雌雄性纯系BALB/C鼠,8～12周龄,均由第一军医大学动物实验中心提供。主要试剂及材料:磁性活化细胞分选(magnetic activated cell sorting,MACS)分离用MiniMACS缓冲液,     

体外诱导成人骨髓间充质干细胞转化为神经元细胞的实验研究

目的探讨成人骨髓间充质干细胞(hMSCs)在体外特定的诱导条件下,转化为神经元细胞的规律、效率及长期存活的条件.方法采用β-巯基乙醇为诱导剂,在体外诱导6 h后,改用诱导维持液使诱导后的细胞在诱导维持液中存活6 d.用细胞化学及免疫组织化学、Western blot方法检测神经元细胞、星形胶质细胞标记蛋白的表达.结果诱导6 h,诱导后的细胞尼氏染色胞浆中可见深蓝色的尼氏体形成;细胞表达NSE、NF-M,而不表达GFAP;NSE、NF-M阳性细胞数超过80%以上.Western blot结果显示:诱导6 h,诱导后的细胞表达Nestin,而无MAP-2的表达,随着时间的延长,Nestin的表达逐渐减少,而出现了MAP-2的表达.结论β-巯基乙醇在体外可定向诱导hMSCs经神经干细胞转化为神经元细胞,而且诱导后的神经元细胞逐渐趋于成熟.     

骨髓间充质干细胞归巢研究进展

骨髓问充质干细胞（BMMSCs）,是一种多能干细胞,具有多向分化潜能,可分化为骨细胞、软骨细胞、内皮细胞、心肌细胞等,并能分泌大量细胞因子,参与组织修复。因此,BMMSCs成为科研工作者研究的热点和焦点,并取得了不少令人欣喜的成果,但是其到底是怎么归巢到靶器官,仍不是很清楚。本文就BMMSCs归巢的机制和影响因素进行简要综述。     

骨髓间充质干细胞的培养及低氧条件对其影响

目的 骨髓间充质干细胞(BMMSC)的体外培养和低氧对于BMMSC增殖作用的影响.方法 成年雄性SD大鼠断颈处死后于75％酒精中浸泡5 min.用全骨髓贴壁法培养细胞,选取生长状态良好的第3代细胞进行鉴定.以单克隆抗体CD45、CD90行流式细胞术鉴定大鼠BMMSC.用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法测定第3代BMMSC以及低氧处理的第3代BMMSC的增殖情况.结果 用全骨髓贴壁法分离并培养SD大鼠BMMSC;流式细胞仪检测显示:第3代BMMSC表面特异性标志CD90表达率为96.0％,而非BMMSC表面标志CD45仅为2.5％.MTT结果显示低氧条件下的BMMSC比常氧条件下增殖速率高,并且光镜下观察到细胞状态均一,折光性更好.结论 用全骨髓贴壁法可以在体外分离、培养出纯度较高的SD大鼠来源BMMSC,低氧环境可以刺激BMMSC的增殖.     

经静脉移植骨髓间充质干细胞对大鼠急性心肌梗死的影响

目的研究单次与多次经静脉移植骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)对大鼠急性心肌梗死的影响。方法选择60只SD大鼠随机分为A组(单次移植MSCs)、B组(多次移植MSCs)、C组(单次移植MSCs对照)和D组(多次移植MSCs对照),每组15只。A组在心肌梗死后第1天、B组在心肌梗死后第1、4、7、10、13天经尾静脉移植MSCs 5×10~6个,C组和D组注射等量培养液。大鼠心肌梗死后4周测定左心功能,并行免疫组织化学检测。结果心肌梗死后4周A组和B组大鼠梗死心肌中均可以观察到4’,6二脒基-2-苯吲哚标记阳性细胞存在。与C组和D组比较,A组和B组大鼠左心功能均明显改善,心肌梗死面积减小,毛细血管密度增高(P<0.05)。与A组比较,B组改善作用更加明显(P<0.05)。结论经静脉单次与多次移植MSCs对大鼠急性心肌梗死均有效,但多次移植效果更好。     

自体骨髓间充质干细胞和单个核细胞移植治疗冠心病的临床研究

目的　研究自体骨髓间充质干细胞 (BMSCs)和单个核细胞 (BMMNCs)经冠状动脉 (冠脉 )移植对冠心病、心肌梗死患者心功能的影响及其安全性。方法　 10例冠心病伴心肌梗死患者 ,通过冠脉转运将BMMNCs植入心肌梗死区 ,术前和术后 6个月分别行99mTc MIBI心肌灌注显像、二维超声心动图及动态心电图检查。结果　 3例患者因心肌梗死罪犯血管狭窄小于 5 0 %未行经皮冠状动脉介入术 (PCI) ,仅移植干细胞。余 7例患者在梗死相关冠脉开通后注入干细胞。 10例患者二维超声心动图检查示左心室射血分数 (LVEF)较术前平均增加 10 5 % (4 0 %～ 18% ) ,左心室舒张末期内径(LVDd)较术前平均减少 2 2mm(- 4mm～ 8mm) ,99mTc MIBI显示梗死部位心肌灌注明显改善。术中及术后随访 6～ 12月均无心律失常和其它合并症发生。结论　自体BMSCs和MMNCs经冠脉移植治疗冠心病心肌梗死 ,可以抑制左心室重构 ,改善心脏功能。     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗心肌梗死机制的研究进展

心肌梗死（myocardial infarction,MD是由于冠状动脉循环改变引起冠状血流和心肌需求之间不平衡而导致的心肌损害,是临床上一种严重的缺血性心脏病（ischemic heart isease,IHD）。梗死的心肌细胞逐渐被瘢痕组织取代,由于瘢痕组织缺乏弹性,难以满足心脏收舒功能的要求,     

骨髓基质干细胞自体移植治疗心肌梗死的研究进展

骨髓基质干细胞(MSC)具有良好的分化潜能,能分化为心肌细胞和血管内皮细胞,从而再生心肌和血管,重塑心肌结构,改善心肌收缩功能和室壁顺应性,促进血管再生,建立有效冠脉侧枝循环,提高心脏整体功能,既改善了血供又解决心肌细胞数量减少这一心力衰竭的根本原因;而自体移植不受来源限制,取材方便、创伤小,更新率低而代谢活力高,由其分化来的心肌细胞能与周围受体肌肉细胞进行有效的电机械偶合,容易通过转基因技术获得目标基因并在体内外长期表达,也不存在免疫排斥和基因突变等安全性问题,因此作为心肌梗死(MI)疾病治疗的新途径有着广阔的前景.现就近年来国内外MSC自体移植在治疗MI方面的研究进展作一综述.