Incidence and etiology of intracerebral hemorrhage following carotid endarterectomy

In a consecutive series of 1930 carotid endarterectomies there were eight cases of postoperative intracerebral hemorrhage. One of these patients was operated on 2 weeks following cerebral infarction and had severe uncontrollable hypertension after surgery. A second patient had an intraoperative embolus and bled while fully heparinized on the 3rd postoperative day. Only one patient in the series bled into an area of documented cerebral infarction. The remainder of the cases represented hemorrhage into essentially normal brain. Seven of the eight patients with intracerebral hemorrhage had high-grade internal carotid artery stenosis preoperatively. Although several factors have contributed to the brain hemorrhages in this series of patients, postoperative cerebral hyperperfusion which often follows endarterectomy may have played an important role. Defective cerebrovascular autoregulation in chronically ischemic brain regions may predispose patients to intracerebral hemorrhage after removal of a high-grade stenosis of the internal carotid artery.     

Carotid artery entrapment by the hyoid bone

We report a patient with a transient ischemic attack presumably caused by an entrapment of the internal carotid artery by the hyoid bone and without a significant carotid artery stenosis. The patient was operated on, with a release of the right internal and external carotid artery and resection of the right greater cornu of the hyoid bone. One year after treatment, the patient has not experienced any further neurologic symptoms, and a color duplex scan showed no stenosis of the right carotid artery. The hyoid bone is a potential cause of damage to the carotid vessels, depending on the individual's anatomy. Provocative maneuvers can be performed in patients with cerebrovascular symptoms who are not demonstrated to have significant anatomic stenosis with carotid imaging.     

血管内支架成形术治疗脑供血动脉狭窄的研究

目的 探讨血管内支架成形术治疗脑供血动脉狭窄患者的近期疗效,并发症及安全性.方法 行血管内支架成形术治疗的19例脑供血动脉狭窄患者,其中颈内动脉起始段狭窄13例[5例表现为短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA),8例表现为脑梗死],椎动脉开口部狭窄6例,均表现为TIA.结果 19例患者支架全部成功置入,术前动脉狭窄程度平均为86%,术后残余狭窄程度平均为10%;明显增高的血流动力学恢复正常且持续保持;颈内动脉系统腩梗死患者NIHSS评分在术后明显改善.3例颈内动脉支架置入术患者出现一过性心率下降和血压下降,经药物治疗后均恢复正常.随访仅1例颈内动脉支架术后22周症状有所加重;1例椎动脉狭窄患者在术后19周出现1次TIA发作;其余患者术后随访6个月无症状复发.结论 血管内支架成形术是治疗脑供血动脉狭窄的一种安全、有效的治疗方法.     

Local fibrinolytic therapy in ischemic carotid pathology

Sixteen patients underwent local fibrinolytic therapy for thrombosis or embolism of the main trunk or intracranial branches of the Internal carotid artery. There were eight cases of complete thrombosis of the internal carotid artery, five proximal stenoses of the internal carotid artery with extensive thrombus, one thrombus of the carotid siphon and two middle cerebral artery emboli. Indications for treatment Included transient ischemic attacks in 11 cases, cerebral ischemia after carotid arteriography in two cases, and after surgery for atheromatous lesions of the carotid bifurcation In three cases. The fibrinolytic therapy was initiated during carotid surgery in three cases, where extended thrombosis of the internal carotid artery was discovered, which was Inaccessible to a Fogarty catheter. The other 13 cases were treated during arteriography procedures. Lysis of the clot was always obtained. One patient died of hematoma of the frontal lobe. All other patients survived and showed neurologic Improvement. The neurologic outcome was dependent on the duration and the degree of initial ischemia. Fibrinolytic therapy appears to be beneficial therapy for certain cases of cerebral ischemia.     

Intra-arterial third-generation recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (reteplase) for acute ischemic stroke.

OBJECTIVE: We prospectively evaluated the safety and recanalization efficacy of intra-arterially administered reteplase, a third-generation recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, for treating ischemic stroke in patients considered poor candidates for intravenously administered alteplase therapy. METHODS: Patients were considered poor candidates for intravenously administered therapy because of severity of neurological deficits, interval from onset of symptoms to presentation of 3 hours or more, or recent major surgery. We administered a maximum total dose of 8 U of reteplase intra-arterially in 1-U increments via superselective catheterization. Adjunctive angioplasty of the occluded artery was performed in seven patients. Angiographic evidence of perfusion and thrombus was graded by use of modified Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) criteria. Neurological examinations were performed before and 24 hours and 7 to 10 days after treatment. RESULTS: Sixteen consecutive patients were treated (mean age, 64.1 +/- 16.4 yr; seven were men). Initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores ranged from 10 to 26. Time from onset of symptoms to treatment ranged from 2 to 9 hours. Occlusion sites were the cervical internal carotid artery (n = 4), intracranial internal carotid artery (n = 4), middle cerebral artery (n = 6), and vertebrobasilar artery (n = 2). Complete or near-complete perfusion (TIMI Grade 3 or 4) was achieved in the arteries in 14 patients (88%), with partial recanalization (TIMI Grade 2) or minimal response (TIMI Grade 1) in the arteries in one patient each. Neurological improvement (defined as decrease of four or more points in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score) was observed in 7 (44%) of the 16 patients at 24 hours. Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage occurred in one patient; three other patients experienced intracerebral hemorrhages that did not result in neurological worsening. The overall mortality during hospitalization was 56%, related to massive ischemic stroke (n = 7), withdrawal of care at the family's request after the development of aspiration pneumonia and renal failure (n = 1), and a combination of intracerebral hemorrhage and massive ischemic stroke (n = 1). CONCLUSION: In this study, intra-arterially administered reteplase in doses up to 8 U with or without angioplasty resulted in a high rate of recanalization. This strategy should be considered in treating patients considered poor candidates for intravenous thrombolysis.     

Acute carotid artery stenting in symptomatic high-grade cervical carotid artery stenosis

The safety and efficacy of emergency carotid artery stenting (CAS) for patients with acute ischemic stroke resulting from internal carotid artery stenosis are not established. In this retrospective study, we evaluated outcomes for CAS performed within 2 weeks of acute ischemic stroke for 16 patients treated between December 2009 and February 2014. Cases of internal carotid artery occlusion, internal carotid dissection, or intracranial major arterial trunk occlusion were excluded. Five patients were treated with CAS during the hyperacute phase (within 24 h of stroke onset), three in the advanced phase (within 24 h of stroke-in-evolution after admission), and eight in the acute phase (24 h to 2 weeks after onset). We evaluated modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores 90 days after CAS. For patients treated during the hyperacute phase without intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (IV-tPA), two had mRS scores of 2 and one had a score of 3. Two patients treated in the hyperacute phase with IV-tPA had scores of 5: one with symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage and the other with acute brain swelling. For patients treated in the advanced phase, mRS scores were 1, 3, and 5; the patient with 5 had contralateral cerebral infarction. All patients treated in the acute phase had scores of 2 or lower. Patients treated with IV-tPA in advanced or acute phases had no severe post-CAS complications. CAS was effective and safe for treating ischemic stroke within 2 weeks of onset. However, IV-tPA treatment may be a risk factor for CAS treatment during the hyperacute phase.     

Assessment by dipyridamole-thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy of coronary risk before peripheral vascular surgery

From October 1983 to January 1985, 46 patients (38 men and 8 women; average age, 60 years; range, 37 to 83 years) underwent peripheral vascular surgery of either the internal carotid artery or the arteries of the lower limbs. Each patient had a thorough clinical examination, an ECG, and a dipyridamole-thallium-201 myocardial scan before operation. On the basis of results, they were divided into two groups: 20 patients with and 26 patients without chronic ischemic heart disease. Three major cardiac events were noted during or after a period of 1 month after surgery: There were two deaths due to cardiac ischemic events and one patient had postoperative unstable angina pectoris. These three patients were classified in the coronary group (NS). When the patients were classified on the basis of whether or not there was thallium redistribution on serial images after infusion of dipyridamole, 14 with redistribution and 32 without redistribution were noted. The three patients who had major cardiac events were in the former group (p less than 0.04). Our data suggest that patients in whom redistribution occurs have a high incidence of postoperative ischemic events. These patients should be considered for particular preoperative coronary care to avoid major postoperative cardiac events and to increase chances of survival.     

Safety and efficacy of surgical treatment of carotid stump syndrome: pilot study

Surgical exclusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) stump combined with endarterectomy of the external carotid artery is an established treatment approach. The aim of this pilot study was to compare the risk of cerebrovascular events between surgical treatment and best medical treatment in patients with ICA occlusion and carotid stump syndrome. Forty patients (23 males; age: 43-80 years; mean age: 61.1 ± 9.0 years) with carotid occlusion and carotid stump syndrome were enrolled. Ten patients with asymptomatic ICA occlusion and 10 patients with symptomatic ICA occlusion and carotid stump syndrome were enrolled to the best medical therapy group. Patients with chronic ICA occlusion, carotid stump syndrome, and one (15 patients) or recurrent (three patients) episodes of ipsilateral stroke or transient ischemic attack were enrolled to the surgical group. Neurological examination was undertaken on the day of randomization and then every 6 months in all patients for 4 years. All vascular events and death were recorded. Only one vascular event occurred in patients with symptomatic ICA occlusion without recurrent stroke or transient ischemic attack who were treated medically. No other vascular event was noted in the other subgroups. One patient with symptomatic carotid occlusion without recurrent stroke died due to myocardial infarction 6 months after surgery. Surgical treatment of carotid stump syndrome seems to be a safe procedure. Nevertheless, the benefit of a surgical approach in comparison with the best medical treatment is not clear.     

Carotid endarterectomy and intracranial thrombolysis: simultaneous and staged procedures in ischemic stroke

PURPOSE: The feasibility and safety of combining carotid surgery and thrombolysis for occlusions of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and the middle cerebral artery (MCA), either as a simultaneous or as a staged procedure in acute ischemic strokes, was studied. METHODS: A nonrandomized clinical pilot study, which included patients who had severe hemispheric carotid-related ischemic strokes and acute occlusions of the MCA, was performed between January 1994 and January 1998. Exclusion criteria were cerebral coma and major infarction established by means of cerebral computed tomography scan. Clinical outcome was assessed with the modified Rankin scale. RESULTS: Carotid reconstruction and thrombolysis was performed in 14 of 845 patients (1.7%). The ICA was occluded in 11 patients; occlusions of the MCA (mainstem/major branches/distal branch) or the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) were found in 14 patients. In three of the 14 patients, thrombolysis was performed first, followed by carotid enarterectomy (CEA) after clinical improvement (6 to 21 days). In 11 of 14 patients, 0.15 to 1 mIU urokinase was administered intraoperatively, ie, emergency CEA for acute ischemic stroke (n = 5) or surgical reexploration after elective CEA complicated by perioperative intracerebral embolism (n = 6). Thirteen of 14 intracranial embolic occlusions and 10 of 11 ICA occlusions were recanalized successfully (confirmed with angiography or transcranial Doppler studies). Four patients recovered completely (Rankin 0), six patients sustained a minor stroke (Rankin 2/3), two patients had a major stroke (Rankin 4/5), and two patients died. In one patient, hemorrhagic transformation of an ischemic infarction was detectable postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Combining carotid surgery with thrombolysis (simultaneous or staged procedure) offers a new therapeutic approach in the emergency management of an acute carotid-related stroke. Its efficacy should be evaluated in interdisciplinary studies.     

Intracerebral hemorrhage from a ruptured pseudoaneurysm after STA-MCA anastomosis--case report

A 43-year-old hypertensive male developed a pseudoaneurysm at the site of a superficial temporal artery (STA)-middle cerebral artery (MCA) anastomosis, causing massive intracerebral hemorrhage 5 years after the operation. He first experienced repeated transient ischemic attacks, and cerebral angiography disclosed complete occlusion in the cervical portion of the left internal carotid artery. STA-MCA anastomosis was performed, and the ischemic attacks stopped. Postoperative angiography confirmed patency of the anastomosis and good filling of the cortical branches of the left MCA. Five years after surgery, the patient suffered sudden onset of generalized convulsions and consciousness disturbance. Computed tomography disclosed a massive intracerebral hemorrhage in the left frontoparietal region, and angiography revealed an aneurysmal dilatation at the site of the anastomosis that was not seen before. Emergency evacuation of the hematoma and clipping of the aneurysmal dilatation were performed. The patient recovered well and became ambulatory. Histological examination of the surgical specimen showed collagen tissue, indicating a pseudoaneurysm. Patients who undergo STA-MCA anastomosis, especially hypertensive patients, should be followed up by repeated magnetic resonance angiography to confirm the patency of the anastomosis and cerebral perfusion, and to detect the formation of pseudoaneurysms at the anastomosis site, which can cause fatal bleeding.     

Kinking and coiling of the internal carotid artery: Clinical-statistical observations and surgical perspectives.

The incidence of kinking and coiling of the internal carotid artery in an unselected series of 1,010 angiographies is reported. The angiographies of patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency and those of patients with other brain diseases were separately reviewed. On the basis of a statistical comparison, the finding of kinks and coils appears significantly higher in "vascular" than in "non-vascular" patients. The greater difference concerns age subgroups up to 50 years. These data give support to the assumption that both kinking and coiling of the internal carotid artery may play a role in determining cerebral ischemic attacks. Surgical experience concerns a series of 19 patients operated by various corrective procedures, including resection of the internal carotid artery and end-to-end anastomosis. It is felt that surgery, performed in appropriately selected cases, can afford significant benefits to cerebrovascular patients, especially those presenting recurrent ischemic episodes.     

Effect of carotid endarterectomy on chronic ocular ischemic syndrome due to internal carotid artery stenosis

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effect of carotid endarterectomy on chronic ocular ischemic syndrome due to internal carotid artery stenosis by use of data obtained from ophthalmic artery color Doppler flow imaging. METHODS: We examined 11 patients with ocular ischemic syndrome due to internal carotid artery stenosis (>70% stenosis) who were being treated by carotid endarterectomy. Ophthalmic artery color Doppler flow imaging indicated ophthalmic artery flow direction and peak systolic flow velocity and was performed before and at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after surgery. RESULTS: We assessed the ophthalmic arteries of 11 patients via color Doppler flow imaging. Before undergoing carotid endarterectomy, five patients showed reversed ophthalmic artery flow. In the other six patients who experienced antegrade ophthalmic artery flow, the average peak systolic flow velocity was 0.09 +/- 0.05 m/s (mean +/- standard deviation). Preoperative reversed flow resolved in each patient 1 week after undergoing surgery. All patients showed antegrade ophthalmic artery flow. The average peak systolic flow velocity in the patients who had preoperative antegrade flow rose significantly, to 0.21 +/- 0.14 m/s (P < 0.05). There was no significant change as compared with findings at 1 week after surgery. During the follow-up period (mean, 32.4 mo), no patients complained of recurrent visual symptoms. At the end of the study period, visual acuity had improved in five patients and had not worsened in the other six patients. CONCLUSION: Carotid endarterectomy was effective for improving or preventing the progress of chronic ocular ischemia caused by internal carotid artery stenosis.     

The value of acetazolamide single photon emission computed tomography scans in the preoperative evaluation of asymptomatic critical carotid stenosis.

PURPOSE: Acetazolamide (ACZ)-enhanced single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans can assess both cerebral perfusion and vascular reactivity. Patients with asymptomatic critical carotid artery stenosis were evaluated for cerebral vascular reactivity to determine the effect of extracranial occlusive disease and the effect of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) on intracerebral reactivity. METHODS: In 44 patients with asymptomatic critical carotid artery stenosis, cerebral perfusion and vascular reactivity were assessed before CEA with resting and ACZ-enhanced SPECT scans. All patients had a 70% or greater ipsilateral internal carotid artery stenosis. Preoperative ACZ-enhanced SPECT scans were obtained, usually 5 days before CEA. Postoperative ACZ-enhanced SPECT scans were obtained in 30 patients. RESULTS: Preoperative SPECT scans were asymmetric, revealing focal (n = 19) or global (n = 15) decreased reactivity in 34 patients (77%). Ten patients had symmetric or normal reactivity. After CEA, 23 patients demonstrated an improvement in reactivity ipsilateral to the side of surgery. The remaining seven patients failed to improve after surgery. CONCLUSION: Although all patients had a high-grade internal carotid stenosis, nearly a quarter of the patients had excellent intracerebral collateral flow. Only 71% of patients demonstrated improved intracerebral vasoreactivity after CEA. The lack of improvement in the other patients may have resulted from intracerebral pathology or lack of improvement in the extracranial carotid hemodynamics.     

Selective use of the paraophthalmic balloon test occlusion (BTO) to identify a false-negative subset of the cervical carotid BTO.

BACKGROUND: The extracranial, internal carotid artery balloon test occlusion is helpful in predicting ischemic stroke resulting from operative occlusion of the internal carotid artery. However, balloon test occlusion is falsely negative in up to 20% of patients. With selected use of the paraophthalmic internal carotid artery balloon test occlusion, our group has identified a patient subset that developed ischemia resulting from supraclinoid internal carotid artery occlusion, in spite of passing the standard balloon test occlusion. METHODS: Patient charts were reviewed for all balloon test occlusion referrals over a two-year period. Diagnostic angiography and standard cervical internal carotid artery balloon test occlusion were performed. The presence of retrograde ophthalmic blood flow was determined by angiography during cervical balloon test occlusion. Balloon test occlusion was then performed in those patients who both demonstrated retrograde ophthalmic blood flow during the cervical balloon test occlusion and those who were considered candidates for planned supraclinoid internal carotid artery sacrifice during skull base surgery. RESULTS: Ten patients were referred for carotid balloon test occlusion. One patient who refused balloon test occlusion was excluded. Two patients (2/9 or 22%) failed the initial balloon test occlusion. Two of the seven remaining patients (and one who failed balloon test occlusion) demonstrated retrograde ophthalmic arterial flow during cervical balloon test occlusion. Of the patients who passed the initial balloon test occlusion, one failed paraophthalmic carotid artery balloon test occlusion. Surgical planning in one patient (1/7 or 14%) was significantly modified because of the results of the paraophthalmic carotid artery balloon test occlusion. CONCLUSION: Paraophthalmic internal carotid artery balloon test occlusion is indicated when planning supraclinoid internal carotid artery sacrifice in patients who demonstrate retrograde ophthalmic arterial flow during uneventful cervical carotid balloon test occlusion.     

Carotid endarterectomy in patients with contralateral carotid occlusion: Is the risk increased?

Many vascular surgeons believe the risk of carotid endarterectomy is greater if the patient has a contralateral carotid occlusion, and thus believe intraoperative shunting is mandatory. Five hundred and eleven carotid endarterectomies were performed over the last 11 years by two of us (JEM and RAL). Of these, 370 had charts available for detailed analysis. Twenty-seven of these patients had complete occlusion of the contralateral carotid artery. Eight of these 27 patients were asymptomatic and 16 patients had transient ischemic attacks prior to surgery. Two patients had strokes which were stable at the time of surgery. One patient with a previous stroke was operated upon emergently with a new stroke in evolution. All were operated upon under general anesthesia and only three had intraoperative shunting. Occlusion time averaged 17.1 minutes varying from 11 to 34 minutes. There were two deaths, one cardiac and one pulmonary, and no postoperative strokes either temporary or permanent. Of the 343 patients without contralateral occlusion, three patients (.87%) died, and there were 19 (5.5%) neurologic complications of which seven (2%) were present at the time of hospital discharge. It appears that contralateral carotid occlusion does not increase the risk of stroke after carotid endarterectomy even when intraoperative shunting is not used.     

Combined open and endovascular stent grafting of internal carotid artery fibromuscular dysplasia: long term results.

BACKGROUND: Symptomatic fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) of the internal carotid artery (ICA) can present as thrombo-embolic ischemic events, spontaneous or post-traumatic dissection, aneurysmal degeneration or intracranial haemorrhage and needs definitive surgical treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Six patients and nine ICA with FMD were revascularised using a carotid approach with minimal exposure of the common, external and internal carotid arteries for covered stent repair. All patients were female, the age ranged from 30 to 65 years (mean 44). RESULTS: One patient suffered from a perioperative transient neurological deficit. Duplex revealed a patent stent. The patient fully recovered after 5h, not showing any changes on repeat CT scans. One patient developed a recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. The symptoms gradually resolved within 1 month. No perioperative strokes or deaths occurred. During a mean follow up of 48 months (range 13-63) no thromboembolic neurological events, graft occlusions or haemodynamically significant stenoses occurred. CONCLUSION: ICA FMD stent grafting is an alternative to open surgery or percutaneous endovascular intervention with excellent long-term results.     

Restoration of blood flow in the external carotid artery

The external carotid artery revascularization procedures were performed in 19 cases. Fourteen patients had ischemic stroke history. Ten patients had occluded the ipsilateral internal carotid artery to the stenosed external carotid artery. Six patients had occluded the common as well as internal carotid artery on the same side. Positive neurologic changes were obtained in 73.7% of the operated patients. The external carotid artery revascularization procedures are recommended in cases when the ipsilateral internal carotid artery is occluded.     

The role of monitoring platelet function perioperatively and platelet transfusion for operated spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage patients with long-term oral antiplatelet therapy: A case report

Introduction and importanceSpontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) with long-term oral antiplatelet therapy (LOAPT) is known as a dilemma in balancing the risk of postoperative rebleeding and ischemic events because of confused coagulation function. We herein describe a report of perioperative management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage patient on long-term oral antiplatelet therapy.Case presentationA 42-year-old male patient on long-term oral antiplatelet therapy presented with coma, and he was diagnosed with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Considering the patient's clinical condition, despite the thromboelastography suggested that the inhibition of platelet function was high preoperatively, an emergency craniectomy were underwent. After platelet transfusion during surgery and taking control of the clotting and platelet function postoperatively, the patient was stable without rebleeding and new ischemic events in perioperative period and recovered satisfactorily.Clinical discussionRare studies have provided evidence for managing operated spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage patients on long-term oral antiplatelet therapy, and whether platelet transfusion is recommended was controversial. In this case, we presented monitoring and taking control of clotting and platelet function postoperatively would help in preventing rebleeding and ischemic events in such patients; moreover, platelet transfusion may quickly and safely reverse platelet dysfunction for emergency surgery. This case was the first to report platelet function and coagulation function management in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage patients with long-term oral antiplatelet therapy.ConclusionMonitoring and maintaining coagulation and platelet function perioperatively are essential to balance the risk of postoperative rebleeding and ischemic events.     

Carotid endarterectomy in patients with contralateral carotid occlusion: review of a 10-year experience

A total of 116 carotid endarterectomies were performed in patients with a totally occluded opposite internal carotid artery over a 10-year period from 1983 until 1992. The average age of patients was 66.4 years; 75% were men and 25% were women. The average degree of stenosis on the operated side was 76.7%. Twenty-one patients (18.1%) had had a documented previous stroke referrable to the side of the occlusion; 22 had a neurologic deficit attributable to the occluded vessel at the time of preoperative evaluation. Indications for surgery included transient ischemic attacks in 35 (30.2%), ipsilateral stroke in 10 (8.6%). amaurosis fugax in 11 (9.5%), and high-grade asymptomatic stenosis in 60 (51.7%). Forty-eight percent of the procedures were performed using local anesthesia, with intraluminal shunts inserted in all except one patient. The combined 30-day mortality and stroke morbidity in this population was 4.3%, which is comparable with a combined stroke and death rate of 4.0% among 956 patients without contralateral carotid occlusion undergoing endarterectomy during this period. This experience suggests that endarterectomy can be performed safely in the patient with internal carotid occlusion and is an important mechanism for the prevention of stroke.     

转流管在颈动脉内膜切除术中的应用(附11例报告)

目的:评价转流管在颈动脉内膜切除术中的所提供保护作用。方法:回顾性分析本科2002年10月以来11例施行颈动脉内膜切除术中使用转流管的经验,此11例病人全部合并对侧颈内动脉闭塞或重度狭窄,均在颈动脉转流管保护下完成手术。结果:术中、术后无死亡,且无中风等严重并发症发生。结论:在严格掌握适应证的前提下,颈动脉内膜切除术中使用转流管是安全的,对脑组织具有良好的保护作用。