No reduction of high density lipoprotein2 during weight reduction in obese children and adolescents

The effects of a 3 week weight reduction regimen on lipids and lipoproteins, in particular high density lipoprotein (HDL)-subfractions in 61 grossly obese children and adolescents (37 females and 26 males) aged 11–15 years were studied. Dietary treatment resulted in a significant weight reduction of initial body weight of 9.6±2.1%, a highly significant decrease in cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and HDL-C (P<0.001), as well as a significant reduction in triglycerides, HDL₃ and Apolipoprotein B concentrations (P<0.01). HDL₂ concentrations remained almost constant. It is concluded that HDL reduction during a weight reducing regimen in adolescents does not result in a decrease of the antiatherogenic HDL₂ subfraction.     

Gas exchange during exercise in obese children

Twenty-three obese children, aged 9 to 14 years, ranging in percentage overweight from 26% to 83% (median 51.6%±16.3%), and 37 normal-weight children, matched for sex, age and height, performed a maximal exercise test on a treadmill. Cardiorespiratory performance was assessed by determination of the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) expressed in ml O₂/min per kg and as a percent of maximal oxygen uptake (% VO₂max). VAT and VO₂max related to body weight were significantly lower (P<0.01) in the obese than in the normal-weight children. VAT % VO₂max was similar in the two groups. A significant correlation was found between VAT and VO₂max both in the obese (r=0.85) and in the control groups (r=0.79). The habitual level of physical activity was lower in the obese subjects compared to the control subjects (P<0.001). In conclusion our study shows that physical fitness of overweight children is quantitatively lowered and that it can be assessed by VAT. VAT does not require a maximal test and is particularly useful in the ergometric study of subjects with exercise intolerance.Abbreviations AT anaerobic threshold - HR heart rate - VAT ventilatory anaerobic threshold - VCO₂ carbon dioxide output - VE ventilation - VO₂ oxygen uptake - VO₂max maximal oxygen uptake     

Effects of a low-calorie diet on resting metabolic rate and serum tri-iodothyronine levels in obese children

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of weight loss on resting metabolic rate (RMR) and on serum T3 levels in obese children and to investigate whether RMR changes are related to T3 changes. Sixty-four healthy, overweight, children (age: 12.1 ± 1.1 years, body mass index 29.3 ± 4.3 kg/m²) were studied during a 6-week weight reduction programme. RMR (by indirect calorimetry) total T3, total T4, TSH and fat-free mass (FFM) (by anthropometry) were measured at baseline and after 6 weeks of dietary treatment. Weight loss resulted in a 10.1% decline in RMR (P < 0.01) and a 23.4% decrease in serum T3 levels (P < 0.001). RMR was correlated with FFM before (r = 0.78, P < 0.001) and after weight loss (r = 0.76, P < 0.001). The changes in RMR were positively correlated with the changes in FFM (r = 0.48, P < 0.05) but also with the changes in serum T3 levels (r = 0.47, P < 0.05). The initial T3 levels predicted the subsequent fall in T3 that occurred after 6 weeks of dietary treatment (r = −0.60, P < 0.001). Conclusions A significant decrease in serum T3 concentrations and resting metabolic rate occurred as a result of a 6-week weight reduction programme in an obese child population. The decline in T3 levels combined with fat-free mass loss could be responsible for the reduction in resting metabolic rate. Received: 30 June 1998 / Accepted in revised form: 22 October 1998     

Ghrelin和Obestatin及其对生长的作用研究进展

Glwelin是近几年发现的一种脑肠肽,其受体GHSR具有很强的促生长激素释放的作用;Obe-statin是最近发现的一种与Glwelin源于同一基因的多肽,其受体为GPR39,但在功能上表现出与Ghrdin完全不同甚至截然相反的作用。目前认为,Obestatin能够对抗Ghrelin促生长激素分泌的作用。     

不同肥胖程度儿童罹患心血管代谢异常风险的横断面调查

目的 通过对肥胖学生健康评估体检,了解不同肥胖程度儿童青少年罹患高血压、高血糖和血脂异常等心血管代谢异常风险现况。方法 采用现况调查方法,对北京市西城区、海淀区和密云县17所中小学2012至2013年度参加学校常规年度体检并以BMI为评价指标筛查为肥胖的学生,进行以健康风险评估为目的的临床体检,体检内容包括体量（身高、体重及体质成分）,血压,空腹血糖,血脂（总胆固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白和低密度脂蛋白）等指标。采用中国肥胖问题工作组（WGOC）制定的BMI超重、肥胖筛查标准判定肥胖状态;采用中国儿童青少年血压参照标准评定儿童高血压;采用儿童青少年血脂异常防治专家共识推荐的中国2岁以上儿童青少年血脂异常诊断标准判断血脂异常;以空腹血糖作为评价指标,采用美国糖尿病联盟推荐糖尿病诊断和分类标准进行评价。结果 1 809/3 227名(56.1%)肥胖学龄儿童青少年完成了现况调查且具有完整体检数据,平均年龄12.2岁。肥胖学生心血管代谢异常指标检出率分别为：高血压30.8%,血脂异常43.3%,糖尿病和空腹血糖受损66.6%,肝功能异常11.6%,脂肪肝16.0%,黑棘皮症21.9%。肥胖男生高血压、空腹血糖受损、肝功能异常、脂肪肝和2项及以上心血管代谢异常检出率均高于肥胖女生。重度肥胖占总肥胖人数的29.9%,协方差分析调整年龄和性别后,重度肥胖学生高血压、肝功能异常、脂肪肝、黑棘皮症和2项及以上心血管代谢异常检出率均高于轻中度肥胖学生。结论 肥胖儿童青少年高血压、高血糖和血脂代谢紊乱等心血管代谢异常高发,心血管代谢异常随肥胖程度增加呈上升趋势;儿童肥胖相关心血管代谢异常高发需要得到更广泛关注。     

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目的探讨血清脂联素水平与高胰岛素血症和(或)胰岛素抵抗的联系。方法采用酶联免疫法测定2004-02—2004-12在天津医科大学总院就诊的34例肥胖儿童和31例正常对照的血清脂联素水平。分析血清脂联素与人体参数、体脂分布及糖代谢中各指标的相关关系。结果(1)肥胖组脂联素水平低于对照组(P<0.001)。(2)脂联素与性别、年龄无相关关系;与收缩压、舒张压呈负相关(相关系数分别为r=-0.369,r=-0.405,P<0.01);与BMI、腰臀比和SF呈负相关(相关系数分别为r=-0.330,r=-0.282和r=-0.350,P<0.01);与空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素水平呈负相关(相关系数r=-0.264和r=-0.357,P<0.01);与HOMA-R呈负相关(P<0.01),与HOMA-β无相关关系。(3)多元回归分析表明,HOMA-R是影响脂联素最为显著的因素,R2=0.122;标准化偏回归系数-0.369(P<0.01)。结论肥胖症儿童血清脂联素水平较正常儿童降低。血清脂联素水平的变化,是影响空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素水平、HOMA-R的重要因素。低脂联素血症可能参与胰岛素抵抗的发生。     

儿童肥胖性哮喘的研究进展

支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)和肥胖是困扰儿童健康的两大慢性疾病,目前两类疾病的患病率仍呈上升趋势,且二者之间相互作用,互为因果。该文对儿童肥胖性哮喘的临床特点、特应性、潜在生物标记物,以及肥胖介导的代谢异常和免疫反应,包括脂肪中的炎症因子和脂肪因子在肥胖性哮喘中的作用进行了综述。     

Overweight and obesity in twenty-year-old Swedes in relation to birthweight and weight development during childhood

Aim: To describe the frequency of overweight and obesity from birth to 20 years of age and analyse weight at 20 years of age in relation to weight and weight development during early childhood and adolescence. Methods: A longitudinal, population‐based study, which followed 496 children from birth to 20 years of age. Information about weight and height was collected from health records at child health centres and school health care. At 20 years of age, weight and height measurements were taken by one of the authors. Results: At 20 years of age, 124 (25%) of the youth were obese or overweight. Of these youths, 60% had normal weight at 5.5 years. Of the teenagers who were overweight/obese at 15 years, 79% remained overweight/obese at 20 years of age. Out of the 124 overweight/obese at 20, 47% had normal weight at 15 years. [Corrections added after online publication on April 18, 2012: ‘Out of the 124 obese at 20’ has been changed to ‘Out of the 124 overweight/obese at 20’]. No relation was found between rapid weight gain during preschool age and overweight and obesity in 20‐year‐olds. Conclusions: The majority of those who were overweight/obese at 20 years of age were recruited after 5.5 years of age, and half of them in their late teens. Thus, during the preschool period, the entire population should be the target of primary prevention from overweight/obesity and, in the case of teenagers, prevention strategies should be developed for the whole population as well as treatment strategies for teenagers with established overweight/obesity.     

Metabolically obese normal-weight children

Non-obese children with elevated serum insulin levels and metabolic disorders such as, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and/or hypertriglyceridemia are a subset of children in high risk of developing cardiovascular disease later in life. Since usually the health policies for the prevention of the obesity associated disorders in children are based on the screening focused on the obese, frequently the metabolically obese normal-weight (MONW) children are not identified in primary care setting. Given that characterization of the MONW children is an important public health issue, and that a large amount of resources might be unnecessarily used in the screening of metabolic risk of nonobese children; we review data regarding criteria for the early recognition of this subset of children in high risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Results of our review suggests that the presence of family history of type 2 diabetes and/or hypertension, the elevated percentage of body fat, and the high birth-weight should be taken into account as criteria of high cardiovascular risk, irrespective of obesity.     

肥胖儿童内皮功能紊乱早期无创评价方法

肥胖儿童在儿童青少年人群中逐渐增加,肥胖可引起代谢异常如糖耐量降低、血脂异常、血压升高,进而增加代谢综合征、糖尿病及心脑血管疾病的患病风险。儿童时期很少发生严重的心血管终点事件,因此用于预测及评估儿童高风险心血管疾病的早期指标尤为重要。该文综述肥胖儿童发生的内皮细胞功能紊乱与免疫功能紊乱、慢性炎症、氧化应激、胰岛素抵抗的关系以及目前临床上常用的评估内皮功能的无创方法,从而为有效评估及干预儿童肥胖相关的早期心血管改变提供帮助。     

Reduced insulin removal and erythrocyte insulin binding in obese children

To study the relationship between childhood obesity, weight loss, hyperinsulinaemia and the erythrocyte insulin receptor, we measured the plasma concentrations of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and C-peptide and the binding of ¹²⁵I-insulin to erythrocytes in 12 obese children with a mean age ±SD of 11.4±2.5 years and a mean relative weight score ±SD of 4.8±1.4 and 12 age-matched normal-weight children. Eight obese children were re-evaluated after 1 year's participation in a weight reduction programme. The obese children had higher fasting plasma concentrations of IRI (P<0.01) and C-peptide (P<0.05) and a lower C-peptide to IRI molar ratio (P<0.01) than the normal-weight children. The obese children had in addition a reduced erythrocyte insulin binding (P<0.05 or less) over the physiological range of circulating insulin concentration. There was a negative correlation (r=–0.60; P<0.01) between the insulin tracer binding and the relative weight. The weight reduction programme resulted in a decrease of 1.0SD (P<0.05) in the mean relative weight score. At the end of the therapy the obese children had lower fasting blood glucose levels (P<0.05) and lower plasma IRI concentrations at 90 min (P<0.05) after an oral glucose load than at the onset of therapy. There were no significant differences between the insulin binding characteristics at the commencement and at the end of the treatment. The low C-peptide to IRI molar ratio in obese children provides evidence of a decreased insulin clearance likely to contribute to their hyperinsulinaemia. The inverse relationship between insulin tracer binding and relative weight suggests a mechanism by which weight changes may be directly reflected in the peripheral insulin sensitivity. A moderate weight loss reduces hyperinsulinaemia in childhood obesity but does not normalize the impaired binding of insulin to its receptor.Abbreviations IRI immunoreactive insulin - ID₅₀ concentration of insulin required to reduce the tracer binding of ¹²⁵I-insulin by 50% - OGTT oral glucose tolerance test     

Self-esteem in a clinical sample of morbidly obese children and adolescents

Aim: To study self-esteem in clinical sample of obese children and adolescents.
Methods: Obese children and adolescents aged 8–19 years (n = 107, mean age 13.2 years, mean BMI 32.5 [range 22.3–50.6], mean BMI z-score 3.22 [range 2.19–4.79]; 50 boys and 57 girls) were referred for treatment of primary obesity. Self-esteem was measured with a validated psychological test with five subscales: physical characteristics, talents and skills, psychological well-being, relations with the family and relations with others. A linear mixed effect model used the factors gender and adolescence group, and the continuous covariates: BMI z-scores, and BMI for the parents as fixed effects and subjects as random effects.
Results: Age and gender, but neither the child's BMI z-score nor the BMI of the parents were significant covariates. Self-esteem decreased (p < 0.01) with age on the global scale as well as on the subscales, and was below the normal level in higher ages in both genders. Girls had significantly lower self-esteem on the global scale (p = 0.04) and on the two subscales physical characteristics (p < 0.01) and psychological well-being (p < 0.01).
Conclusion: Self-esteem is lower in girls and decreases with age. In treatment settings special attention should be paid to adolescent girls.     

肥胖儿童青少年血清脂肪因子与其代谢特征的相关性研究

目的 探讨肥胖儿童青少年血清脂肪因子瘦素、脂联素、神经调节蛋白4(Nrg4)及锌α-2糖蛋白(ZAG)与肥胖及代谢的关系。方法 选取在南京医科大学附属儿童医院儿童保健科就诊的5~14岁肥胖儿童。测量身高、体重、腰围、体脂百分比(FM%)、血压、腰围身高比(WHtR)和体重指数标准差(BMISDS);测定ALT、AST及糖脂代谢指标;根据血压及糖脂代谢,将肥胖儿童分为代谢不健康型肥胖(MUO)和代谢健康型肥胖(MHO)。酶联免疫吸附法测定血清脂肪因子水平。结果 192例肥胖儿童(男138名)纳入分析,平均年龄(10.59±1.93)岁,平均BMISDS 2.86(2.38,3.26)。肥胖儿童中检出MUO 164例(85.4%),MHO 28例。校正年龄后,MUO组血清脂联素、Nrg4水平低于MHO组(P<0.05),两组瘦素、ZAG差异无统计学意义。相关性分析显示,MUO组血清瘦素水平与 BMISDS、FM%、WHtR呈正相关(P<0.05);脂联素与年龄、ALT、AST及胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)呈负相关(P<0.05);Nrg4与BMISDS、WHtR、ALT、AST呈负相关(P<0.05);ZAG与FM%呈负相关(P<0.05)。logistic回归分析显示,脂联素和Nrg4是肥胖儿童代谢保护因子;ROC曲线显示,脂联素与Nrg4评估肥胖儿童代谢风险的界值点分别为5.56 μg·mL^-1和5.5 ng·mL^-1。结论 肥胖合并代谢紊乱的儿童青少年血清瘦素、ZAG 水平与体脂含量密切相关,而脂联素、Nrg4水平与代谢紊乱程度相关。这些脂肪因子对于识别和干预肥胖儿童青少年代谢紊乱的发生发展具有重要意义。     

Antiphospholipid antibodies and lipoprotein(a) in obese children

Aim: Antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies, Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and obesity are considered three independent risk factors for development of cardiovascular diseases. We investigate the presence of aPL antibodies and the Lp(a) concentration in 190 obese and 30 healthy children divided into prepubertal and pubertal, compared with healthy adults.
Results: aPL antibodies were detected in 2.65% of prepubertal and in 2.59% of pubertal obese children. Considering results obtained by Lp(a) test, 4.4% of prepubertal and 5.2% of pubertal obese children and 17.5% of healthy adults were at risk for development of cardiovascular diseases.
Conclusion: The presence of various prothrombotic risk factors increases the probability of developing thrombosis. Considering aPL antibodies there is no statistically significant difference among the different considered groups; therefore each category has the same risk factor. The Lp(a) distribution in adults is significantly different from the Lp(a) distribution in prepubertal (p = 0.012) and pubertal (p = 0.029) obese children. There is no significant difference among prepubertal subjects (p = 0.632) as well as pubertal subjects (p = 0.465), independently from the BMI. These results suggest the control of BMI in young population to avoid the presence of the obesity as another independent prothrombotic risk factor to be added to aPL and Lp(a) in the future adulthood.     

肥胖儿童青少年血清脂肪因子与其代谢特征的相关性研究

目的 探讨肥胖儿童青少年血清脂肪因子瘦素、脂联素、神经调节蛋白4(Nrg4)及锌α-2糖蛋白(ZAG)与肥胖及代谢的关系。方法 选取在南京医科大学附属儿童医院儿童保健科就诊的5~14岁肥胖儿童。测量身高、体重、腰围、体脂百分比(FM%)、血压、腰围身高比(WHtR)和体重指数标准差(BMISDS);测定ALT、AST及糖脂代谢指标;根据血压及糖脂代谢,将肥胖儿童分为代谢不健康型肥胖(MUO)和代谢健康型肥胖(MHO)。酶联免疫吸附法测定血清脂肪因子水平。结果 192例肥胖儿童(男138名)纳入分析,平均年龄(10.59±1.93)岁,平均BMISDS 2.86(2.38,3.26)。肥胖儿童中检出MUO 164例(85.4%),MHO 28例。校正年龄后,MUO组血清脂联素、Nrg4水平低于MHO组(P<0.05),两组瘦素、ZAG差异无统计学意义。相关性分析显示,MUO组血清瘦素水平与 BMISDS、FM%、WHtR呈正相关(P<0.05);脂联素与年龄、ALT、AST及胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)呈负相关(P<0.05);Nrg4与BMISDS、WHtR、ALT、AST呈负相关(P<0.05);ZAG与FM%呈负相关(P<0.05)。logistic回归分析显示,脂联素和Nrg4是肥胖儿童代谢保护因子;ROC曲线显示,脂联素与Nrg4评估肥胖儿童代谢风险的界值点分别为5.56 μg·mL^-1和5.5 ng·mL^-1。结论 肥胖合并代谢紊乱的儿童青少年血清瘦素、ZAG 水平与体脂含量密切相关,而脂联素、Nrg4水平与代谢紊乱程度相关。这些脂肪因子对于识别和干预肥胖儿童青少年代谢紊乱的发生发展具有重要意义。     

Inadequate leptin level negatively affects body fat loss during a weight reduction programme for childhood obesity

Obesity is a typical example of a complex multifactorial disease arising from behavioural, environmental and genetic factors that may affect individual responses to dietary intake and physical activity. Observational, longitudinal dietary interventional studies in obese patients present contrasting reports on the predictive value of baseline leptin levels. We report on the effect of a weight reduction programme in three different groups of obese children (82 patients in all) assembled on the basis of their baseline leptin levels adjusted for body mass index (BMI), gender and pubertal development. The effectiveness of this programme was decreased in patients with relative hyperleptinaemia or hypoleptinaemia compared to children with baseline leptin levels appropriate to BMI gender and pubertal development.

Conclusion : Information gained from leptin assays could provide predictive insight into an individual's ability to lose body fat and may therefore have important implications for our approach to the treatment and prevention of childhood obesity.     

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目的了解不同葡萄糖耐量状态的肥胖儿童血清脂联素水平,探讨其与年龄、体重指数(BMI)、血脂、血糖及胰岛素水平的关系。方法选择2002～2004年于广州市儿童医院初诊并住院诊治的肥胖儿童52例,分为36例糖耐量正常(NGT)肥胖组和16例糖耐量受损(IGT)肥胖组。测定两组肥胖儿童和41例年龄、性别匹配的正常儿童空腹血清脂联素、胆固醇(CHO)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLC)、血糖和胰岛素(FINS),计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMAIR)。肥胖组儿童均做口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),测定OGTT2h血糖和胰岛素。结果正常对照组、NGT肥胖组及IGT肥胖组血清脂联素水平依次降低,HOMAIR依次升高,且均有统计学意义;相关性分析显示肥胖儿童血清脂联素与TG、LDLC、FINS呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。结论肥胖儿童血清脂联素水平降低,并与血脂、胰岛素抵抗密切相关;与NGT肥胖组相比,IGT肥胖组儿童的血清脂联素水平进一步降低。     

Role of physical activity and eating behaviour in weight control after treatment in severely obese children and adolescents

AIM: To investigate the role of physical activity and eating behaviour in weight control 1.5 y after a weight-reduction programme in severely obese children. METHODS: Forty-seven children (13.4 +/- 2.1 y) were measured 1.5 y after the completion of a 10-mo residential treatment programme. Stature and body mass were measured; physical activity, fat and fibre intake, and self-efficacy in relation to physical activity and healthy eating behaviour were assessed using validated structured interviews. The total sample was divided into four subgroups according to unhealthy versus healthy physical activity and eating behaviour at follow-up. RESULTS: One-and-a-half years after treatment, subjects had regained 34 +/- 19% overweight, but were on average still 20 +/- 19% less overweight than before treatment (p < 0.001). The four subgroups did not differ in level of overweight at the beginning or end of treatment. At follow-up, there was a significant difference in overweight between the four subgroups (p < 0.05). The least healthy group (unhealthy physical activity and unhealthy eating behaviour) had a significantly higher level of overweight 1.5 y after treatment (183 +/- 36%) in comparison with the other groups (unhealthy physical activity and healthy eating: 150 +/- 21%; healthy physical activity and unhealthy eating: 156 +/- 14%; healthy physical activity and healthy eating: 138 +/- 16%) (p < 0.05), whilst the healthiest group showed the lowest level of overweight after treatment when compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Results suggest that both physical activity and nutritional habits play an important role in weight maintenance after initial weight loss in obese children and that one healthy behaviour can not compensate for another unhealthy behaviour.