ICU护士对临终护理体验的质性研究

目的探讨急危重症科(Intensive care unit,ICU)护士对临终护理的体验,为促进高质量的临终护理提供参考。方法运用质性研究中的现象学方法对11名ICU护士进行半结构式的深度访谈,运用Colaizzi 7步分析法对访谈结果进行整理分析。结果共提炼出5个主题:复杂情感的交织、领悟临终护理知识的重要性、感知人文素养的必要性、科室设备的匮乏、临终护理开展的困扰。结论 ICU护士对于临终护理的体验呈现出多维度的模式,医院应关注护士身心健康,加强临终护理相关知识的教育和培训,使护士在护理过程中不断增强自身预见性思维的能力,强化护士的人文素养,实施开展灵性照护,完善标准化服务,从而为临终患者提供更好地照护。     

急诊科护士对临终病人死亡事件真实体验的质性研究

[目的]了解急诊科护士经历临终病人死亡事件的真实体验,为医院制定临终病人的护理方案或临床路径提供依据。[方法]采用质性研究中的现象学研究方法,利用目的抽样法对3所三级甲等综合医院的14名急诊科护士进行半结构式深入访谈,采用Colaizzi 7步分析法进行资料分析。[结果]提炼4大主题:身心反应(紧张与恐惧、疲乏与无奈、悲伤与失落)、应对方式(发泄情绪、转移注意力、反思工作、寻找社会支持、逃避相关刺激、致使工作压力)、对临终关怀的理解(缺乏临终关怀的照护体验、保证临终病人的对关怀的基本需求、加强对家属的临终关怀延伸服务)、人生观和价值观的改变(尊重生命与珍惜现在、职业认同感与工作责任感)。[结论]急诊科护士经历临终病人死亡事件承受身心压力,多采取积极的应对方式,但缺乏对临终关怀的照护知识与技能,医院应多关注急诊科护士的身心健康,同时加强临终护理关怀相关培训,重视临终病人及其家属的临终关怀,以更好地开展急诊临终病人关怀护理工作。     

护士护理癌症临终患者真实体验的质性研究

目的：深入了解和探索护士护理癌症临终患者的真实体验。方法采用质性研究法,对2家三甲医院护理癌症临终患者的11名注册护士进行深度访谈,并用 Colaizzi 的7步分析法分析。结果护士在护理癌症临终患者时,承受着紧张、恐惧、无力感、同情等情绪变化;护士对临终关怀持不同的看法,并且影响着护士的职业价值观及人生观。结论需要对护士做出广泛而持续的教育及情感支持,使他们更了解如何去照顾癌症临终患者,以及更乐观理性地面对死亡。     

肿瘤科护士角色认知与身心健康维护的质性研究

目的了解肿瘤科护士对临终护理工作的认识、内心感受和主要困难,找出共性的负性情绪及其原因,寻求有效的排解方法。方法对24位肿瘤科护士进行深入访谈,现场录音,按现象学研究的方法整理分析资料。结果感觉难过、无能为力是护理临终病人时护士的总体感受;减轻痛苦和恐惧,保持病人的尊严是临终护理的主要任务;工作量和情绪影响成为临终护理工作中的主要压力源。结论临终护理是需要护士付出大爱的工作,如何调整好护理人员的身心健康以便更好地为病人服务需要多方的共同努力。     

ICU病人临终关怀护理95例体会

【目的】探讨护士如何在重症监护病房进行临终护理,以便更好地实施人性化护理。【方法】按医院制定的临终关怀护理手册培训后,护士在ICU病房按规范对95例临终病人家属实施关怀护理。【结果】95例临终病人家属接受关怀后,均对护理感到满意。【结论】对护士实行临终关怀培训和指导,将人文关怀护理理念融入护理工作中,有利于提高护士的关护行为技巧和病人家属对护理工作的满意度。     

ICU护士护理临终患者心理体验质性研究的系统评价和Meta整合

目的系统评价ICU护士护理临终患者心理体验和感受的质性研究。方法计算机检索Web of Science、PubMed、Scopus、Cochrane Library、Ovid、万方、维普、中国知网(China national knowledge infrastructure, CNKI)和中国生物医学数据库中关于ICU护士护理临终患者体验的质性研究文献,检索时限为建库至2020年11月20日。采用澳大利亚JBI循证卫生保健中心质性研究质量评价标准(2016版)对纳入文献进行质量评价,利用汇集性整合方法进行整合。结果共纳入20项研究,提炼出53个主题,归纳形成10个新类别,合成4个整合结果:正性情绪体验;负性情绪体验与应对;障碍与挑战;期望与需求。结论各级管理者及护士自身应重视ICU护士心理状况,提高ICU护士临终照护能力,同时着力改善临终患者管理流程。     

急症临终病人的护理

目的探讨对急症临终病人的护理。方法针对急症临终病人的需要和护理要点制定相关的护理措施。结果有针对性地护理措施在引导病人和家属正确对待死亡,提高急症临终病人的生活质量方面有积极意义。结论提高护士心理素质和对临终关怀的认识,对做好急症临终关怀非常重要。     

低年资护士应对病人死亡体验的Meta整合

目的:系统评价低年资护士应对病人死亡的心理体验,为提高低年资护士的死亡应对能力、改善临终护理质量提供依据。方法:计算机检索PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、the Cochrane Library、EBSCO、中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库,收集从建库至2022年12月31日关于低年资护士应对病人死亡体验的相关质性研究。检索时限从建库至2022年12月31日。采用澳大利亚乔安娜布里格斯研究所(Joanna Briggs Institute, JBI)循证卫生保健中心质性研究质量评价标准(2016版)对纳入的文献进行质量评价,采用汇集性整合法整合研究结果。结果:共纳入8篇文献,提炼出29个研究结果,归纳形成10个新类别,综合成4个整合结果,即低年资护士应对病人死亡时的情绪反应、低年资护士应对病人死亡时的障碍、低年资护士应对病人死亡的方式、病人死亡对低年资护士的影响。结论:护理管理者应重视低年资护士在应对病人死亡时的压力和障碍,给予低年资护士心理支持与专业帮助,提高其死亡应对能力,进而提升病人的临终护理质量。     

临终病人压力性损伤护理的研究进展

从临终病人压力性损伤发生率、分期和诱因、评估量表、干预策略方面综述临终病人压力性损伤护理的研究进展,阐述对临终病人压力性损伤护理质量的思考,为提高临终病人生命质量提供参考。     

急诊科护士临终照护体验质性研究的Meta整合

目的 系统评价急诊科护士临终照护体验的质性研究,为国内急诊科临终照护发展提供循证依据。方法 计算机检索PubMed、CINAHL、PsycINFO、The Cochrane Library、Web of Science、中国知网、万方数据库和中国生物医学文献数据库,收集急诊科护士临终照护体验相关的质性研究,检索时限均为建库至2020年7月。采用澳大利亚JBI循证卫生保健中心质性研究质量评价标准（2016）对纳入研究进行质量评价,并按照Meta整合的方法对结果进行整合。结果 共纳入8项研究,提炼32个结果,归纳成9个新的类别,综合成3个整合结果：（1）急诊科护士临终照护负性心理（情感负担、应对方式）;（2）急诊科护士临终照护正性心理（尽力满足患者需求、给予家属支持、职业满足感）;（3）急诊科临终照护障碍因素（教育、人力、环境、制度）。结论 护士自身和护理管理者应重视临终照护过程中产生的负性情绪,多途径提升急诊科护士情绪智力水平以及临终照护胜任力。同时,卫生部门应进一步支持急诊科临终照护的发展,提高急诊科临终照护质量。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.