Pregnancy outcome of early multifetal pregnancy reduction: triplets to twins versus triplets to singletons

Multifetal pregnancy reduction (MPR) of triplets to twins results in improved pregnancy outcomes compared with triplet gestations managed expectantly. Perinatal outcomes of early transvaginal MPR from triplets to twins were compared with reduction from triplets to singletons. Seventy-four trichorionic triplet pregnancies that underwent early transvaginal MPR at 6–8 weeks gestation were included. Cases were divided into two groups according to the initial procedure: reduction to twin (n = 55) or to singleton (n = 19) gestations. Infants from triplet pregnancies reduced to twins were delivered earlier (36.6 versus 37.9 weeks; P = 0.04) and had lower mean birth weights (2364 g versus 2748 g; P = 0.02) compared with those from triplets reduced to singleton gestations. The rates of pregnancy loss before 24 weeks (3.6% versus 5.3%), as well as of preterm delivery before 32 and 34 weeks of gestation (0% versus 5.3% and 7.3% versus 5.3%, respectively) were similar between the twin and singleton pregnancies. No significant difference was found in the prevalence of gestational diabetes (15.1% versus 5.6%) or gestational hypertension (24.5% versus 16.7%) between the groups. Selective reduction of triplet pregnancies to singleton rather than twin gestations is associated with improved outcomes.     

Pregnancy outcome after multifetal pregnancy reduction

Objective: To study the effects of multifetal pregnancy reduction (MFPR) as a means to reduce the adverse outcome of multiple gestations.

Methods: This was a retrospective study evaluating the outcome of 334 multiple pregnancies after embryo reduction.

Results: In 313 multiple pregnancies in which MFPR was performed before 15 weeks, the rates of miscarriage, preterm delivery <?33 weeks, preterm delivery <?36 weeks and total fetal loss were 9.12%, 13.33%, 38.60% and 16.25%, respectively, and median gestational age at delivery was 35 weeks. There was a significant correlation between miscarriage and the finishing number of fetuses. In 185 triplets reduced to twins, miscarriage, preterm delivery <?33 weeks, preterm delivery <?36 weeks and total fetal loss occurred in 8.25%, 11.18%, 40.59% and 15.41% of cases, respectively, and median gestational age at delivery was 36 weeks. In the subgroup of 32 reduced triplet pregnancies that also had second-trimester amniocentesis, the risk of miscarriage (3.13%) was not significantly different from that in the rest of the group. Among 21 twin pregnancies that had selective termination at or after 15 weeks, the risk of preterm delivery <?33 weeks was three times higher than in the group of 22 twin pregnancies with first-trimester procedures.

Conclusion: MFPR resulted in at least one live neonate in 83.75% of cases and was effective in reducing the risks of pregnancy loss and severe prematurity in quadruplets and higher-order pregnancies. The risk of miscarriage increased with increasing finishing number of fetuses. In reduced triplets gestation was prolonged in comparison with average figures reported in the literature. In twin pregnancies selective termination in the first trimester carries a lower risk of severe preterm delivery and this emphasizes the need for first-trimester diagnosis.     

Pregnancy outcome after multifetal pregnancy reduction.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of multifetal pregnancy reduction (MFPR) as a means to reduce the adverse outcome of multiple gestations. METHODS: This was a retrospective study evaluating the outcome of 334 multiple pregnancies after embryo reduction. RESULTS: In 313 multiple pregnancies in which MFPR was performed before 15 weeks, the rates of miscarriage, preterm delivery <33 weeks, preterm delivery <36 weeks and total fetal loss were 9.12%, 13.33%, 38.60% and 16.25%, respectively, and median gestational age at delivery was 35 weeks. There was a significant correlation between miscarriage and the finishing number of fetuses. In 185 triplets reduced to twins, miscarriage, preterm delivery <33 weeks, preterm delivery <36 weeks and total fetal loss occurred in 8.25%, 11.18%, 40.59% and 15.41% of cases, respectively, and median gestational age at delivery was 36 weeks. In the subgroup of 32 reduced triplet pregnancies that also had second-trimester amniocentesis, the risk of miscarriage (3.13%) was not significantly different from that in the rest of the group. Among 21 twin pregnancies that had selective termination at or after 15 weeks, the risk of preterm delivery <33 weeks was three times higher than in the group of 22 twin pregnancies with first-trimester procedures. CONCLUSION: MFPR resulted in at least one live neonate in 83.75% of cases and was effective in reducing the risks of pregnancy loss and severe prematurity in quadruplets and higher-order pregnancies. The risk of miscarriage increased with increasing finishing number of fetuses. In reduced triplets gestation was prolonged in comparison with average figures reported in the literature. In twin pregnancies selective termination in the first trimester carries a lower risk of severe preterm delivery and this emphasizes the need for first-trimester diagnosis.     

Multifetal pregnancy reductions of triplets to twins: comparison with nonreduced triplets and twins.

OBJECTIVE: Multifetal pregnancy reduction has been shown to improve survival rates in high-order multifetal pregnancies (>/=4). There is, however, some controversy as to whether multifetal pregnancy reduction improves pregnancy outcomes of triplets reduced to twins. The purpose of this study was to evaluate this issue by comparing outcomes of triplet gestations undergoing reduction to twins with outcomes of nonreduced twin gestations and expectantly managed triplet gestations. STUDY DESIGN: The study included 143 triplet pregnancies that underwent reduction to twins over a 10-year period at a single center. These were compared with 12 nonreduced triplet pregnancies from the Wayne State University Perinatal Database and with 2 groups of twin pregnancies: 605 from the Wayne State University Perinatal Database and 207 from the Quest Diagnostics Database. RESULTS: The miscarriage rate for expectantly managed triplets was 25%, compared with 6.2% for triplets reduced to twins. This rate was similar to the rates for both groups of nonreduced twins: 5.8% (Quest) and 6.3% (Wayne State University). Severe prematurity occurred in 25% of nonreduced triplets compared with 4. 9% of twins after reduction. This rate was also similar to that of nonreduced twins: 7.7% (Quest) and 8.4% (Wayne State University). The mean gestational age at delivery for expectantly managed triplets (32.9 +/- 4.7 weeks) was significantly shorter than for triplets reduced to twins (35.6 +/- 3.1 weeks). By comparison, nonreduced twins had a mean gestational age at delivery of 35.8 +/- 3.9 weeks for Quest and 34.4 +/- 3.6 weeks for Wayne State University. Mean birth weights were significantly lower in expectantly managed triplets as compared with triplets undergoing reduction to twins (1636 +/- 645 g vs 2381 +/- 602 g, respectively). Nonreduced twins had a mean birth weight of 2254 +/- 653 g for Quest and 2123 +/- 634 g for Wayne State University. Pregnancy loss rates, mean length of gestation, and mean birth weight did not vary significantly between triplets who underwent reduction to twins and nonreduced twins. CONCLUSIONS: Reduction of triplets to twins significantly reduces the risk for prematurity and low birth weight and may also be associated with a reduction in overall pregnancy loss. This suggests that multifetal pregnancy reduction of triplets to twins is a medically justifiable procedure not only from an actuarial viewpoint but also from the ethical perspective of supporting patients' autonomy and respect for patients' individual circumstances.     

Effects of embryo reduction from trichorionic triplets to twins

Sixty-six trichorionic triplet pregnancies reduced to twins were compared with 47 triplet pregnancies that were not reduced. The miscarriage rate was higher (7.6% compared with 2.6%) but the number delivering between 24 and 32 weeks was lower (8.2% compared with 24.0%). Since severe preterm delivery is associated with risks of neonatal death and severe handicap, embryo reduction of triplets to twins may not improve the chance of survival but may reduce the rate of handicap.     

多胎妊娠减胎术发展现状

近30年多胎妊娠的发生率显著增加,对于母婴的围产期结局产生了极大的影响。多胎妊娠减胎术通过在妊娠中减去一个或多个胎儿,避免多胎分娩,可改善妊娠结局。影响减胎术后结局的临床因素主要为减胎孕周、手术方式、起始及最终胚胎的数量以及是否合并单绒毛膜多胎。此外,减胎术前的产前诊断对于选择减胎对象有着准确的指导。本文就多胎妊娠减胎术现状及影响其妊娠结局的相关临床因素做一综述。     

医源性多胎及多胎妊娠处理中的伦理问题

文章主要探讨医源性多胎产生的原因、预防及所涉及的社会伦理问题,并提出相应的处理对策和处理时所必须遵循的不伤害原则、有利原则,尊重原则和公正原则.     

Midtrimester maternal serum inhibin A levels after multifetal pregnancy reduction

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between the maternal serum inhibin A concentrations and the number of fetuses. Further, the maternal serum inhibin A levels for twin pregnancies and multiple pregnancies reduced to twins in the second trimester were compared. METHODS: Three groups of women with pregnancies following in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer were recruited for this study. Groups 1, 2 and 3 included 20 singleton pregnancies, 37 twin pregnancies, and 35 multifetal pregnancies, respectively. In group 3, multifetal reduction was performed during 10-12 weeks of gestation. Blood samples were obtained longitudinally at 10th, 12th, 15th and 18th week of gestation. RESULTS: There was a significant association between the number of fetuses and maternal plasma inhibin A prior to multifetal reduction. The inhibin A levels were not significantly different between twin and multifetal reduced twin pregnancies at 15th and 18th weeks of gestation. CONCLUSION: In multifetal reduction to twin pregnancies, the maternal serum levels of inhibin A decrease to the level of twin pregnancies during the second trimester. Therefore, inhibin A may be effectively used as a marker for Down syndrome screening in cases of twin pregnancy following multifetal reduction.     

Neonatal respiratory morbidity in twins versus singletons after elective prelabor caesarean section

Objective

To compare the rate of neonatal respiratory morbidity in singletons versus twins delivered by pre-labour caesarean section.

Study design

Uncomplicated pregnancies delivered by prelabor caesarean section at 34 + 0 to 37 + 6 weeks’ gestation were retrospectively selected. For both singletons and twins caesarean delivery was undertaken electively only after amniocentesis and if the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio was ≥2. Neonatal respiratory morbidity was compared in twins versus singletons.

Results

241 singletons and 100 twin neonates were included. Overall neonatal respiratory morbidity was comparable between the two groups (25/241 (11.7%) versus 7/100 (7%), p = .331). Between 34 + 0 and 36 + 6 weeks, however, the risk was higher among singleton than twins (15/46 (32.6%) versus 6/72 (8.3%), p < .001). At multiple regression, dichorionicity, gestational age at delivery ≥37 weeks and female sex independently decreased the risk of neonatal respiratory morbidity.

Conclusion

The risk of neonatal respiratory morbidity after elective caesarean section seems lower among twins, especially prior to 37 + 0 weeks.     

体外受精-胚胎移植中含单绒毛膜双胎的三胎减胎术后妊娠结局分析

目的:探讨体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)中移植2枚胚胎后发生三胎妊娠行单绒毛膜双胎中一胎减灭术后的妊娠结局。方法:回顾性分析27例行单绒毛膜双胎中一胎减灭术的三胎妊娠患者的临床资料,了解术后一般情况,并对比术后仍保留双胎妊娠的与同期非减胎双胎妊娠的妊娠结局及新生儿情况。结果:减胎术后有12例(44.44%)发生自然减灭仅留一胎;保留双胎组与非减胎双胎组患者平均年龄、平均孕周及平均胎儿出生体质量无统计学差异(P0.05);早期均无流产发生,晚期流产率分别为6.67%和10.00%,抱婴回家率分别为93.33%、90.00%,早产率分别为21.43%和37.04%,低体质量儿出生比例分别为21.43%和33.33%,围产儿死亡率分别为0.0%和3.7%,组间均无统计学差异(P0.05),减胎后双胎组和非减胎双胎组均无畸形儿出生。结论:行减灭单绒毛膜双胎中一胎的减胎术有近一半的患者另一胎会发生自然减灭,余保留双胎的妊娠结局和新生儿一般情况与非减胎双胎妊娠组无统计学差异。     

Perinatal outcome after multifetal reduction: A study of 12 cases

Objective

To study the perinatal outcome after fetal reduction in multiple gestations

Materials and Methods

This is a retrospective study of 12 patients who underwent fetal reduction for multiple gestations. The ultrasound-guided procedure was done transabdominally.

Results

Of the 12 patients who underwent fetal reduction, one had spontaneous abortion following the procedure while the other 11 delivered live babies.

Conclusion

Multiple gestations have an adverse neonatal outcome. By reducing the high-order pregnancies to twin gestations, the associated complications can be reduced. Ultrasound-guided fetal reduction is safe and effective method for reduction of multifetal gestations to twins or singleton, and improving the pregnancy outcome.     

Chorionic villus sampling before multifetal pregnancy reduction

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to determine the technical feasibility and accuracy of chorionic villus sampling before multifetal pregnancy reduction and to determine whether sampling increases the pregnancy loss rate after the reduction procedure. STUDY DESIGN: Between January 22, 1986, and January 20, 2000, a total of 1183 patients underwent first-trimester multifetal pregnancy reduction at Mount Sinai Medical Center. Chorionic villus sampling was attempted in 86 patients before the reduction procedure. Information on the technical success and accuracy of chorionic villus sampling, as well as pregnancy outcome, was collected on all patients. Pregnancy loss rates before 24 weeks' gestation in patients undergoing chorionic villus sampling before multifetal pregnancy reduction were compared with rates in patients not undergoing sampling. RESULTS: Chorionic villus sampling was successfully completed in 85 (98.8%) of 86 patients in whom sampling was attempted. Of 166 fetuses, 165 (99.4%) were successfully sampled. Of 165 fetuses, 3 (1.8%) had karyotypic abnormalities. Sampling errors were probably made in 2 (1.2%) of 165 fetuses. Of the 73 patients who have been delivered or are beyond 24 weeks' gestation, only 1 patient (1.4%) had a pregnancy loss after the multifetal pregnancy reduction. CONCLUSIONS: Chorionic villus sampling before multifetal pregnancy reduction is technically feasible and accurate, with an acceptably low sampling error rate. Chorionic villus sampling before multifetal pregnancy reduction appears to be safe and does not increase the risk of loss after the reduction procedure.     

Cervical length after multifetal pregnancy reduction in remaining twin gestations.

OBJECTIVE: Multifetal pregnancy reduction is associated with an increased risk of prematurity. Because cervical length correlates with preterm delivery risk, we sought to determine whether multifetal pregnancy reduction twin gestations are associated with shorter cervical lengths compared with non-multifetal pregnancy reduction twins. STUDY DESIGN: We compared an historic cohort of patients who underwent multifetal pregnancy reduction to twins (n = 35) to a control group of twin gestations without multifetal pregnancy reduction (n = 83) from July 1996 to January 2000. Both groups of patients were treated with identical protocols. Cervical lengths across gestation and pregnancy outcomes were compared. RESULTS: Study and control groups did not differ significantly in mean maternal age (37.8 +/- 4.9 years vs 35.5 +/- 6.2 years; P =.06), median parity (0 [range, 0-1] vs 0 [range, 0-2]; P =.56), or mean gestational age at delivery (36.2 +/- 2.6 weeks vs 35.8 +/- 3.8 weeks; P =.50). The proportion delivering before 35 weeks of gestation was not significantly different (14.3% vs 30.1%; P =.10) nor was delivery before 32 weeks of gestation (8.6% vs 8.4%; P =.98). Cervical length did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. At 14 to 19 weeks the median was 3.9 cm (range, 2.4-6.0 cm) in the multifetal pregnancy reduction group versus 3.7 cm (range, 3.1-4.7 cm) in the control subjects (P =.15); at 20 to 25 weeks, the medians were 3.2 cm (range, 2.2-5.4 cm) and 3.7 cm (range, 1.5-5.7 cm), respectively (P =.43); and at 26 to 31 weeks the medians were 3.5 cm (range, 1.2-5.9 cm) versus 3.8 cm (range, 1.2-5.3 cm), respectively (P =.56). CONCLUSION: Cervical length across gestation in twin pregnancies is not affected by multifetal pregnancy reduction, despite the likely inflammatory response expected to accompany this procedure.     

Pregnancy outcome in spontaneous twins versus twins who were conceived through in vitro fertilization

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare maternal and neonatal complications in spontaneous versus in vitro fertilization twins. STUDY DESIGN: Twin gestations that were delivered from 1995 to 2000 were reviewed. Cases consisted of 56 in vitro fertilization twins, each of which was matched to two control mothers by age and parity. They were compared regarding various maternal and neonatal complications. RESULTS: In vitro fertilization twins were more likely to have preterm labor compared with control twins, with no difference in the incidences of pregnancy-induced hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, placenta previa, or preterm premature rupture of membranes between the two groups. The cesarean delivery rate was significantly higher in cases of twins who were conceived by in vitro fertilization (76.8% vs 58.0%, P=.026), despite a similar rate of elective cesarean delivery and the incidence of nonvertex twin A in both groups. The preterm delivery rate was significantly higher (67.9% vs 41.1%, P=.002) and the gestational age was significantly lower (35+/-3 weeks vs 36+/-3 weeks, P=.043) in cases compared with control subjects. Both twins were, on the average, 230 g lighter in the in vitro fertilization group compared with the control group. However, intrauterine growth restriction was more frequent in the control group (36.6% vs 25%, P=.044). There was a significantly higher incidence of admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, respiratory distress syndrome, a need for mechanical ventilation, and pneumothorax in cases compared with control subjects. CONCLUSION: When compared with spontaneous twins, in vitro fertilization twins are more likely to be delivered by cesarean delivery and to have a higher incidence of preterm birth and prematurity-related respiratory complications with a longer nursery stay.     

Demographic factors for utilization of invasive genetic testing after multifetal pregnancy reduction

OBJECTIVE: Pregnant infertility patients are commonly old enough to be offered prenatal diagnosis. However, they may be reluctant to undergo an additional invasive procedure. We, therefore, sought to determine what demographic factors, including race and ethnic group, influenced patients' decisions to undergo genetic testing in addition to multifetal pregnancy reduction (MFPR). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed MFPR patients from July 1997 to June 1999 at our institution. Invasive genetic testing was routinely discussed. Maternal age, race, ethnicity, religion, egg source for in vitro fertilization (IVF) patients, and the remaining fetuses following MFPR were analyzed for invasive genetic testing determinants and were compared to our experiences with genetic referents to us for singleton pregnancies. 132 consecutive patients, of whom 49 were >/=35 years, including 15 having IVF with donor eggs, were included. RESULTS: Maternal age was the single most significant determinant of testing. In donor egg cases, donor age was significant. Ethnic background, previous children, and the remaining number of fetuses after MFPR were also significant determinants. CONCLUSION: MFPR patients share similar demographics to the advanced maternal age population. Despite the very stressful situations, our data suggest that maternal age, and therefore genetic risk, is the most important determinant of choosing whether or not to have testing. However, patients' decisions are, to varying degrees, modified by religious and ethnic considerations.     

Relative contribution of ovarian stimulation versus in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection to multifetal pregnancies requiring reduction to twins

The proportion of twins resulting from multifetal pregnancy reduction of higher-order multiples is increased in pregnancies resulting from hormone stimulation when compared with twins following in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment. These reduced twin pregnancies may carry a higher perinatal risk compared with other twin pregnancies, which should be taken into account when assessing the perinatal outcome of twin pregnancies after assisted reproduction.