以转化医学为理念的医学研究生科研能力的构建

我国医学研究生教育长期存在着基础医学与临床医学脱节的问题,将转化医学的理念引入到我国的医学研究生教育中,改变传统医学研究生教育模式,在确定培养目标、探索培养模式等方面进行有益的尝试,有利于复合型医学人才科研创新能力的构建。     

浅谈研究生药学专业英语教学

国际药学交流与合作的日趋频繁要求药学教育与国际接轨，专业英语课成为药学院校研究生的重要必修课。要适时调整、改进研究生专业英语教学的内容和方法，依据不同的教学对象精心选材，以专题和讲座的形式灵活机动地进行教学。     

精准药学:从转化医学到精准医学探讨新药发展

自1960年以来,美国FDA推出的基础研究-发现-设计-临床前开发-临床研究等过程的新药研发的转化研究,这种"转化研究"的"万里挑一"的模式,可以说是最早的"转化研究",对近50年的新药发展起了积极作用。随着生命科学研究的发展及成果的应用,转化研究得到快速发展,转换医学模式成为国际医学健康领域的新概念和研究模式。在美国2010年提出"精准医学"概念之后,奥巴马在他的国情咨文中提出了"精确医学"计划,希望更接近治愈癌症和糖尿病等疾病,希望将以基因为特点的大数据信息用于精准个体化药物治疗。"精准医学"作为医学的未来是人类医学的变革,长期目标是为实现多种疾病的治愈提供有价值的信息。基于精准医疗四要素中"精确、准时、共享、个体化",笔者提出"精准药学"的概念,希望它在实现"精准医疗"中发挥重要的作用,而且具有不同于"精准医学"的研究目标和研究特征。"精准药物"治疗只有实现"精准诊断"的基础上,医疗应用相关的"精准药物"才能提出"精准治疗方案",才能实现精准的个体化治疗。在"大数据"时代,基因组学是精准医学和精准药学的共同基础。但药物研发中可以认为与健康人和病人的基因有关,更与疾病的病因有关,但有些功能性疾病和病毒、细菌、寄生虫等感染性疾病的治疗还与它们的感染、复制及其酶和蛋白等生化过程有关,也与药物的制剂技术和组合有关。因此需要更广阔的知识和视野去认识研发的难度和治疗的精准性,才能开发出疗效更好、更安全、更便利、更经济的新药。     

药学研究生教育面临的挑战及对策分析

目的分析我国药学研究生教育面临的挑战,探讨相关对策。方法运用文献分析法和系统分析法,比较国内外药学研究生教育发展状况,阐述问题应对策略。结论与讨论药学研究生的社会需求近年来发生较大变化,健康干预结果研究、制剂研究和产品研发等领域对毕业生的需求日益增长,也对研究生的专业素质和基本的社会适应能力提出了更高要求;而当前的研究生教育偏重于培养知识型学术型人才,忽视应用型人才培养,同时研究生教育存在过度依赖科研经费等问题。为适应药学事业发展需要,应当完善科学学位的研究生教育,开拓临床药学专业学位教育项目,加强对研究生教育工作的评价。     

药学整体性理念在研究生学位课程教学中的实施

探索提高综合科研能力的药学研究生学位课程教学新途径;树立药学整体性理念,设计一门课程,由一本教材从整体上讲授各学科的发展和联系,强化药学整体理念。由研究生入学第一学期开设《现代药学研究理论与实践》学位课程,经过两年的教学实践,学生反馈效果良好,药学研究的科学思维能力明显提高。强调药学整体理念对提高药学研究生的整体科学素养和科研能力具有积极的意义,是可供选择的教学理念和模式。     

将转化医学理念应用在影像医学教学中的意义

影像医学专业培养具有基础医学、临床医学和现代医学影像学的基本理论知识及能力,能在医疗卫生单位从事医学影像诊断、介入放射学和医学成像技术等方面工作的医学高级专门人才[1].转化医学是当前世界医学研究一个新的起步点和着力点.我国现行医学教育体系存在着基础与临床严重脱节等缺陷.要改革这种理论脱离实际的传统医学教育模式,转化医学无疑是促进我国医学教育改革最有效的途径之一[2].本研究拟通过对转化医学的概述,简要介绍其在影像医学教学科研工作中的意义.     

药学研究生科学论文写作课程教学的探索

结合四川大学药学专业研究生学术学位平台课程科学论文写作概论,文章介绍了药学专业研究生学术英语写作教学开展的初步实践与探索,总结课程建设过程中的经验与不足,为提高国内药学专业研究生学术写作能力提供相关课程教学参考。     

试论药学研究生创造能力的培养

当前药学领域最高层次的教育,就是对研究生（硕士和博士）的培养。这些专门人才不仅应该具有良好的科研素质和意识及独立进行药学科研的能力,而且还应该具有高度的责任感和事业心,具有勇于开拓进取的创新精神。这些人才将成为该领域骨干,药学事业的高层次管理者和领导...     

调整研究生培养模式适应药学事业发展

针对目前我国药学事业发展急需原创性成果的现状，提出目前地方院校药学硕士研究生培养应该从整体素质和知识结构两方面来着手。整体素质应该从团队精神、开拓精神、创业精神、创新能力和运筹能力五方面培养；知识结构的调整应该从教学内容的调整和教学方法的改进两方面来作出具体改革。     

加强药学研究生创新能力的培养

江泽民总书记指出：“创新是一个民族的灵魂，是国家兴旺发达的不竭的动力。”创新意味着生存，创新意味着发展，创新性品质已成为衡量人才、企业、产品优劣的标准，创新能力也成为现代企业和现代人才在竞争中获胜的必要条件。如何加强药学研究生创新能力的培养，笔认为应从下述几方面着手。     

我校三年制临床药学专业硕士研究生培养之探讨

本文就当前我国三年制临床药学硕士研究生教育所处的社会环境、存在的问题进行了初步分析，并提出了改革我校三年制临床药学硕士研究生教育的一些建议。     

Principles-based Learning Design for an Online Postgraduate Psychiatric Pharmacy Course

Objectives

To implement an interactive, Web-based postgraduate course aimed at improving the knowledge, skills, and confidence of health care practitioners with interest in providing pharmaceutical care to people with mental disorders.

Design

The Web-based course was created in which authentic tasks and multiple modes of presentation and problem-solving were used to develop understanding of core concepts. Participants formulated pharmaceutical care plans for authentic case scenarios and cases selected from practice. Participants developed management plans using audiovisual lectures, videotaped demonstration patient interviews, and links to mental health practice tools and the literature. A combination of online discussion, collaborative and individual preparation of care plans, and peer and instructor feedback were used.

Assessment

Responses on postcourse surveys showed that participants'' comfort levels with providing pharmaceutical care for common mental disorders increased moderately. Three-quarters of respondents indicated that the course had deepened their understanding and enhanced their mental health practice.

Summary

A Web-based postgraduate course in pharmaceutical care for patients with mental disorders was successfully implemented and resulted in a template which can be used in the development of similar postgraduate courses.     

基于转化医学目的的医院药学科研思路与方法

摘 要 目的：探讨医院药学科研的选题思路和管理方法,以有助于推动医院药学科研工作的发展。方法: 从医院药学科研选题的基本原则、主要研究领域、选题的思路方法和科研的管理要点等方面进行论述。结果: 医院药学主要研究领域包括实验性研究和软科学研究。选题应遵循实用性、科学性、创新性、可行性和效益性的原则,从药学的思维路径出发,以转化医学为目标,立足于临床用药面临的实际问题。仿制药的质量评价、成药性研究等均可以发挥医院药学贴近临床的优势,是选题应重点关注的方面。医院药学科研应建立一个持续改进的绩效考评体系,完善人才梯队和激励制度的建设,加强团队内外的科研合作。结论:医院药学科研对于推动药学工作具有很大的重要性,如何搞好药学科研值得深入探讨。     

中医医院开展临床药学模式的探讨

目的探讨中药临床药学模式,为开展中医临床药学工作提供参考。方法阐述中药临床药学的概念、现状、研究内容,就开展中医医院中药临床药学做些探讨。结果中药临床药学没有形成系统的理论体系,有许多问题需要解决。例如：中药临床药师的业务水平和数量、药师与临床的有效沟通、医院领导对临床药学的重视程度、相关试验研究的资金投入、卫生行政监督以及药学教育模式等等,都需要进行改革和提升。结论开展中药临床药学具有挑战性,前景广阔、意义重大。中医医院临床药师应深入临床,积极开展药物不良反应监测,搜集相关资料情报,开展中药辨真伪、质量鉴定和门诊处方点评及用药咨询服务,加强科内培训,加强中西药配伍研究和中药剂型改革、中药炮制研究。努力提高药学服务水平。     

Impact of Pharmacy Student Interventions in an Urban Family Medicine Clinic

Objectives. To determine the number of interventions made by pharmacy students at an urban family medicine clinic and the acceptance rate of these recommendations by the healthcare providers. The secondary objective was to investigate the cost avoidance value of the interventions.Methods. A prospective, unblinded study was conducted to determine the number and cost avoidance value of clinical interventions made by pharmacy students completing advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs) in an urban family medicine clinic.Results. Eighteen students completed this experience in the 8 months studied. Of the 718 interventions performed, 77% were accepted by physicians, including 58% of the 200 interventions that required immediate action. Projected avoidance was estimated at $61,855.Conclusion. The clinical interventions by pharmacy students were generally well received by healthcare providers and resulted in significant cost savings. Pharmacy students can play an important role in a family medicine clinic.     

Program to Prepare Pharmacy Students for Their Postgraduate Training Search

Objective

To design and assess an educational program for preparing pharmacy students for success during the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists Midyear Clinical Meeting (ASHP-MCM) and postgraduate training search.

Design

An informational handout packet was prepared and a 1-hour educational forum was conducted prior to the 2007 and 2008 ASHP-MCMs. Following the ASHP-MCM, participating students were invited to complete an anonymous online survey instrument.

Assessment

Among the 66 participating students, 73% agreed they were adequately prepared for the ASHP-MCM, with 89%, 80%, and 79% agreeing the educational forum equipped them for their activities preceding, during, and following the ASHP-MCM, and 90%, 83%, and 69% agreeing the informational handout packet equipped them for their activities preceding, during, and following the ASHP-MCM. Among 14 students seeking a residency during the 2008 ASHP-MCM, 86% were successfully placed with a program.

Conclusion

An educational program was useful in preparing students for success during the ASHP-MCM and postgraduate training search.     

中医院开展临床药学的实践与设想

本文从情报资料、科学的中药质量管理系统、治疗药物监测、发展方向与设想等五个方面,探讨了中医院的临床药学工作。拟在继承祖国医学的基础上,借鉴现代医学理论及实验方法,逐渐形成自己的体系,使之适应现代医学发展的需要。     

浅谈新建医院中药房窗口服务

目的：探讨新建医院中药房窗口服务的建设。方法通过中药房筹建经历和多年门诊中药房窗口实践经验总结,对新建医院做好窗口服务进行归纳、分析。结果与结论新建医院,规范化建设中药房窗口,对于构建和谐的医患关系、树立医院良好的社会形象、提升医院总体服务水平有着积极的作用。只有不断提高窗口服务质量,才能促进医院持续健康发展。     

Measuring Achievement Goal Orientations of Pharmacy Students

Objectives. To measure the achievement goal orientations of pharmacy students attending a 3-year (accelerated) doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) program.Methods. A 16-item survey based on the Achievement Goal Questionnaire (AGQ) was administered to first-year (P1) and second-year (P2) pharmacy students at the Appalachian College of Pharmacy (ACP). Students were instructed to indicate to what degree each statement was true for them using a 7-point Likert scale (1=not true of me, 7=very true of me).Results. One hundred twenty of the 155 students (77%) completed the survey. Most students had mastery-approach, mastery-avoidance, performance-approach, and/or performance-avoidance goal orientations; few had work-avoidance goal orientations. Second-year students and male students had higher work-avoidance mean scores than did P1 students and female students (p<0.05).Conclusion. Pharmacy students were mastery- and performance-oriented learners, and most did not have work-avoidance goal orientations. Male students and P2 students had higher work-avoidance than did female students and P1 students, respectively. More longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these findings.