CT demonstration of a giant adrenal endothelial cyst of the angiomatous subtype

Adrenal cysts are uncommon lesions with only approximately 300 having been reported to date. Histologically, they are heterogeneous in nature with angiomatous endothelial cysts being quite rare. The computed tomography of a woman with a very large cyst of this variety displayed thin walls with a few septations and foci of soft tissue within. The possibility of a large cystic mass originating from the adrenal gland must be considered in the diagnosis when a large abdominal mass is encountered.     

Lead arthropathy: radiographic, CT and MRI findings

Objective Lead arthropathy is a well-known complication of gunshot injuries with retained intra-articular bullets. Although several previous reports have discussed the radiological findings of this entity, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings have never been described before in this setting. Materials and methods In this paper the authors review the imaging findings of 11 patients with lead arthropathy (1 of whom had clinical signs of lead poisoning as well), all of them studied by means of radiographs. In addition, non-enhanced CT scans were obtained in 3 patients and gadolinium-enhanced MRI in 1. Results Classic findings of intra-articular speckled lead deposits (occasionally with a “lead arthrogram” appearance), joint space narrowing and preserved bone density were found at radiographs in the great majority of cases. Furthermore, extension of intra-articular lead to adjacent tendon sheaths was observed in almost half of the patients, an observation rarely reported in the literature. CT scans and MRI, in their turn, were superior with regard to soft tissue abnormalities, accurately depicting joint effusion and the thickened synovium with lead particles embedded in it. Conclusion Post-gadolinium MRI had the advantage of showing the enhancement pattern of the inflamed synovium and associated bone marrow edema pattern. Although it is not possible to establish the role of axial imaging in lead arthropathy from the small number of cases studied, this initial experience shows that both methods hold promise in this setting and may be useful, at least in selected cases.     

Primary spontaneous pneumothorax in children: the role of CT in guiding management

AIM: Primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) is rare in older children and most likely to be associated with apical subpleural blebs; there is a significant risk of recurrence. Our aim was to assess the radiological findings and final treatment of PSP in children presenting at our institution. METHODS: The study included 3 children presenting over a 15-month period at our institution with PSP; the clinical features at presentation and examination findings were recorded. The chest radiographic and CT appearances and findings at surgery were reviewed. RESULTS: In all cases, chest pain and breathlessness were presenting features and initial treatment included intercostal chest drainage. Chest radiographs on admission raised the suspicion of unilateral apical blebs in 2 children and bilateral apical blebs in the 3rd. Chest CT demonstrated apical blebs/cysts in all 3 children. The cysts ranged in size from 0.5 to 3.0 cm and were bilateral in 2 children. Surgery confirmed the radiological findings in all cases. CONCLUSION: CT is of value in the detection of apical pleural blebs in children with PSP. On CT, particular attention should be paid to the lung apices, where majority of blebs in otherwise healthy young patients are located. Prompt diagnosis of a morphological abnormality in these children is likely to expedite definitive surgical treatment.     

成人肺内支气管源性囊肿的CT表现

目的 分析成人肺内支气管源性囊肿的CT表现特点。 方法 回顾性分析2014年2月至2019年12月于天津市胸科医院经组织病理学检查结果证实为肺内支气管源性囊肿的46例患者的影像学资料,其中男性25例、女性21例,年龄23~74（48.3±8.1）岁。所有患者均行CT平扫检查,其中31例患者同时行增强CT检查。根据CT表现特点分析患者肺内病变的部位、数量、周围的肺组织改变及合并症等。 结果 46例患者中,42例为单发、4例为多发（3例位于同侧肺的不同肺叶,1例位于双肺）。所有患者中CT表现为含液囊肿的有16例、含气囊肿10例、蜂窝及肿块样囊肿20例。囊肿周围肺改变以小索条、肺透过度增高、肺不张及实变为主,分别有24例、18例、25例。术后组织病理学检查结果证实支气管源性囊肿病灶无合并症20个、合并曲霉菌感染12个、其他感染10个、结核6个、肿瘤（类癌）1个。 结论 CT图像所示的成人肺内支气管源性囊肿的含液、含气囊肿具有圆形或类圆形形态,其内为单纯液体或气体,具有一定的鉴别诊断价值。当形成蜂窝及肿块样囊肿时,需要与肺结核、肺癌等相鉴别。     

先天性支气管闭锁的多层螺旋CT和X线表现

目的分析先天性支气管闭锁的CT和X线表现，以提高对该病的认识和诊断。方法对11例支气管闭锁患者进行了多层螺旋CT（MSCT）扫描。其中3例经手术证实，6例有支气管镜结果，2例随诊1年以上。肺部常规10mm层厚扫描，在16层螺旋CT机进行1．25mm后处理重组，获得多平面重建（MPR）、最大密度投影（MIP）和最小密度投影（MinIP）图像，记录病变的部位和周围肺组织改变。结果11例病变CT均能显示黏液栓和周围气肿改变，其中3例黏液栓内含气体；x线平片亦能显示全部黏液栓，但仅显示8例气肿改变和2例黏液栓内的气液平。3例支气管闭锁位于左侧，8例位于右侧；发生于段支气管者10例，亚段1例；6例位于肺门旁，5例远离肺门。结论黏液栓和周围肺气肿改变是先天性支气管闭锁的典型表现，在先天性支气管闭锁诊断和鉴别诊断上，多层面螺旋CT能提供比x线平片更多的信息。     

过氧乙酸腐蚀性食管炎的X线和CT对照研究

目的 探讨过氧乙酸腐蚀性食管炎的X线和CT特征。方法 分析7例过氧乙酸烧伤的消化道X线和CT资料。结果 7例过氧乙酸腐蚀性食管炎主要X线表现为食管中下段管腔严重不规则狭窄，管壁僵硬、蠕动消失，正常黏膜皱襞消失，狭窄以上食管呈不同程度扩张；主要CT表现为中下段狭窄区管壁呈不规则性明显增厚，密度偏低，外缘模糊，周围脂肪线消失，食管上段有不同程度扩张。结论 X线和CT检查可以清楚显示狭窄段部位、范围和程度，食管壁及周围受累情况，以指导临床制定治疗方案。     

Characteristics of pulmonary cysts in Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome: Thin-section CT findings of the chest in 12 patients

Purpose

To describe in detail the characteristic chest computed tomography (CT) findings of Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome.

Materials and methods

Thin-section chest CT scans of consecutive 12 patients with genetically diagnosed BHD syndrome were retrospectively evaluated by two observers, especially about the characteristics (distribution, number, size, shape and relation to pleura) of pulmonary cysts. Interobserver agreement in the identification of abnormalities on the CT images was achieved using the κ statistic, and the degree of interobserver correlation for the characterization of pulmonary cysts was assessed using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient.

Results

Multiple pulmonary cysts were seen in all patients. The number of cysts in each patient was various (range, 29-407), and cysts of various sizes (from a few mm to 2 cm or more) were seen in all patient. 76.6% (mean) of cysts were irregular-shaped, and 40.5% (mean) of cysts were located along the pleura. The mean extent score of cysts was 13% of the whole lung, and the distribution of cysts was predominantly in the lower medial zone. Finally, cysts abutting or including the proximal portions of lower pulmonary arteries or veins were also seen in all patients.

Conclusion

Multiple, irregular-shaped cysts of various sizes with lower medial lung zone predominance are characteristic CT findings of BHD syndrome. Cysts abutting or including the proximal portions of lower pulmonary arteries or veins may also exist in this syndrome in a high probability.     

64层螺旋CT后处理技术在右肺上叶支气管解剖中的应用

目的 应用64层螺旋CT支气管树和仿真内镜2种后处理方法显示右肺上叶段支气管,并对其分支形式进行分类.方法 对204例胸部CT扫描患者,重组右肺上叶支气管的支气管树和仿真支气管镜图像,分别应用2种图像对右肺上叶支气管分型,分析不同图像对不同分支类型支气管的显示效果;综合2种方法对右肺上叶支气管进行分型,统计2种方法联合应用的分型结果.结果 支气管树图像立体直观,可以准确显示典型的两两共干分支类型,当两两共干长度较短或类似3分支时,难以与3分支型区别;仿真支气管镜图像从内腔显示开口数目及"隆嵴"的形态,可以将共干长度较短的两两共干型与3分支型进行区分;综合应用支气管树及仿真支气管镜2种后处理方法对204例右肺上叶支气管分型显示,3分支型76例(37.3%),尖后共干型50例(24.5%),其他78例(38.2%).结论 支气管树与仿真内镜2种后处理方法综合应用,在对右肺上叶支气管分支形式分类的应用中具有独特的优势.     

腹腔异位支气管囊肿的影像学表现及文献复习

回顾性分析2001年1月至2017年12月中山大学附属第一医院经手术病理证实的14例腹腔异位支气管囊肿患者资料,探讨腹腔异位支气管囊肿的影像学表现。14例均表现为边界清晰的圆形或卵圆形薄壁单囊状病灶。12例CT平扫呈均匀较高密度,2例呈稍低密度,增强扫描均无强化。囊壁钙化3例。2例在T1WI呈稍高信号,T2WI呈高信号。病灶定位左侧腹腔较右侧腹腔常见,腹膜后肾上腺区最常见。肾上腺区病灶具有与膈肌关系密切的特点。腹腔异位支气管囊肿CT表现具有一定特征,结合发病部位,有助于准确诊断。     

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum,pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema: Radiological aspects of rare COVID-19 complications in 3 patients

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM), pneumothorax (PNX) and subcutaneous emphysema are rare complications of COVID-19 pneumonia. In this paper we describe 3 cases of COVID-19 pneumonia complicated by SPM with or without PNX. Patient 1 was a 56-year-old woman whose medical history was significant for chronic leukemia. She presented with typical clinical signs of COVID-19 pneumonia and after 2 weeks of hospitalization she developed SPM and subcutaneous emphysema. The management of pneumomediastinum (PNM) was conservative and follow-up computed tomography showed resolution of PNM. Patient 2 was a 67-year-old man presenting with fever, cough and dyspnea. Computed tomography pulmonary angiography was performed after 2 weeks of hospitalization and showed bilateral peripheral consolidations together with massive PNM and right-sided PNX. Thoracic drainage catheter was inserted in his right chest. Despite all supportive care, the patient succumbed to illness. Patient 3 was a 74-year-old man who was admitted to our hospital with COVID-19 pneumonia and spontaneous right-sided PNX. A thoracic drainage catheter was inserted immediately and then removed after ten days which has led to progression of subcutaneous emphysema, PNX and newly diagnosed PNM. Patient was carefully monitored for the next 2 weeks. Follow-up chest x-ray showed regression of PNM and PNX. SPM, PNX and subcutaneous emphysema are rare complications of COVID-19 pneumonia. Increased alveolar pressure and diffuse alveolar injury in severe COVID-19 pneumonia may make the alveoli more prone to rupturing which leads to gas dissemination along the peribronchovascular sheath to the mediastinum. Most cases of SPM and PNX resolve with conservative management.     

Congenital absence of the pericardium confirmed by spontaneous pneumothorax

This article describes a case of complete absence of the left pericardium which was diagnosed on the chest radiograph and subsequently confirmed on computed tomography and thoracoscopy. Diagnostic confidence was bolstered by the presence of pneumopericardium which communicated via the defect with a spontaneous left pneumothorax. The clinical and imaging findings of pericardial absence are reviewed.     

Wrist injuries; diagnosis with multidetector CT

The aim of the study was to assess acute-phase multidetector CT (MDCT) findings in wrist injuries. We retrieved all emergency room MDCT requests processed in the period from August 2000 to May 2003. All patients with a wrist injury who underwent MDCT initially were included. Imaging studies were evaluated in relation to injury mechanism, fracture location, and fracture type. A total of 6422 MDCT examinations were performed during this 34-month period, and 38 patients (24 male, 14 female, age range 21–73 years, mean age 40 years) met the inclusion criteria. MDCT revealed 56 fractures and 7 dislocations in 29 patients. In 9 patients (24%) MDCT findings were normal. Eleven patients (29%) underwent surgical procedures. The main injury mechanism was a fall (58%). In 33 cases the primary radiograph was available. Compared to primary radiographs, MDCT revealed 9 occult fractures, mainly in small carpal bones. In 14 cases a suspected fracture (of the scaphoid in 7 cases) was ruled out by MDCT. Due to high-quality two-dimensional reformatting, MDCT examinations were not dependent on the wrists position in the CT gantry. In the comparison with radiography, MDCT detected occult fractures and ruled out suspected fractures, both mainly in the small carpal bones. High-quality two-dimensional reformats gave significant information about the fracture anatomy. MDCT provides fast and valuable information in assessing complex wrist fractures or when the primary radiograph is equivocal.     

Clear cell chondrosarcoma: radiographic, computed tomographic, and magnetic resonance findings in 34 patients with pathologic correlation

Objective To describe the radiographic features of clear cell chondrosarcoma (CCCS), including the computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) findings, and to correlate them with the histopathologic findings.Design and patients A retrospective review was carried out of 72 patients with histopathologically confirmed CCCS. Imaging studies were available for 34 patients: conventional radiographs (n=28), CT scans (n=14), and MR images (n=15). Radiographic studies were reviewed by three radiologists who rendered a consensus opinion; the studies were correlated with the histopathologic findings.Results Of the 34 patients with imaging studies, 30 were male and 4 were female (mean age 38.6 years; range 11–74 years). Twenty-two lesions were in long bones (15, proximal femur; 1, distal femur; 1, proximal tibia; 5, proximal humerus) and 11 were in flat bones (5, vertebra; 4, rib; 1, scapula; 1, innominate). One lesion occurred in the tarsal navicular bone. Typically, long bone lesions were located in the epimetaphysis (19/22) and were lucent with a well-defined sclerotic margin and no cortical destruction or periosteal new bone formation. More than one-third of the long bone lesions contained matrix mineralization with a characteristic chondroid appearance. Pathologic fractures were present in six long bone lesions (4, humerus; 2, femur). Lesions in the proximal humerus were more likely to have indistinct margins (4/5) and extend into the diaphysis. Flat bone lesions were typically lytic and expansile and occasionally demonstrated areas of cortical disruption. Typically, matrix mineralization, when present, was amorphous. MR imaging, when available, was superior to conventional radiographs for demonstrating the intramedullary extent of a lesion as well as soft tissue extension. CT images better delineated the presence of cortical destruction and the character of matrix mineralization patterns. CCCS lesions were typically low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and moderately or significantly bright on T2-weighted images. Areas of lesion heterogeneity on T1- and T2-weighted images and on post-gadolinium T1-weighted images corresponded pathologically to areas of mineralization, intralesional hemorrhage, and cystic changes. Adjacent bone marrow edema was typically absent (12/15) or only minimally observed in a few cases (3/15). No cases examined with MR imaging demonstrated periosteal new bone formation.Conclusions CCCS typically presents radiographically as a geographic lytic lesion located in the epimetaphyseal region of long bones. Most commonly lesions are found in the proximal femur, followed by the proximal humerus. Lesions within the proximal humerus may exhibit more aggressive features. Lesions in the axial skeleton are typically expansile and destructive, often with soft tissue extension and lack of mineralization. MR imaging may show the presence or absence of bone marrow edema.     

High-Resolution CT Findings of Re-Expansion Pulmonary Edema

Objective

To describe the high-resolution CT (HRCT) findings of re-expansion pulmonary edema (REPE) following a thoracentesis for a spontaneous pneumothorax.

Materials and Methods

HRCT scans from 43 patients who developed REPE immediately after a thoracentesis for treatment of pneumothorax were retrospectively analyzed. The study group consisted of 41 men and two women with a mean age of 34 years. The average time interval between insertion of the drainage tube and HRCT was 8.5 hours (range, 1-24 hours). The patterns and distribution of the lung lesions were analyzed and were assigned one of the following classifications: consolidation, ground-glass opacity (GGO), intralobular interstitial thickening, interlobular septal thickening, thickening of bronchovascular bundles, and nodules. The presence of pleural effusion and contralateral lung involvement was also assessed.

Results

Patchy areas of GGO were observed in all 43 patients examined. Consolidation was noted in 22 patients (51%). The geographic distribution of GGO and consolidation was noted in 25 patients (58%). Interlobular septal thickening and intralobular interstitial thickening was noted in 28 patients (65%), respectively. Bronchovascular bundle thickening was seen in 13 patients (30%), whereas ill-defined centrilobular GGO nodules were observed in five patients (12%). The lesions were predominantly peripheral in 38 patients (88%). Of these lesions, gravity-dependent distribution was noted in 23 cases (53%). Bilateral lung involvement was noted in four patients (9%), and a small amount of pleural effusion was seen in seven patients (16%).

Conclusion

The HRCT findings of REPE were peripheral patchy areas of GGO that were frequently combined with consolidation as well as interlobular septal and intralobular interstitial thickening.     

CT findings of regression in intraabdominal desmoplastic small-cell tumor

We report the computed tomographic (CT) findings in a patient with intraabdominal desmoplastic small-cell tumor before and after 10 weeks of chemotherapy. This tumor is a rare, frequently fatal neoplasm of the peritoneum, seen predominantly in young males. Initial CT demonstrated large intraperitoneal masses, hepatic metastases, retroperitoneal and right axillary lymphadenopathy, ascites, and pleural effusion. Follow-up CT showed marked decrease of the main tumor bulk and complete regression in the axillary nodes.     

CT findings in malignant meningiomas

Summary Recurrent meningiomas are due usually to incomplete removal as in the case of basal meningiomas where the tumour surrounding vessels and nervous structures cannot be completely excised. Recurrent meningiomas of the convexity are rare after resection. In most recurrent cases histological changes are noted which may explain the rapid growth, the aggressive nature and also the malignancy of the tumour. These changes include increased mitotic activity, necrosis and invasion of the adjacent brain parenchyma. CT findings in malignant meningiomas are related to the microscopic appearance of these tumours: tumoral necrosis determines heterogeneous enhancement; brain invasion explains the irregular outline of the tumour and sometimes the absence of surrounding low attenuation area. The authors report 5 malignant meningiomas in which the CT findings are correlated with the microscopic findings.Presented in part at the 17th Annual Meeting of the German Society of Neuroradiology, Tübingen, 8–10 October 1981.     

Retrovesical leiomyoma: CT and contrast-enhanced MR imaging findings

The computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) appearance of a retrovesical leiomyoma in a male patient is presented. Although leiomyomas are common lesions, the location within the retrovesical pouch is very unusual.     

Large asymptomatic noncolloid neuroepithelial cysts in the lateral ventricle: CT and MR features

Summary Two cases of large asymptomatic cysts of the lateral ventricle are presented. The cyst walls or cyst contours were demonstrated well by proton density-weighted or T2-weighted spin echo images. These cysts are being detected as incidental findings in increasing frequency with the increasing use of MR imaging. Our data and review of the literature suggest that surgical intervention is not necessarily warranted, but that careful clinical evaluation is indicated. The diagnostic problem of intraventricular cysts is also discussed.     

原发性肺非何杰金淋巴瘤的影像诊断

目的：研究原发性肺淋巴瘤的影像诊断，方法：7例均经病理和临床证实的原发性肺非何杰金淋巴瘤，均作X线胸片、腹部B超检查，其中5例作胸部CT。结果：6例单发和1例多发性结节(两肺各一灶)或肿块，病变分布无肺叶偏向，病灶密度较低而不均。6个病灶边缘毛糙不规则，1个病灶边缘光整，另一个病灶边缘部分光整，其中2个病灶边缘分叶，2个病灶见长短毛刺。1个病灶见空洞。作胸部CT的5例均见空气支气管征。其中1例伴纵隔淋巴结肿大，5例合并肺叶或肺段的肺不张或部分肺不张，3例侵犯胸壁伴少量胸水。结论：原发性肺淋巴瘤的影像表现多样，非特异性，常见有空气支气管征的边缘毛糙的结节或肿块。本病应与肺癌、隐源性机化性肺炎鉴别，最后定性诊断需病理检验证实。     

CT and MR findings in HIV-negative neurosyphilis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe and evaluate neuroimaging findings of patients with neurosyphilis. METHODS: The neuroimaging studies of 14 patients with documented neurosyphilis were reviewed. Diagnosis was established in 14 patients with cerebrospinal fluid for a Treponema Pallidum Particle Agglutination (TPPA) test. All patients had reactive TPPA and Unheated Serum Regain test (USR) in their sera. Imaging studies included plain, contrast-enhanced CT of the brain, plain and gadolinium-enhanced MR, and MR angiography. RESULTS: In the 14 HIV-negative patients with neurosyphilis, CT and MR showed the presence of cerebral infarction in six cases, arteritis in four cases, nonspecific white matter lesion in three cases, acute syphilitic meningitis in one case and normal neuroimaging finding in one case. In addition, 4 in 14 patients had general paresis, and MRI showed high signal intensity on T2 -weighted images involving frontotemporal lobes, hippocampus and periventricular area. Treatment with penicillin significantly diminished the size of these high signal intensity on T2-weighted images with general paresis. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that MR and CT images have some characteristic manifestations in patients of neurosyphilis. Because early diagnosis and treatment of neurosyphilis are crucial to avoid persistent brain damage, the neuroimaging findings are valuable adjunct to clinical diagnosis and to provide useful information to follow-up after therapy.