14962 例急性心肌梗塞患者临床特征──中国心脏研究-Ⅰ 专题报告之五

目的分析１４９６２例急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）患者的临床特征。方法用ＳＡＳ６０４软件统计分析１４９６２例ＡＭＩ患者的４周总病死率和并发症。结果１４９６２例ＡＭＩ患者临床特征为：男性病人７３．９％；平均年龄６１．２±１０．７岁；有心肌梗死、高血压、糖尿病病史者分别占１２．２％，４０．４％，９．４％；基础血压１２６．６±２４．３／８１．３±１４．６ｍｍＨｇ；基础心率７９．３±１８．８ｍｉｎ－１。试验４周期间主要并发症心力衰竭为１７．９％，休克４．６％，心室颤动３．２％，其他类型的心跳骤停２．３％，Ⅱ～Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞５．２％，室性心动过速３．６％，梗塞扩展４．８％，脑卒中１．２％，心脏破裂０．５％。总病死率（２８ｄ）为９．４３％，死于泵衰竭为３．２５％，死于心律失常为４．５６％。     

经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术的急性血管并发症及处理

我科自１９８７年１２月至１９９４年４月间完成经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）４３０例，共扩张血管７０７支，扩张病变７６４处，成功率分别为９５．１％，９６．９％和９７．１％。其中多支血管行ＰＴＣＡ共２０９例，失败共２１例（４．９％）。发生急性血管并发症４０处（５．２％），其中严重内膜撕裂１７处（２．２％），冠脉痉挛和血栓形成各６处（０．８％），急性闭塞１７处（２．２％），血管穿孔１处（０．１％），     

不稳定心绞痛经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术190例分析

１９８７年１２月至１９９４年２月该院共完成不稳定心绞痛的经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）１９０例，其中有单支血管病６９例（３６．３％）、双支血管病６７例（３５．２％）、三支血管病５４例（２８．４％）。ＰＴＣＡ共扩张血管２５０支，扩张病变２７８处。Ａ型病变５２处（１８．７％），Ｂ型病变１７５处（６２．９％）、Ｃ型病变５１处（１８．４％）。在１２１例多支血管病中，２３例（１９．０％）为完全血管再通，９８例（８１．０％）为不完全血管再通。６例采用双球囊对吻技术，５例采用灌注球囊导管，４例进行了冠脉内膜定向切除术（ＤＣＡ），４例放置冠状动脉内膜支架。ＰＴＣＡ的病例成功率为９４．７％（１８０／１９０），血管成功率９５．２％（２３８／２５０），病变成功率９５．５％（２６６／２７８），由ＰＴＣＡ术前平均狭窄８８．７％±８．３％至扩张后残余狭窄１７．９％±９．２％。发生严重并发症１８处（６．５％），其中１５处经处理成功，２例发生急性心肌梗塞，１例死亡，无紧急冠状动脉搭桥者。     

两种间歇短程化疗方案对初治涂阳肺结核近远期疗效观察

本文报道杭州市１９８５－１９８９年市区２２９例初治涂阳肺结核病人，在不住院全程监督或全程管理下，采用２Ｓ３Ｈ３Ｒ３Ｚ３／４Ｈ３Ｒ３（ＤＬ１）和２ＳＨＲＺ／４Ｈ２Ｒ２（ＤＬ１）两种间歇短程化疗（短化）方案治疗。疗程结束痰菌阴转率分别为９７．７％及９９．０％，３年随访复发率为２．４％及３．０％，两方案疗效差异无显著性。认为（１）６个月间歇短化服药７８－９４次，节省了费用，减少了管理次数值得推广。（２）     

干扰素治疗慢性丙型肝炎近期与远期疗效

目的研究干扰素治疗慢性丙型肝炎近期疗效与远期疗效．方法３×１０６ＩＵ，ｉｍ，１次／２ｄ×３个月为１疗程，接受１～５个疗程干扰素治疗的慢性丙型肝炎患者６８例，治疗结束后随访观察１５年～３年．结果根据干扰素疗效的生物化学评判标准，第１个疗程治疗结束时，分别有７６５％（５２／６８），２０６％（１４／６８）和２９％（２／６８）的患者表现为完全应答、部分应答和不应答．５１９％（２７／５２）的完全应答者在第１个疗程结束后６个月～１０个月的间歇内复发．分别有１９，１和３例患者接受了共计２，３和５个疗程治疗．在１～５个疗程干扰素治疗结束之后１５年～３年的随访观察中，２９例（４２７％）患者表现为持续完全应答，其中４例患者ＨＣＶＲＮＡ检测结果持续阳性；３７例（５４４％）患者为部分应答；２例（２９％）患者无应答．结论慢性丙型肝炎患者干扰素治疗的早期疗效较好，但完全应答者的复发率较高．     

移植后慢性肾损害的病理及临床分析

目的：了解移植后慢性肾丰的病理类型及可能诱发的原因。方法：回顾分析解放军肾研究所１９８５年３月至１９９９年６月因移植后慢性肾脏损害行肾活检的９７例肾移植患者。结果：移植后慢性肾脏损害的病理类型以慢性排扑（慢排）最多７７例（７９．４％）,系膜病变１１例（１１．３％）新月体肾炎３例（３．１％）,膜性肾病２例（２．１％）,ＩｇＡ痛病２例（２．１％）,溶血性尿毒综合征２例（２．１％）。高血压的发生率为７７     

霉酚酸酯治疗顽固性Ⅳ型狼疮性肾炎

目的：观察新型免疫抑制剂霉酚酸酯（ＭＭＦ）治疗顽固性Ⅳ型狼疮性肾炎（ＬＮ）的疗效及副作用。方法：对传统免疫抑制剂治疗无效或复发的１７例Ⅳ型ＬＮ患者，改用ＭＭＦ联合小剂量糖皮质激素治疗。ＭＭＦ剂量０．７５～２．０ｇ／ｄ，治疗时间３～９（平均４．３５±１．５）个月。结果：经ＭＭＦ治疗后，５例肾功能不全（３例需透析）者３例血清肌酐恢复正常。８２．４％患者尿蛋白减少半量以上，其中２９．４％患者尿蛋白转阴。平均尿蛋白由３．５９±１．３９ｇ／ｄ降至１．１２±０．９７ｇ／ｄ，４１．２％患者的血尿消失，血清自身抗体产生明显减少，血清冷球蛋白水平由６０９．９±４３３ｍｇ／Ｌ降至１３２．４±７０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ。８例患者治疗３个月后行重复肾活检，肾小球活动性病变显著减轻，活动性指数由６．５±１．５降至１．２±０．７，免疫荧光检查发现ＭＭＦ治疗后肾小球内血管细胞粘附分子（ＶＣＡＭ）表达显著减少。副作用包括肺炎（１１．８％）、带状疱疹（１１．８％）、胃肠道反应（３５．３％），未见白细胞减少及肝功能异常。结论：ＭＭＦ对传统免疫抑制剂治疗无效的重症、难治性Ⅳ型ＬＮ有独特的疗效。尽管ＭＭＦ副作用小，但仍需注意感染合并症的发生     

两种间歇短程化疗方案对初治涂阳肺结核近远期疗效观察

本文报道杭州市１９８５～１９８９年市区２２９例初治涂阳肺结核病人，在不住院全程监督或全程管理下，采用２Ｓ３Ｈ３Ｒ３Ｚ３／４Ｈ３Ｒ３（ＤＬ１）和２ＳＨＲＺ／４Ｈ２Ｒ２（ＤＬ１）两种间歇短程化疗（短化）方案治疗。疗程结束痰菌阴转率分别为９７．７％及９９．０％，３年随访复发率为２．４％及３．０％。两方案疗效差异无显著性。认为①６个月间歇短化服药７８～９４次，节省了费用，减少了管理次数值得推广。②原发ＲＦＰ耐药者疗效差，宜改变方案。③全程管理化疗如认真按规范实施，可取得与全程监督管理相似的效果。     

环孢素A治疗难治性肾病综合征

目的研究环孢素Ａ（ＣｓＡ）治疗难治性肾病综合征的临床疗效并探讨其机制。方法对３０例肾上腺皮质激素依赖或抵抗的肾病综合征（ＮＳ）患者联合使用了（ＣｓＡ，５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１）和泼尼松（３０ｍｇ／ｄ）治疗，并测定了ＣｓＡ治疗前后病人的血生化指标、免疫指标及２４小时尿蛋白排出量。结果２４小时尿蛋白排出量由治疗前的平均７．６７±３．００ｇ／２４ｈ降至治疗后第１、２、３个月的４．９３±３．６４ｇ／２４ｈ、３．５２±２．９４ｇ／２４ｈ、２．２３±１．６０ｇ／２４ｈ；血浆白蛋白由治疗前２７．３±６．４ｇ／Ｌ升至３０．９±８．８ｇ／Ｌ、３４．３±７．６ｇ／Ｌ、３６．０±７．２ｇ／Ｌ；治疗前后血肌酐、ＢＵＮ、尿酸、ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８和可溶性白细胞介素２（ＩＬ２）受体无明显变化，而治疗２个月后外周血单个核细胞产生血清ＩＬ２显著下降。治疗后激素抵抗组ＮＳ完全缓解、部分缓解和无效分别为２２．７％，５０．０％和２７．３％；在激素依赖组分别为５７．１％，４２９％和０。有５例患者因肝肾功能损害或严重腹泻而停用ＣｓＡ。结论本研究提示ＣｓＡ联合小剂量皮质激素治疗难治性肾病综合征，尤其是激素依赖的患者是安全和有效的。     

五个月短程化疗及六个月全程间歇方案治疗菌阳肺结核的临床对照研究

目的考核利福喷丁（Ｌ）的疗效；缩短疗程或全程间歇以减少用药次数；观察全程应用吡嗪酰胺（Ｚ）对疗效及毒副反应的影响。方法以利福平（Ｒ）为对照，采用５个月疗程方案（Ⅰ组２ＳＨＲＺ／３Ｒ２Ｈ２Ｚ２，Ⅱ组２ＳＨＲＺ／３Ｌ１Ｈ２Ｚ２）、６个月全间歇方案（Ⅲ组２Ｓ３Ｈ３Ｒ３Ｚ３／４Ｌ１Ｈ２Ｚ２，Ⅳ组２Ｓ３Ｈ３Ｒ３Ｚ３／４Ｌ１Ｈ２Ｅ２），观察Ｚ的全程应用结果，巩固期以乙胺丁醇（Ｅ）为对照。３６６例初治菌阳肺结核随机分入以上４组。结果（１）３３９例完成疗程者中３２９例治疗成功，满疗程时痰菌阴转率Ⅰ～Ⅳ组分别为９７０％、９４１％、１０００％、９７２％。Ｘ线病灶有效率依序为９６０％、９７６％、１０００％和９４４％。５个月组与６个月组空洞关闭率分别为７７％及７６％。各组相互比较均无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），未见严重副作用。（２）３０５例完成３年随访，Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组细菌学加Ｘ线复发分别为２、３、６和３例。结论本研究结果进一步证明Ｌ是长效、高效、安全、便于督导的新药；巩固期用Ｚ无必要；现有基本药物合理联用有可能缩短疗程为５个月，值得进一步研究。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.