中国精简膳食质量评分

目的 建立中国精简膳食质量评分(China Prime Diet Quality Score,CPDQS),评价中国成年居民膳食质量及其与相关健康结局的关系.方法 CPDQS由22个指标构成,包括深绿色蔬菜、深红色/橙色蔬菜、其他蔬菜、深黄色水果、柑橘类水果、其他水果、全谷物/杂豆、红薯类、其他薯类、大豆类、坚果类、禽...     

Development and Validation of an Index Based on EAT-Lancet Recommendations: The Planetary Health Diet Index

The EAT-Lancet Commission has proposed a planetary health diet. We propose the development of the Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI) based on this proposed reference diet. We used baseline dietary data obtained through a 114-item FFQ from 14,779 participants of the Longitudinal Study on Adult Health, a multicenter cohort study conducted in Brazil. The PHDI has 16 components and a score from 0 to 150 points. Validation and reliability analyses were performed, including principal component analyses, association with selected nutrients, differences in means between groups (for example, smokers vs. non-smokers), correlations between components and total energy intake, Cronbach’s alpha, item-item correlations, and linear regression analysis between PHDI with carbon footprint and overall dietary quality. The mean PHDI was 60.4 (95% CI 60.2:60.5). The PHDI had six dimensions, was associated in an expected direction with the selected nutrients and was significantly (p < 0.001) lower in smokers (59.0) than in non-smokers (60.6). Cronbach’s alpha value was 0.51. All correlations between components were low, as well as between components and PHDI with total energy intake. After adjustment for age and sex, the PHDI score remained associated (p < 0.001) with a higher overall dietary quality and lower carbon footprint. Thus, we confirmed the PHDI validity and reliability.     

Low Adherence to the EAT-Lancet Sustainable Reference Diet in the Brazilian Population: Findings from the National Dietary Survey 2017–2018

Diets are simultaneously connected with population health and environment. The EAT-Lancet Commission proposed a sustainable reference diet to improve population health and respect the planetary boundaries. Recently, the Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI) has been developed to assess the adherence to this reference diet. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet through the PHDI in a nationwide population-based study carried out in Brazil. We used data from the National Dietary Survey conducted through the Household Budget Survey in 2017–2018, with 46,164 Brazilians aged over 10 years old. Food consumption was evaluated with a 24 h dietary recall. The average PHDI total score in the Brazilian population was 45.9 points (95% CI 45.6:46.1) on a total score that can range from 0 to 150 points. The adherence to EAT-Lancet diet was low among all Brazilian regions. Women, elderly, those overweighed/obese, with higher per capita income and living in the urban area had higher scores in the PHDI. In general, the Brazilian population presented low adherence to a healthy and sustainable dietary pattern and seems far from meeting the EAT-Lancet recommendations.     

Recovery of rat growth and lipid profiles in adult rats subjected to fetal protein malnutrition with a fructose-rich diet

There is evidence suggesting an association between fructose consumption and the development of metabolic syndrome. In turn, protein malnutrition in utero is proposed to “program” the fetal tissues, making them more susceptible to nutritional associated disorders. To test this hypothesis, the present study was designed to analyze body growth and metabolic aspects of rats subjected to fetal protein malnutrition and subsequently fed a fructose-rich diet. Wistar rats were distributed into 4 groups: balanced (B) diet—B diet offered the entire experimental period; balanced diet/fructose—B diet until birth and fructose-rich diet (F-60% fructose) until adulthood; low-protein (L) diet/balanced—L diet until birth and B diet until adulthood; low-protein diet/fructose (F)—L diet until birth and F diet until adulthood. After nutritional recovery, there was a restoration of serum glucose, total protein, and albumin concentrations, which were reduced by fetal malnutrition, and a restoration of the liver glycogen and lipids contents, which were increased by fetal malnutrition. This restoration was independent of the diet adopted after birth. It was verified that the high fructose diet arrested body growth of the rats independently of the nutritional state during fetal life and was associated with weight reduction and decrease of the adipose in some regions of the body (P < .05). Moreover, the serum concentrations of triglycerides and total cholesterol, which are indicators of metabolic syndrome, rose in the rats that ingested the fructose-rich diet (P < .05). In summary, high consumption of fructose impairs body growth and alters the circulating lipids independently of the protein nutrition in utero.     

Adherence to the Planetary Health Diet Index and Obesity Indicators in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

The EAT-Lancet Commission has proposed a model diet to improve the health of human beings and that of the planet. Recently, we proposed the Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI) to assess adherence of the population to this model diet. In this study, we aimed to evaluate adherence to the PHDI and obesity outcomes using baseline data from 14,515 participants in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). The dietary data were assessed using a 114-item FFQ. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were both used continuously and categorized. Linear and multinomial regression models adjusted for potential confounding factors were performed to assess the relationship between adherence to PHDI and outcomes. An inverse association was observed between adherence to PHDI and obesity indicators. Individuals with high adherence to the PHDI had lower BMI (β−0.50 95% CI−0.73:−0.27) and WC (β−1.70 95% CI−2.28:−1.12) values. They were also 24% less likely to be overweight (OR 0.76 95% CI 0.67:0.85) or obese (OR 0.76 95% CI 0.65:0.88), and they were 14% and 27% less likely to have increased WC (OR 0.86 95% CI 0.75:0.98) or substantially increased WC (OR 0.73 95% CI 0.64:0.83) than those with lower adherence. Our results showed that higher adherence to the PHDI may decrease obesity indicators.     

河南省居民10年间（1982～1992）膳食结构研究

为了了解我省城乡居民１０年来膳食结构的变化，指导人民合理膳食，我们于１９８２、１９９２年开展了两次居民膳食营养调查。调查方法为称重记帐法，调查员集中培训，并经预调查合格后上岗工作。结果显示全省居民膳食结构与１９８２年相比发生了较大变化：（１）谷类、豆类摄入量有所减少，薯类明显减少，其余均有大幅度提高。乳类增加８００％，水产２５６％、蛋类２２０％、植物油１１８％、水果１０８％、肉类９７％；与我国提出的２０００年食物消费目标比较，薯类达目标１２７％、谷类１１５％、植物油１１．２％、蔬菜８１％、乳类５９％、肉类５３％、水果３６％、水产２３％、豆类２１％；（２）城乡居民膳食仍存在较大差异；（３）１９９２年全省居民营养素摄入达中国营养学会提出的推荐供给量（ＲＤＡ）的百分比为：热能９３％，硫胺素、尼克酸、抗坏血酸、铁、硒大于８５％，锌７５％，核黄素５７％，钙４９％，视黄醇当量４８％。从热能食物来源、热能营养素来源、蛋白质食物来源三方面分析：市民的膳食较合理，应注意摄入更多豆类、薯类及水产；少摄入油类，尤其动物油。农民的膳食质和量较差，特别是蛋白质。根据上述结果和河南省实际情况，应鼓励大豆种植和家禽畜养殖；进行大众教育，?     

High-Protein or Low Glycemic Index Diet—Which Energy-Restricted Diet Is Better to Start a Weight Loss Program?

Background: To date, no crossover studies have compared the effects of high-protein (HP) and low glycemic index (LGI) diets applied as starting energy-restricted diets. Methods: Thirty-five overweight or obese volunteers with sedentary lifestyles aged 41.4 ± 11.0 years, with body mass index (BMI) of 33.6 ± 4.2 kg/m², without diabetes, completed an 8-week randomized crossover study of an energy-restricted diet (reduction of 30%; approximately 600 kcal/day). The anthropometric parameters, body composition, 24 h blood pressure, and basic metabolic profile were measured at baseline and after completing the two 4-week diets; i.e., the HP (protein at 30% of the daily energy intake) or LGI diet, followed by the opposite diet. All subjects maintained food diaries and attended six counselling sessions with a clinical dietitian. Results: The final weight loss was not significantly different when the HP diet was used first but was associated with a greater loss of fat mass: 4.6 kg (5.8; 3.0 kg) vs. 2.2 (4.5; 0.8); p < 0.025, preserved muscle mass, and reduced LDL-cholesterol. Conclusions: A short-term HP diet applied as a jump-start diet appeared to be more beneficial than an LGI diet, as indicated by the greater fat mass loss, preservation of muscle mass, and better effects on the lipid profile.     

Blended diets for gastrostomy fed children and young people: a scoping review

Background

The present review aimed to identify what is known about the use of blended diets in gastrostomy fed children and young people (i.e. children and young people refers to those who are aged up to 25 years with special educational needs or a disability in accordance with Part 3 of the Children and Family Act 2014; within the review, the word children is used for simplicity but encompasses young people too) and to identify gaps in the literature on this topic to inform future research and policy.

Methods

A scoping review methodology was used searching the online databases PUBMED , PsychINFO , CINAHL , SCOPUS and AMED , EMBASE for articles that addressed issues pertaining to blended diets. The review identified a broad range of literature, regardless of study design, and described and evaluated the quality, range and nature of research activity related to the use of blenderised diets.

Results

Forty‐three studies were included in the review. The studies focused on nutrition, equipment, the views of carers and patients, and the views of professionals. Several studies described the lack of evidence regarding pros and cons of blended diets and highlighted the need for further research into the field.

Conclusions

There were gaps in the evidence base regarding the impact of blended diets on the health and well‐being of the children who receive them and upon the carers who feed the children. The nutritional impact of blended diets is not fully understood and the knowledge and views of professionals involved in the care of those receiving blended diets varies.

     

CERTAIN FOODS PROVOKE MIGRAINE

An open study suggested a good response in migraine sufferers to antigen avoidance diet. Specific foodstuffs were found to provoke attacks in two thirds of patients subsequently in a double blind crossover trial.     

Effect of Anti-Inflammatory Diets on Pain in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Various nutritional therapies have been proposed in rheumatoid arthritis, particularly diets rich in ω-3 fatty acids, which may lead to eicosanoid reduction. Our aim was to investigate the effect of potentially anti-inflammatory diets (Mediterranean, vegetarian, vegan, ketogenic) on pain. The primary outcome was pain on a 10 cm visual analogue scale. Secondary outcomes were C-reactive protein levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, health assessment questionnaire, disease activity score 28, tender/swollen joint counts, weight, and body mass index. We searched MEDLINE (OVID), Embase (Elsevier), and CINAHL for studies published from database inception to 12 November 2021. Two authors independently assessed studies for inclusion, extracted study data, and assessed the risk of bias. We performed a meta-analysis with all eligible randomized controlled trials using RevMan 5. We used mean differences or standardized mean differences and the inverse variance method of pooling using a random-effects model. The search retrieved 564 unique publications, of which we included 12 in the systematic review and 7 in the meta-analysis. All studies had a high risk of bias and the evidence was very low. The main conclusion is that anti-inflammatory diets resulted in significantly lower pain than ordinary diets (−9.22 mm; 95% CI −14.15 to −4.29; p = 0.0002; 7 RCTs, 326 participants).     

荤素膳食与疾病

通过荤素膳食与老年性疾病患病率关系的流行病学调查，同时排除了吸烟因素的影响后。结果显示两组在冠心病、高脂血症、高血压、糖尿病、癌症、胆石症和肺气肿患病率之间存在着非常显著的差异，Ｐ＜０．００５，ＯＲ≥３。发现内分泌失衡是很多疾病的病理基础，而摄入过量的脂肪而导致高脂血症又是内分泌失衡必不可少的条件。提示我们必须早期适当限制荤食的摄入把血脂控制在适宜的水平是降低这些老年性疾病患病率的最重要的措施     

The Difference in Nutrient Intakes between Chinese and Mediterranean,Japanese and American Diets

Across countries, the predominant diets are clearly different and highly related with human health. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate dietary nutrients between them. This study aimed to evaluate dietary nutrients in China and compare those between Chinese and Mediterranean (Italian), Japanese and American diets. Dietary intakes of 2659 subjects in south-east China, Zhejiang province, from 2010 to 2012, were estimated by three consecutive 24-h dietary recalls. The contribution of carbohydrate to total energy in Chinese subjects was lower than that in Japanese and American subjects, but higher than that in Italian subjects. However, the energy contribution from fat in Chinese subjects was higher than that in Japanese and American subjects, and similar to that in Italian subjects. Moreover, the Chinese diet had lower daily intakes of fiber, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, vitamin A, vitamin B₁, vitamin B₂ and vitamin C, compared with the Japanese, American and Italian diets. Nevertheless, intakes of sodium, iron, copper and vitamin E were higher among Chinese people relative to the people of other three countries. The present study demonstrated that the structure of the Chinese diet has been shifting away from the traditional diet toward high-fat, low-carbohydrate and low-fiber diets, and nutrients intakes in Chinese people have been changing even worse than those in American people.     

Is There an Ideal Diet to Protect against Iodine Deficiency?

Iodine deficiency is a global issue and affects around 2 billion people worldwide, with pregnant women as a high-risk group. Iodine-deficiency prevention began in the 20th century and started with global salt iodination programmes, which aimed to improve the iodine intake status globally. Although it resulted in the effective eradication of the endemic goitre, it seems that salt iodination did not resolve all the issues. Currently, it is recommended to limit the consumption of salt, which is the main source of iodine, as a preventive measure of non-communicable diseases, such as hypertension or cancer the prevalence of which is increasing. In spite of the fact that there are other sources of iodine, such as fish, seafood, dairy products, water, and vegetables, the high consumption of processed food with a high content of unionised salt, alternative diets or limited salt intake can still lead to iodine deficiency. Thus, iodine deficiency remains a relevant issue, with new, preventive solutions necessary. However, it appears that there is no diet which would fully cover the iodine requirements, and iodine food supplementation is still required.     

三城市知识分子膳食组成的调查

目的:通过膳食调查了解我国不同地区知识分子的膳食营养状况。方法:在天津、广州、成都三个城市的教学和科研单位选择年龄45岁以上、具有高级职称的知识分子,营养专业136人,非营养专业389人,用食物频率法进行膳食营养状况调查,并进行分析比较。结果:非营养专业受试者的膳食摄入与《中国居民膳食指南及平衡膳食宝塔》建议的摄入量比较,谷类、乳类、水果、蛋类等食物摄入基本合理。存在的主要问题是(1)肉类食物摄入太多,摄入过量者达38.0%;(2)鱼虾类食物摄入较少,83.4%未能达到建议摄入量;(3)90%以上受试者的豆类食物摄入量远远低于建议值;(4)蔬菜摄入量未达建议水平者超过60%。(5)油脂摄入量超过建议量的三分之一,摄入过量的人数超过一半。营养专业知识分子的食物摄入量比非营养专业更接近平衡膳食宝塔的建议量。结论:知识分子的膳食结构需要改善,应当采取措施宣传贯彻《中国居民膳食指南》。     

匀浆膳应用于老年Ⅱ型糖尿病患者饮食治疗的效果研究

目的:观察匀浆膳替代早餐对老年Ⅱ型糖尿病患者血糖和血脂的影响,探讨其应用于糖尿病饮食治疗的效果。方法:筛选老年Ⅱ型糖尿病患者40例,随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组食用匀浆膳替代早餐,对照组自由选择早餐,分别在实验前和实验后第7、14、21 d抽血检测空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖及血脂变化。结果:老年Ⅱ型糖尿病患者在食用匀浆膳替代早餐后,空腹血糖、餐后血糖及血甘油三脂、胆固醇含量均较饮食治疗前及对照组有明显下降(P<0.05)。结论:食用匀浆膳替代早餐,进行严格的饮食治疗对糖尿病的治疗及并发症的预防具有积极作用。     

The problem of accuracy in dietary surveys. Analysis of the over 65 UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and nature of low energy reporting in a dietary survey of British adults over 65 years of age. DESIGN: Randomly selected cross sectional sample of 2060 British adults over 65 years. Four day weighed food diaries and questionnaires on health, lifestyle and socioeconomic characteristics. SETTING: Great Britain. PARTICIPANTS: 539 women and 558 men over 65 years who were free living and completed four day food diaries. MAIN RESULTS: A high proportion of men and women were classified as low energy reporters (LERs). Reported consumption of full fat dairy products, sugar and sweet foods, and alcoholic drinks differed most between LERs and non-LERs. Among LERs, reported protein and starch intakes were higher, fat, sugar and alcohol intakes were lower. LERs of either sex were more likely to be obese, male LERs were also more likely to belong to the manual social classes. CONCLUSIONS: The high level of low energy reporting probably resulted from a coalescence of factors such as the weighed diary methodology and a reluctance to report consumption of unhealthy foods. The use of validatory biomarkers such as doubly labelled water needs to be more widespread.     

Diet Quality of Malaysians across Lifespan: A Scoping Review of Evidence in a Multi-Ethnic Population

Malaysia is a rapidly developing economy experiencing a nutrition transition. It suffers from a double burden of over- and undernutrition, making it essential to understand diet quality in the population. In this scoping review, we have collated the existing literature on Malaysian diet quality, including factors that influence it, and the association between diet quality and health outcomes across the lifespan of Malaysians. Overall, diet quality was poor in all age groups studied. The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and its iterations were predominantly used in urban and clinical settings to evaluate diet-chronic disease relationships. These indices were significantly associated with cardio-metabolic and disease risks in adults. The Diet Diversity Score (DDS) and Food Variety Score (FVS) were used to gauge diet quality in maternal and child nutrition studies and were associated with appropriate growth and caloric intake. Deficiencies were found in fruit, vegetable, legumes, and dairy intake. Meat, salt, and sugar intake were found to be excessive in many studies. The findings can inform policies to improve diet quality in this population. The review also identified knowledge gaps that require further investigation.     

The Association of Healthful Diets and Cognitive Function: A Review

The association of diet with mild cognitive impairment has not been extensively studied. Consumption of a healthful diet may help to attenuate age-related decline in older adults. Published studies have suggested that greater adherence to a Mediterranean-style dietary pattern is associated with a lower risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and with a slower rate of cognitive decline with age. However, published findings are inconsistent. The discrepancies most likely can be explained by the variations in both dietary and cognitive methodologies. It is not clear how diet contributes to the development of neurocognitive changes with age. This review will update available knowledge on the relationship between adherence to healthful diets and cognition and document the need for researchers to adopt more coherent and uniform methodology to allow for better quantification of the association of diet with cognitive function. There appears to be a relationship between diet and cognition.