Combined Major Hepatectomy and Pancreaticoduodenectomy for Locally Advanced Biliary Carcinoma: Long-Term Results

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to define the role of combined major hepatectomy and pancreaticoduodenectomy in the surgical management of biliary carcinoma and to identify potential candidates for this aggressive procedure. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 28 patients who underwent a combined major hepatectomy and pancreaticoduodenectomy for extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (n = 17) or gallbladder carcinoma (n = 11). Major hepatectomy was defined as hemihepatectomy or more extensive hepatectomy. Altogether, 11 patients underwent a Whipple procedure, and 17 had a pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy. The median follow-up time was 169 months. RESULTS: Morbidity and in-hospital mortality were 82% and 21%, respectively. Overall cumulative survival rates after resection were 32% at 2 years and 11% at 5 years (median survival time 9 months). The median survival time was 6 months with a 2-year survival rate of 0% in 11 patients with residual tumor, whereas the median survival time was 26 months with a 5-year survival rate of 18% in 17 patients with no residual tumor (P = 0.0012). Residual tumor status was the only independent prognostic factor of significance (relative risk 4.65; P = 0.003). There were three 5-year survivors (two with diffuse cholangiocarcinoma and one with gallbladder carcinoma with no bile duct involvement) among the patients with no residual tumor. CONCLUSIONS: Combined major hepatectomy and pancreaticoduodenectomy provides survival benefit for some patients with locally advanced biliary carcinoma only if potentially curative (R0) resection is feasible. Patients with diffuse cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder carcinoma with no bile duct involvement are potential candidates for this aggressive procedure.     

Resective operations for biliary carcinoma

Records of 25 consecutive patients who underwent resection for proximal bile duct tumor (3 extended right hepatic lobectomies, 6 left hepatic lobectomies, 16 skeletonization resections) and records of 21 patients who underwent pancreatoduodenectomy for distal bile duct carcinoma were reviewed to assess the value of resective therapy. The operative mortality rate for patients with resected proximal bile duct tumor was 4 per cent (0 per cent for liver resection) and that of distal bile duct tumor, 4.6 per cent. The 3- and 5-year actuarial survival rates for patients with proximal bile duct tumor were 44 per cent and 35 per cent, respectively; all except one patient eventually died of disease. Survival was better for patients who had curative resection (margins microscopically free of tumor). The 5-year actuarial survival rate for patients with distal bile duct carcinoma was 58 +/- 12 (SE) per cent, with patients who had negative nodes surviving longer than patients with positive nodes. When major hepatic resection and pancreatoduodenectomy can be performed in selected patients with low operative mortality, patients with bile duct carcinoma should be assessed by an experienced hepatobiliary multidisciplinary group before a decision is made in favor of palliative, endoscopic, or percutaneous techniques because surgical resection appears to offer the best possible long-term survival and probably the best quality of palliation.     

Carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts. The University of California at San Francisco experience.

OBJECTIVE: The authors investigated the combined experience of a single institution in treating bile duct carcinoma during the modern era. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Bile duct carcinomas are notoriously difficult to cure, with locoregional recurrence the rule, even after radical resection. Adjuvant efforts have included various radiation modalities, with limited success. Recently, charged-particle radiotherapy has also been used in these patients. METHODS: The authors performed a retrospective chart analysis of 129 patients with bile duct adenocarcinomas treated between 1977 and 1987 through the University of California at San Francisco, including 22 patients treated at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory with the charged particles helium and neon. The minimum follow-up was 5 years. Survival, outcome, and complication results were analyzed. RESULTS: Sixty-two patients were treated with surgery alone (S), 45 patients received conventional adjuvant x-ray radiotherapy (S + X), and 22 were treated with charged particles (S + CP). The median survival times were 6.5, 11, and 14 months, respectively, for the entire group, and 16, 16, and 23 months in patients treated with curative intent. There was a survival difference in patients undergoing total resection compared with debulking (p = 0.05) and minor resections (p = 0.0001). Patients with microscopic residual disease had increased median survival times when they were treated with adjuvant irradiation, most markedly after CP (p = 0.0005) but also with conventional X (p = 0.0109). Patients with gross residual disease had a less marked but still statistically significant extended survival (p = 0.05 for S + X and p = 0.0423 for S + CP) after irradiatio CONCLUSIONS: The mainstay of bile duct carcinoma management was maximal surgical resection in these patients. Postoperative radiotherapy gave patients with positive microscopic margins a significant survival advantage and may be of value in selected patients with gross disease.     

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目的探讨肝细胞癌(HCC)合并胆管癌栓外科治疗的效果。方法对1984年7月至2002年12月收治的53例HCC合并胆管癌栓的治疗情况进行回顾性总结和分析。结果53例中，1例未治，6例行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流(PTCD)，46例开腹手术。开腹手术术后30d病死率为13．0％，并发症发生率为32．6％。肝切除术、胆管取癌栓及胆道引流术病人术后生存时间为5～46个月，中位生存期为23．5个月。结论黄疸不一定是肝癌的晚期表现，也不一定是手术禁忌证，对HCC合并胆管癌栓的早期诊断和手术治疗，是改善病人预后的关键。     

Carcinoma of the distal and middle bile duct: surgical results, prognostic factors, and long-term follow-up

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Carcinoma of the distal bile duct is associated with poor prognosis. Surgical resection remains the only potentially curative treatment. We conducted a retrospective study to identify prognostic factors determining longterm survival. METHODS: From 1990 to 2006, 95 patients with distal and/or middle bile duct carcinoma had resections. Fifty-four patients underwent pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (57%) and 41 patients underwent standard Kausch-Whipple pancreaticoduodenectomy (43%). Nine patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy including portal vein resection (9%). RESULTS: Overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 60%, 36%, and 29%, respectively. Five-year survival after R0 resection was 34%, and after R1 resection it was 0%. Four patients died during their hospital stay (4%). Multivariate analysis showed negative resection margins (P = 0.040), lymphatic vessel invasion (P = 0.036), and portal vein infiltration (P = 0.027) as strong predictors for survival, whereas the location of the tumor (distal bile duct vs middle bile duct) and lymph node status were not identified as independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Five-year survival depends strongly on negative resection margins, independent of nodal status. Portal vein resections in patients with portal vein involvement fail to ameliorate long-term survival. Primary tumor site--middle bile duct or distal bile duct--did not determine prognosis.     

Resective operations for biliary carcinoma

Records of 25 consecutive patients who underwent resection for proximal bile duct tumor (3 extended right hepatic lobectomies, 6 left hepatic lobectomies, 16 skeletonization resections) and records of 21 patients who underwent pancreatoduodenectomy for distal bile duct carcinoma were reviewed to assess the value of resective therapy. The operative mortality rate for patients with resected proximal bile duct tumor was 4 per cent (0 per cent for liver resection) and that of distal bile duct tumor, 4.6 per cent. The 3- and 5-year actuarial survival rates for patients with proximal bile duct tumor were 44 per cent and 35 per cent, respectively; all except one patient eventually died of disease. Survival was better for patients who had curative resection (margins microscopically free of tumor). The 5-year actuarial survival rate for patients with distal bile duct carcinoma was 58±12 (SE) per cent, with patients who had negative nodes surviving longer than patients with positive nodes. When major hepatic resection and pancreatoduodenectomy can be performed in selected patients with low operative mortality, patients with bile duct carcinoma should be assessed by an experienced hepatobiliary multidisciplinary group before a decision is made in favor of palliative, endoscopic, or percutaneous techniques because surgical resection appears to offer the best possible long-term survival and probably the best quality of palliation. This report is the basis of a paper read by R.L.R. at the 90th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Surgical Society, Sapporo, Japan, 1990     

Combined portal vein and liver resection for carcinoma of the biliary tract

Twenty-nine patients with advanced carcinoma of the bile duct or gallbladder underwent combined portal vein and liver resection. Segmental excision of the portal vein was performed in 16 cases and wedge resection of the vessel wall in 13. The operative mortality rate was 17 per cent. The median survival for the 24 patients who left hospital was 19.8 months. Actuarial survival rates at 1, 3 and 5 years for all 29 patients were 48 per cent, 29 per cent, and 6 per cent respectively, whereas the median survival for 46 patients with unresectable carcinoma was 3 months and the 1 and 3-year actuarial survival rates were 13 per cent and zero respectively. This difference in survival times between patients undergoing hepatectomy with portal vein resection and those with unresectable carcinoma were statistically significant (P less than 0.01). Combined portal vein and liver resection is recommended as a reasonable surgical approach in selected patients with advanced carcinoma of the biliary tract.     

Intrahepatic cholangiojejunostomy for unresectable malignant biliary tumors with obstructive jaundice

We reviewed our experience with intrahepatic cholangiojejunostomy as a palliative therapy for patients with unresectable malignant diseases involving the ductal confluence or the common hepatic duct. Fifteen patients with malignant biliary obstruction were treated by cholangiojejunostomy at our hospital. Two patients had intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, 7 had gallbladder carcinoma, 5 had bile duct carcionoma, and 1 had pancreatic carcinoma. Segment III cholangiojejunostomies were performed in 14 patients and segment V cholangiojejunostomy in 1. Contraindications for surgical resection were locoregional invasion of tumors involving the proper and/or common hepatic artery and portal vein in 15 patients and the presence of hepatic metastases in 6 patients. Liver metastases were detected in 5 of the 7 patients with gallbladder carcinoma. Postoperative complications occurred in 2 patients (13%), but there was no leakage of the cholangioenteric anastomosis in our series. There was no operative mortality after cholangiojejunostomy. Of the 9 patients who survived for more than 6 months after surgery, 7 showed a significant improvement in performance status (PS) (82 ± 10%) 3 months after the surgery compared with the preoperative PS (70 ± 7%). Four of the 9 patients had recurrent cholangitis as a late complication, but 4 were completely free from jaundice. Median survival after cholangioenteric bypass was 9 months (range, 2–25 months). With respect to tumor location, the median survival time was 4 months (range, 2–25 months) in patients with gallbladder carcinoma and 15.5 months (range, 12–22 months) in those with bile duct carcinoma. While the median survival period after surgery was only 3 months (range, 2 to 8 months) in the 5 patients with hepatic metastases from gallbladder carcinoma, 2 patients without liver metastasis survived for 9 and 25 months after segment III cholangioenteric bypass. In conclusion, cholangiojejunostomy can provide useful palliation for malignant biliary obstruction when combined with careful patient selection. Received: September 5, 2000 / Accepted: November 8, 2000     

肝细胞肝癌合并胆总管癌栓的外科治疗

目的 通过对肝细胞肝癌合并胆总管癌栓手术病例临床资料的回顾性分析,探讨不同手术方式的疗效以及对远期预后的影响.方法 2008年1月-2012年12月,北京协和医院肝脏外科收治肝细胞肝癌合并胆总管癌栓行手术病例共9例,5例病例行根治性半肝切除术,3例行肝部分切除术,1例行术中射频,全部病例均行胆总管探查取栓术;术后通过数字减影血管成像技术进行随诊;全部病例术后随访时间均超过12个月.结果 全部手术病例术后黄疸指数均明显下降,根治性手术病例术后无瘤生存时间、生存时间均略优于姑息手术病例,术后再次胆道梗阻发病率也低于姑息手术病例.结论 肝细胞肝癌合并胆总管癌栓病例通过适当的手术方式可以达到切除肿瘤、解除胆道梗阻的目的,根治性半肝切除术的疗效优于肝部分切除术.     

肝细胞癌合并胆管癌栓的治疗

目的探讨肝细胞癌(HCC)合并胆管癌栓的治疗。方法对1995年1月～2002年12月收治的34例HCC合并胆管癌栓的治疗情况进行回顾性总结和分析。结果34例中1例未予治疗,6例行PTCD, 27例开腹手术。开腹手术术后30d死亡率为22.2%(6/27), 并发症发生率为55.6%(15/27)。16例行肝切除术、胆管取癌栓及胆道引流术病人术后生存时间为1个月～27个月,中位生存期为16.5个月。结论HCC合并胆管癌栓的预后差,但对其早期诊断和扩大手术治疗,是改善此病预后的关键。     

Results of combined gastrectomy and pancreatic resection in patients with advanced primary gastric carcinoma

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Although the incidence of primary gastric carcinoma is decreasing, the majority of patients in Western countries are still diagnosed with advanced tumor stages. In many cases surgical therapy can be performed only by multivisceral resections including the pancreas. METHODS: Between April 1986 and April 1997, thirty-three patients with primary gastric carcinoma underwent gastric resection and segmental/total pancreatectomy at our institution (21 males, 12 females; median age 57 years). The operative and pathologic findings and clinical course in these patients were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: In all patients total gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy was performed. In 26 patients (79%) the pancreatic tail was also resected. Other resections included the pancreatic head in 5 patients (15%) and the whole pancreas in 2 cases (6%). Radical (R0) resections were possible in 73% of all cases (n = 24). 22 patients (67%) had stage-IV disease due to liver/peritoneal metastases (n = 11) or to extensive lymph node metastases (N3, n = 11). Histology showed a predominance of the diffuse type according to Laurén (n = 16, 49%). Intraoperatively suspected tumor infiltration of the pancreas was confirmed by histology only in 39% (n = 13) of the examined resection specimens. Postoperative morbidity was 36% (n = 12) and mortality was 9% (n = 3). Five patients developed pancreatitis or peripancreatic abscess, 2 with a lethal outcome. Overall the median survival was 13 months. Following R0 resection median survival was 17 months. If the pancreas was microscopically not infiltrated, median survival was 23 months. CONCLUSION: Pancreatic invasion in patients with gastric carcinoma is often associated with positive lymph nodes and liver metastases or peritoneal carcinomatosis. Intraoperatively, true pancreas invasion is difficult to differentiate from inflammatory reactions. Postoperative morbidity and mortality are increased by pancreatic resection, mainly due to pancreatitis or peripancreatic abscess. Curative (R0) resection improves prognosis and even long-term survival can be achieved in selected individual cases. Palliative resections can be performed for local complications like bleeding or obstruction refractory to other therapies.     

Pancreatic head resection with segmental duodenectomy for intraductal papillary mucinous tumors of the pancreas

Various modifications of organ-preserving pancreatic resections have been performed for intraductal papillary mucinous tumor (IPMT) of the pancreas. The aim of this study was to evaluate usefulness of pancreatic head resection with duodenal segmentectomy (PHRSD), which is one of the organpreserving pancreatic resections for IPMT. Pancreatic head resection with duodenal segmentectomy was indicated for the branch duct type of IPMT. Eight patients underwent PHRSD. The mean operative time was 390 minutes, and the mean blood loss was 1270 ml. Duodenal ischemia was prevented by preserving the duodenal branches of the gastroduodenal artery and the anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery. Complications occurred in four patients: one with pancreatic leak, one with choledochoduodenal anastomotic stenosis, and two with delayed gastric emptying. However, no deaths occurred. The final pathologic diagnosis was adenoma in seven patients and carcinoma in situ in one patient. Six of eight patients had an adenoma with papillary growth in the main pancreatic duct. Postoperative pancreatic endocrine and exocrine functions were satisfactory. All patients were alive without recurrent disease at a median follow-up of 30 months. Pancreatic head resection with duodenal segmentectomy appears to be a useful procedure as an organ-preserving pancreatic resection for the branch duct type of IPMT, because this procedure allows a safe and complete resection of the pancreatic head without ischemia of the common bile duct and the duodenum.     

肝外胆道肿瘤外科治疗远期疗效的评析(附139例随访资料)

目的 探讨胆道肿瘤的临床特征、治疗方法对远期生存率的影响，总结胆道肿瘤的诊治经验。方法 对1992年1月至2000年7月收治的139例胆道肿瘤（胆囊癌88例，胆管癌51例）的临床及随访资料进行回顾分析。应用SPSS10．0统计软件包进行统计学处理。结果 88例胆囊癌的总体5年生存率为5．22％，51例胆管癌的总体5年生存率为21．64％。根治切除组的1、3、5年生存率与姑息切除组、剖腹探查组、非手术组相比均有显著性差异（P＜0．01），而姑息切除组、剖腹探查组、非手术组间的生存率无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。多因素分析显示组织学分级、TNM分期及治疗方法与预后显著相关。结论 胆道肿瘤的远期疗效仍无显著改善；扩大根治术可望改善其预后，但需慎重选择病人；提高远期疗效的重点仍应放在肿瘤的早期诊治上。     

胆管T型切除端端吻合在胆囊癌根治术中应用研究

目的 探讨胆管T型切除端端吻合在胆囊癌根治术中的应用。方法 回顾性分析海军军医大学附属东方肝胆外科医院2012—2021年以来收治的胆囊癌行胆管T型切除端端吻合的13例病人资料,通过分析病人手术方式、术后病理及分期、术后并发症及复查随访情况探讨此种手术方式的安全性及可行性。结果 13例病人中男性5例,女性8例,年龄范围50～83岁,平均年龄66岁,合并胆囊结石10例,结石合并息肉1列,2例无结石或息肉,肿瘤位于胆囊管4例,胆囊颈部4例,胆囊体部3例,胆囊底部2例,CA19-9升高3例。术中平均出血量为277(100～600)mL,术后平均住院时间10(6～16)d,均未出现胆瘘。其中1例失访,其余12例随访时间为1个月至8年,生存时间为1～96个月,中位生存时间36个月,目前生存病人为6例,生存时间为1～96个月,中位生存时间28个月,除去1例近期手术者,术后生存时间均在2年以上,最长8年。术后随访未见明确胆管复发狭窄证据,所有生存病人至随访终点未见肿瘤复发转移。结论 保证胆管切缘阴性,R0切除的前提下,对于部分病人可把胆管T型切除端端吻合作为胆囊癌根治的一种选择。     

Biliary cystadenoma: short- and long-term outcome after radical hepatic resection

The intrahepatic biliary cystadenoma is a rare benign tumor of the liver, originating from an intrahepatic bile duct: it becomes symptomatic only when it causes obstruction of the bile duct itself. Regardless of the various diagnostic modalities available, it is difficult to distinguish preoperatively the cystadenoma both from a simple liver cyst, and from a cystic carcinoma of the bile duct. An incomplete surgical removal of the cyst often results in a higher risk of size increase and recurrence, even considering that the lesion may degenerate into a cystadenocarcinoma. Between January 2004 and May 2011, 1,173 liver resections were carried out at the Hepatobiliary Surgery Unit of San Raffaele Hospital: 12 of these were performed for cystadenoma. Forty-six patients underwent laparoscopic liver cysts deroofing: definitive histological examination in six of these patients revealed instead the diagnosis of cystadenoma. In 50% of cases, the diagnosis of cystadenoma was therefore acquired as a result of an incidental finding. The patients were all female, median age 45 years. The liver resection included six cases of left hepatectomy, three left lobectomies, and three of the right hepatectomy. The operations were performed by laparotomy, with the exception of two left lobectomies completed laparoscopically. In all cases, the postoperative course was without major complications. The resection was radical in all cases and the median hospital stay was 5 days. At a median follow-up of 16 months (range 7-30), all patients are alive and disease free. Biliary cystadenomas can easily be misunderstood and interpreted as simple hepatic cysts. Radical surgical resection is necessary and provides good short- and long-term outcomes.     

Hepatocellular carcinoma with biliary tumor thrombi: aggressive operative approach after appropriate preoperative management

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to clarify clinicopathologic characteristics of, and to evaluate an aggressive treatment strategy for, hepatocellular carcinoma with biliary tumor thrombi. METHODS: From 1980 to 1999, a total of 132 patients underwent hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Of these, 17 patients had macroscopic biliary tumor thrombi and were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: The operative procedures included right hepatic trisegmentectomy (n = 1), right or left hepatic lobectomy (n = 11), and segmentectomy or subsegmentectomy (n = 5). In 13 patients, tumor thrombi extended beyond the hepatic confluence and was treated by thrombectomy through a choledochotomy in 8 patients and extrahepatic bile duct resection and reconstruction in 5 patients. The 3- and 5-year survival rates were 47% and 28%, respectively, with a median survival time of 2.3 years. These survival rates were similar to those achieved in 115 patients without biliary tumor thrombi. In a multivariate analysis, expansive growth type and solitary tumors were independent prognostic variables for favorable outcome after operation, whereas biliary tumor thrombi was not a significant prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery after appropriate preoperative management of hepatocellular carcinoma with biliary tumor thrombi yields results similar to those of patients without biliary involvement. Hepatectomy with thrombectomy through a choledochotomy appears to be as effective as a resection procedure.     

Cholangiocarcinoma: advocate an aggressive operative approach with adjuvant chemotherapy

Cholangiocarcinoma presents many challenges. Prognosis is thought to be determined by conventional predictors of survival; margin status, pathologic criteria, stage, and comorbid disease. Ninety-four patients, 57 males and 37 females, underwent resections for cholangiocarcinoma between 1989 and 2000. Thirty-two patients (34%) had distal tumors, 10 had midduct lesions, and 52 had proximal/intrahepatic lesions. Thirty-four patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomies, 23 bile duct resections alone, and 37 bile duct and concomitant hepatic resections. Tumor location did not influence mean survival (distal, 28 months +/- 23; midduct, 28 months +/- 21; and proximal, 31 months +/- 36). Operation undertaken did not alter survival (bile duct resection, 30 months +/- 37; pancreaticoduodenectomy, 27 months +/- 23; and concomitant bile duct/hepatic resection, 32 months +/- 32). TNM stage failed to predict survival: 5 stage I (29 months +/- 22), 12 stage II (41 months +/- 33), 12 stage III (33 months +/- 19), and 64 stage IV (27 months +/- 32). Tumor size did not influence survival: T1-2 (32 months +/- 33) versus T3-4 lesions (29 months +/- 25). Mean survival with negative margin (n = 67) was 34 months +/- 33, whereas microscopically positive (n = 13, 23.9 months +/- 25) or grossly positive (n = 14, 20.4 months +/- 20) margins were predictive of significantly shorter survival (P < 0.03). Adjuvant treatment (n = 41) was associated with significantly longer survival (40.5 months +/- 36) than those who received no further therapy (n = 53; 24 months +/- 24) (P = 0.05). TNM stage, tumor size, operation undertaken, and location were not associated with duration of survival after resection. Margin status was associated with duration of survival, though extended survival is possible even with positive margins. Advanced stage should not preclude aggressive resection. Without specific contraindications, an aggressive operative approach is advocated followed by adjuvant therapy.     

Pancreatic and periampullary carcinoma

During the 10-year period from 1972 to 1981, 179 patients were treated for pancreatic and periampullary carcinoma (40 resections, 91 bypasses, 39 laparotomies and 9 non-operated) in Oulu University Central Hospital. Mortality after resections was 10% and complication rate 33%. In 1977-1981, mortality after resections decreased from 30 to 3% (p less than 0.05) but resectability or survival did not improve. Median survival following resection for pancreatic and periampullary carcinoma was 8 and 34 months (p less than 0.001). The 5-year cumulative survival rate for resected periampullary carcinomas was 42 +/- 16%. We conclude that 5-year survival after resection for periampullary carcinoma is significantly better than after resection for pancreatic carcinoma. The effect of modern imaging techniques on resectability and survival is negligible. Age as such is not a limiting factor for resection. We recommended a prophylactic duodenal bypass is conjunction of biliary diversion for unresectable carcinoma. The acceptable mortality after resection encourages us to continue an aggressive policy in surgical treatment. However, attention should be drawn to a more careful patient selection and proper preparation.     

胰头癌的外科手术综合治疗143例临床分析

目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术治疗胰头癌的外科临床价值。方法 回顾性分析我院2005年3月至2009年3月外科治疗的143例胰头癌患者的临床资料,分为非手术治疗组（27例）、姑息性手术组（88例）、手术切除组（28例）。结果 本组外科治疗胰头癌143例,随访率97.4%（140/143）,中位生存时间11.3个月,1、3及5年术后生存率分别49.1%、10.3%、4.3%。其中,外科手术治疗的胰头癌患者的根治性切除率为24.1%（28/116）,手术切除组1、3及5年术后生存率（85.7%、42.9%、17.9%,中位生存时间25.5个月）较非手术治疗组（0、0、0,中位生存时间6.6个月）或姑息性手术组（37.5%、0、0,中位生存时间8.3个月）明显提高（P＜0.01）,但其围手术期并发症发生率也明显升高（P＜0.05）。三组围手术期病死率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。术前减黄组与术前未减黄组在围手术期并发症发生率、死亡率及1、3、5年生存率方面比较,其差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 外科手术切除是治疗胰头癌的重要手段,尤其根治性胰十二指肠切除术是治愈胰头癌的唯一有效的方法,联合门静脉或肠系膜上静脉切除术、半肝切除的胰十二指肠扩大切除术提高了胰头癌的根治性切除率、临床治愈的机会以及改善了患者的生存质量。     

Treatment of biliary tract carcinoma with metal endoprosthesis]

The application of endoprosthesis in the surgery of biliary tract carcinoma is a very valuable method to prolong the life of cancer patients. The metalendoprosthesis with drain for continuously rinsing the bile duct to avoid incrusation showed good results in 9 patients for short survival time of 5-26 months. Two patients were treated with bifurcated Y-shape prosthesis after resection of bile duct carcinoma.