不同评分模型对维吾尔族患者冠状动脉旁路移植术后死亡风险的预测价值

目的评价欧洲心脏手术风险评估系统(EuroSCORE)additive、logistic评分、EuroSCOREⅡ模型及心脏麻醉风险评分(CARE)对于预测维吾尔族患者冠状动脉旁路移植(CABG)手术在院死亡率的准确性。方法选择2012年9月至2013年6月行CABG的维吾尔族患者61例,术前分别使用EuroSCORE additive评分、logistic评分、EuroSCOREⅡ模型与CARE评分对患者手术死亡风险进行评估,术后比较各种评分模型的预测死亡率与实际在院死亡率。模型预测的校准度采用拟合优度检验,预测的鉴别度采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积检验。结果对于实施CABG的维吾尔族患者,EuroSCORE additive评分、logistic评分及CARE评分预测鉴别度均较好,CARE评分最优(ROC曲线下面积分别为0.737、0.754、0.864),EuroSCOREⅡ模型的鉴别度较差(ROC曲线下面积为0.682)。结论EuroSCORE模型中的additive评分、logistic评分以及CARE评分对维吾尔族CABG术患者均表现出了较好的鉴别力,针对维吾尔族CABG手术患者,可以优先采用CARE评分进行风险预测。最新的EuroSCOREⅡ模型不适合于维吾尔族患者,在临床应用中应谨慎。     

非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术后早期死亡风险预测——SinoSCORE与EuroSCORE评分的对比

目的 比较中国冠状动脉旁路移植手术评分系统(SinoSCORE)和欧洲心脏外科手术风险评分系统(EuroSCORE)对中国人群非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植(OPCAB)术后早期死亡风险的预测价值.方法 OPCAB病人资料来自中国心血管外科注册登记研究2004-2005年数据库,观察终点为术后院内死亡.分别用SinoSCORE和logistic EuroSCORE两种模型计算病人预计病死率,并与实际病死率比较.校准度采用Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验,利用 ROC曲线下面积(AUC)评价模型的区分度.结果 4920例病人中73例发生院内死亡,实际病死率1.48%,SinoSCORE模型和EuroSCORE模型预测的病死率分别为2.73%、4.13%.SinoSCORE模型Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验P=0.636,AUC=0.794;EuroSCORE模型Hosmer-Lemeshowrny拟合优度检验P=0.01,AUC=0.756.SinoSCORE和logistic EuroSCORE两种模型的区分度均较好,但SinoSCORE的校准度明显优于后者,即两种模型均能预测术后死亡,但SinoSCORE对术后病死率的预测更加准确.结论 SinoSCORE模型比EuroSCORE模型更适用于中国非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植病人术后早期死亡预测.     

比较additive EuroSCORE,logistic EuroSCORE,EuroSCOREⅡ风险评分系统在评估中国心脏外科手术患者中的应用

【摘要】 目的 评价additive EuroSCORE,logistic EuroSCORE 及EuroSCOREⅡ风险评分系统在预测中国心脏外科患者行心脏手术住院死亡率准确性中的作用。方法 回顾性收集中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院心胸外科于2006年1月至2012年10月接受心脏手术的594例成人患者的临床资料,其中男348例,女246例;平均年龄57.59±14.27岁。分别按additive EuroSCORE,logistic EuroSCORE及 EuroSCOREⅡ计算每例患者的预测死亡率,按预测死亡率把患者分6组(Ⅰ组0~1.99%,Ⅱ组2%~3.99%,Ⅲ组4%~5.99%,Ⅳ组6%~7.99%,Ⅴ组8%~9.99%,Ⅵ组大于10%),比较每组实际住院死亡率与预测死亡率。预测模型的区分度使用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线下面积进行检验,校准度使用Hosmer-Lemeshow拟和优度检验。结果 594例患者住院死亡31例,实际住院死亡率5.22%,additive EuroSCORE预测死亡率3.46%±2.62%,logistic EuroSCORE预测死亡率 3.61%±4.32%,EuroSCOREⅡ预测死亡率2.81%±4.26%。EuroSCOREⅡ低估了Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组住院死亡率,但在其余各组中均较好预测住院死亡率。EuroSCOREⅡ较additive/logistic EuroSCORE区分度好(AUC 0.727 vs. 0.704, 0.715),除logistic EuroSCORE的Hosmer-Lemeshow拟和优度检验(P<0.05)外其余两种方法校准度均较好(P>0.05)。结论 EuroSCOREⅡ评分系统较适用于预测本中心心脏手术患者的住院死亡风险。     

EuroSCORE模型对心瓣膜手术患者死亡风险的预测

目的评价欧洲心脏手术风险评估系统（European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation,EuroSCORE）模型预测行心脏瓣膜手术患者在院死亡率的准确性。方法收集1998年1月至2008年12月于第二军医大学长海医院因心脏瓣膜疾病行外科治疗4 155例患者的临床资料,其中男1 955例,女2 200例;年龄45.90±13.64岁。先按additive及logistic EuroSCORE两种方法评分,将患者分为低风险（n=981）、中风险（n=2 492）、高风险（n=682）3个亚组,比较全组及各亚组患者的实际与预测死亡率。模型预测的校准度用Hosmer-Lemeshow卡方检验,预测的鉴别度采用受试者工作特征（receiver operating characteristic,ROC）曲线下面积检验。结果 4 155例患者在院死亡205例,实际在院死亡率4.93%;additive EuroSCORE预测死亡率为3.80%,而logisticEuroSCORE为3.30%;提示两种评分方法均低估了实际在院死亡率（χ2=11.13,44.34,P〈0.05）。additiveEuroSCORE对高风险亚组在院死亡预测校准度较高（χ2=3.61,P=0.31）,但对低风险亚组（χ2=0.00,P〈0.01）及中风险亚组（χ2=14.72,P〈0.01）较低;而logistic EuroSCORE对低风险亚组（χ2=1.66,P=0.88）及高风险亚组（χ2=11.71,P=0.11）在院死亡预测准确性均较高,却低估了中风险亚组（χ2=17.48,P〈0.01）的实际在院死亡率。两种评分方法对全组患者在院死亡预测的鉴别度均较差（ROC曲线下面积分别为0.676和0.677）。结论 EuroSCORE模型对本中心心瓣膜手术患者死亡风险预测的准确性较差,不适合本中心心瓣膜手术的风险预测,在今后的临床实践中应慎重使用。     

不同危重症评分工具预测心脏外科术后再入ICU患者死亡风险的比较

目的 比较5种危重症评分工具对心脏外科术后再入ICU患者死亡风险的预测效果。 方法 选择184例心脏术后转出ICU后再入ICU患者,使用急性生理和慢性健康状况评分（APACHEⅡ）、欧洲心血管手术危险因素评分系统（EuroSCORE）、早期预警评分（EWS）、改良早期预警评分（MEWS）、早期预警评分结合乳酸评分（EWS-L）预测患者的死亡风险。使用Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验判断各评分的校准能力,采用ROC曲线下面积判断各评分工具区分死亡与否的能力。 结果 共30例患者发生院内死亡。EuroSCORE、APACHEⅡ、EWS、EWS-L预测死亡例数的95%CI包括全组实际死亡例数,表现出较高的校准度。拟合优度检验结果显示,5种评分工具预测死亡例数与实际死亡例数差异无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）,其中EWS-L评分的区分度最好（AUC=0.794）,当EWS-L得分为6.45分时,约登指数为0.534,预测值最大。 结论 对心脏外科术后再入ICU患者,建议使用EWS-L评估患者死亡风险,并可通过死亡风险因素分析进一步改良现有的危重症评分工具,以提高其预测准确性。     

SinoSCORE预测瓣膜手术死亡风险

目的 验证中国冠状动脉旁路移植手术风险评分系统(SinoSCORE)对我国单纯瓣膜手术病人早期病死率的预测价值.方法 回顾性分析我国43家心脏中心2007年1月至2008年12月共13 353例单纯瓣膜手术成年病人临床资料,根据SinoSCORE评分法则对所有病人进行评分.应用接受者工作曲线(ROC)下面积(AUC)检验模型对术后早期死亡的区分度,采用Hosmer-Lemeshow(HL)拟合优度检验验证模型对术后早期死亡的校准度.结果 病人平均年龄(48.0±11.7)岁,男病人5687例(42.0%).其中行主动脉瓣手术2505例,二尖瓣手术6996例,双瓣手术(二尖瓣联合主动脉瓣手术)4002例.模型ROC曲线下面积为0.74(95%置信区间0.70～0.78),提示SinoSCORE能较好的区分高危和低危病人,HL拟合优度检验显示模型能准确预测单纯瓣膜手术早期病死率(P=0.47).结论 SinoSCORE能较准确预测单纯瓣膜手术病人早期病死率,SinoSCORE可用于此类病人风险评估.     

SinoSCORE对手术风险的评估作用

目的 评价中国冠状动脉旁路移植手术评分系统(SinoSCORE)对冠状动脉旁路移植手术(CABG)院内病死率和术后并发症的预测效果.方法 中国心血管外科注册登记研究收集来自全国43家心脏外科中心2007年至2008年接受CABG的9564例病人的临床资料.应用logistic回归的统计学方法建立中国冠状动脉旁路移植术风险评分系统(SinoSCORE).本模型确定了包括年龄大于65岁、术前NYHA心功能分级、慢性肾功能衰竭史、慢性阻塞性肺疾病等11个危险因素.根据SinoSCORE评分将病人分为:低危组(≤1分)、中危组(2～5分)与高危组(≥6分).评价SinoSCORE对CABG院内病死率和术后并发症的预测效果,应用Homser-Lemeshow(HL)拟合优度检验考察SinoSCORE的校准度,应用ROC曲线下面积(AUC)评价SinoSCORE的区分度,并与EuroSCORE进行比较.通过比较观察病死率与预测病死率95%置信区间的差异,评估SinoSCORE对不同危险组病人院内病死率的预测功能.结果 SinoSCORE对CABG手术病死率与术后主要并发症表现出较好的预测效果:手术病死率HL拟合优度检验为P=0.70,AUC=0.80,术后主要并发症:卒中为HL P=0.43,AUC=0.76;肾衰为HL P=0.70,AUC=0.72;通气时间延长(＞24 h)为HL P=0.18,AUC=0.70;多系统衰竭为HL P=0.49,AUC=0.79,效果优于EuroSCORE.在3组不同危险程度的病人中,观察病死率与预测病死率95%置信区间均有较好的重合.结论 SinoSCORE是建立在中国最新的冠脉旁路移植手术临床数据的基础上风险评分系统,预测中国病人的院内死亡与术后并发症的能力优于EuroSCORE,更加适合我国心脏外科领域临床医师应用.     

EuroSCORE Ⅱ在心脏手术患者风险预测中的应用进展

介绍新版欧洲心脏手术风险评分系统EuroSCORE Ⅱ的发展及评估内容，从心脏手术患者术后死亡风险预测、手术后并发症及ICU住院时间预测方面综述其临床应用进展，并提出提高预测效能的针对性措施，旨在为心脏手术后患者制订预防性治疗和护理措施，减少术后并发症和病死率提供参考。     

EuroSCORE对维吾尔族与汉族患者心脏瓣膜手术死亡风险的预测价值

目的评价欧洲心脏手术风险评估系统(European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation,EuroSCORE)预测实施心脏瓣膜手术的维吾尔族与汉族患者在院死亡率的准确性。方法分析2012年9月至2013年12月于新疆医科大学第一附属医院因心脏瓣膜疾病行外科治疗的361例患者的临床资料,维吾尔族患者209例,汉族患者152例。先按additive及logisticEuroSCORE两种方法评分,将患者分为低风险、中风险、高风险3个亚组,比较全组及各亚组患者的实际与预测死亡率。模型预测的校准度采用拟合优度检验,预测的鉴别度采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积检验。结果全组患者实际在院死亡率为8.03%,维吾尔族患者6.70%,汉族患者9.87%。additiveEuroSCORE与logisticEuroSCORE预测维吾尔族患者在院死亡率分别为4.03%和3.37%,汉族患者为4.43%和3.77%,均低于实际死亡率(P0.01)。全组患者additiveEuroSCORE与logisticEuroSCORE的曲线下面积分别为0.606和0.598,汉族患者分别为0.574和0.553,维吾尔族患者分别为0.609和0.610。结论 EuroSCORE模型对本地区维吾尔族与汉族瓣膜病患者的死亡风险预测准确性较差,不适合心脏瓣膜手术的风险预测,临床应用时需谨慎考虑。     

EuroSCORE和STS-PROM对成人主动脉瓣置换死亡风险的预测

目的 评价EuroSCORE和STS-PROM模型对成人主动脉瓣患者手术死亡风险预测的价值.方法 回顾性收集1999年1月至2008年12月521例行主动脉瓣置换术的患者临床资料,包括同期行冠状动脉旁路(CABG)手术患者,排除同期其他瓣膜置换、主动脉手术、先天性心脏病矫治及房颤外科手术治疗患者,年龄＜18岁患儿.以患者住院死亡作为终点事件.利用网页在线计算EuroSCORE和STS-PROM预测的住院病死率,并根据additive EuroSCORE评分结果把患者分为低、中、高3个风险组.通过实际、预测病死率间的比较以及模型符合度、鉴别度的验证来评价各风险模型对患者住院病死率的预测能力.结果 521例主动脉瓣置换患者的实际住院病死率为4％(21/521例).Additive、logistic EuroSCORE和STS-PROM预测住院病死率分别为3.36％、2.82％和1.25％,实际观察值/预测值(O/E)分别为1.20、1.43和3.23.STS-PROM对全部患者和中、高风险组的预测准确性较差,明显低估患者住院病死率(P＜0.01).Logistic EuroSCORE明显低估中风险组患者住院病死率(P＜0.05).Additive和logisticEuroSCORE有低估高风险组患者住院病死率的趋势,实际观察值/预测值分别为1.84和1.46.EuroSCORE在各风险组以及STS-PROM在中、高风险组中均显示出较差的预测鉴别度(ROC ＜0.7).结论 STS-PROM和EuroSCORE对521例主动脉瓣置换患者个体手术死亡风险的预测均较差,不适合被用于筛选主动脉瓣置换术高危患者人群.有必要建立适合我国瓣膜患者特征的手术风险预测模型.     

4437例瓣膜置换术住院死亡危险因素分析及安贞风险评分系统建立

目的 对4437例心脏瓣膜置换于术病人进行同顺性研究,定量评估住院死亡的危险因素,建立瓣膜置换手术住院死亡风险模型,以及安贞医院瓣膜置换手术风险评分系统.方法 选取安贞医院心脏外科数据库中收录的主动脉瓣置换术病人848例,二尖瓣置换术病人2202例,主动脉瓣、二尖瓣舣瓣膜置换术病人1387例.选取术前.术中33个临床指标作为住院死亡的可能影响因素,利用单因素分析进行筛选,然后利用多因素分析确立3种手术的住院死亡危险因素并建立风险模型.结果经多因素分析,年龄、体表面积、心功能分级、术前肌酐和体外循环时间是主动脉瓣置换术住院死亡的危险因素.心功能分级、术前心衰史、心胸比率、短轴缩短率、病因、左心室收缩末径,体外循环时间和术中1ABP是二尖瓣置换术住院死亡的危险因素.年龄、心功能分级、术前心内膜炎、糖尿病史、既往二尖瓣球囊扩张术,体重指数和体外循环时间是丰动脉瓣、二尖瓣双瓣膜置换术的住院死亡危险因素.ROC曲线下面积分别为主动脉瓣置换术模型0.921(95%CI,0.874～0.967),二尖瓣置换术模型0.859(95%C1,0.813～0.905),主动脉瓣、二尖瓣舣瓣膜置换术模型0.868(95%CI,0.827～0.908).Hosmer-Leme-show检验显示,主动脉瓣置换术模型χ~2=1.463,P=0.993,二尖瓣置换术模型χ~2=8.720,P=0.366,主动脉瓣、二尖瓣双瓣膜置换术模型χ~2=8.134,P=0.420,预计病死率与实际观测病死率差异无统计学意义.结论 3个模型能够定定量评估瓣膜置换术病人住院死亡风险.     

Prognostic factors for survival in surgically treated aortic regurgitation

Aortic valve replacement was performed for 'pure' aortic regurgitation on 118 patients in a 5 1/2-year period ending in January 1983. In an analysis of prognostic factors, 12 variables were considered. The long-term survival rate was significantly greater in men than in women. Other significant factors were the relative heart volume, left ventricular systolic pressure and size of the implanted valve. A multivariate analysis with the Cox regression model, using the pool of variables simultaneously, showed primary predictive factors independently affecting survival to be left ventricular systolic pressure and size of the implanted valve. Based on this model, a patient-specific survival forecast was constructed.     

心脏瓣膜置换患者围手术期加速康复外科护理

目的探索加速康复外科护理应用于心脏瓣膜置换患者围手术期的效果。方法将2015年1~12月行低温体外循环下瓣膜置换术患者37例作为对照组,给予常规心外科治疗与护理;2016年1~12月行相同手术的患者39例作为观察组,应用加速康复外科护理进行围手术期管理。结果观察组术后腹胀、切口感染、肺部感染发生率显著低于对照组,术后首次下床时间、ICU观察时间及住院时间显著短于对照组,且住院费用显著少于对照组(P0.05,P0.01);观察组出院时满意度显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论心脏瓣膜置换患者围手术期实施加速康复外科护理,可有效促进患者术后康复,减少术后并发症,缩短患者住院时间,降低住院费用,从而提升患者满意度。     

Operation methods and results in repeated open heart surgery for acquired valvular disease

Fifty-six patients who underwent repeated open heart surgery for acquired valvular disease are presented. Their mean ages were 48 years and mean interval between initial and second operation were 6 years. Preoperative functional status (NYHA) were class II in 11, class III in 40 and class IV in 5. The indications for repeated open heart surgery were mitral re-stenosis in eight, mitral and aortic regurgitation after valvuloplasty in 26, artificial valve failure in 32, perivalvular leakage in 2, left atrial thrombus formation in 1 and aggravation of rheumatic changes of non-operated other valves in 3. Dissection of adhesive tissue around the heart was limited to the aortic root for prevention of cardiac injuries and minimizing bleeding. In all cases, myocardial protection was achieved with intermittent infusion of cold crystalloid cardioplegic solution with topical myocardial cooling during single period of aortic clamping. Adequate left ventricular hypothermic protection was obtained by cold physiological saline that was filled in left pleural cavity. Postoperative low cardiac output syndrome was developed in only 2. Three patients (5.4%) died of left ventricular rupture and of multiple organ failure within thirty days and 4 patients (7.1%) died of prosthetic valve endocarditis, cerebral bleeding and sudden death in late follow-up periods. These results suggested that the operative mortality and morbidity for repeated valve surgery with the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass was not different from that for initial valve surgery. So we believe that repeated open heart surgery for acquired valvular disease should be done prior to deterioration of patient's clinical condition.     

Zur Leitlinie Herzklappenerkrankungen der ESC und EACTS Version 2012

Heart valve disease is the most common disease of the cardiovascular system besides coronary heart disease. Surgical intervention is currently the gold standard therapy and perioperative and long-term results are excellent. An increase in the quality of life can be durably achieved for most patients. New therapies for high-risk patients are available that can be used to treat aortic valve disease without the use of a cardiopulmonary bypass. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) also shows good short-term results but there is lack of comprehensive long-term results. This article summarizes the evidence and recommendations for the treatment of acquired disease of the aortic valve (except endocarditis) and for the choice of prosthesis from the recent guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease that were published for the first time together with the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association of Cardiothoracic Surgery. In a further publication in Zeitschrift für Herz-, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie the evidence and recommendations for the treatment of acquired diseases of mitral and tricuspid valves and recommendations on anticoagulation for patients with prosthetic heart valves will be summarized.     

Treatment for Mechanical Valve Thrombosis in the Right Heart: Combined Pharmacological and Mechanical Thrombolysis

We report clinical results of combined pharmacological and mechanical thrombolysis for mechanical prosthetic valve thrombosis (PVT) in the right heart. Between January 1992 and December 2008, combined thrombolysis, which consisted of an intravenous infusion of urokinase together with mechanical disruption of thrombus in a prosthetic valve by temporarily increasing the cardiac pacing rate, was performed in three patients with four cases of mechanical PVT in the right heart. The prosthetic valve in all three patients was a bileaflet mechanical valve, and was located in the tricuspid position in two patients and in the pulmonary position in the remaining patient. PVT was diagnosed by echocardiography and cineradiography. Thrombolysis was successful in all four cases in the three patients, and no hemorrhagic complications or clinically symptomatic pulmonary embolisms were observed. Mechanical disruption of thrombus using a pacemaker appears to be an effective adjunctive modality to thrombolysis with fibrinolytic agents for PVT in the right heart. Combined pharmacological and mechanical thrombolysis may improve success rates and reduce the time required for thrombolysis of PVT.     

Late outcome of mitral valve surgery for patients with coronary artery disease

BACKGROUND: We plan to determine whether the cause of mitral valve regurgitation, ischemic or degenerative, affects survival after combined mitral valve repair or replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery and to assess the influence of residual mitral regurgitation on late outcome. METHODS: A retrospective study was made of 302 patients having mitral valve repair or replacement and CABG from January 1987 through December 1996. Risk factors for death, for development of New York Heart Association class III or IV congestive heart failure (CHF), and recurrent mitral valve regurgitation were identified by proportional hazards analysis. RESULTS: The cause of mitral regurgitation was ischemic in 137 patients (45%) and degenerative in 165 patients (55%). Valve replacement was performed in 51 patients (17%) and valve repair in 251 patients (83%). Median follow-up was 64 months. Ten-year actuarial survival rates were 33% (95% confidence interval: 22% to 47%) in the ischemic group and 52% (95% confidence interval: 42% to 64%) in the degenerative group. Univariate predictors of death, were entered into a multivariate model. Older age, ejection fraction of 35% or less, three-vessel coronary artery disease, replacement of the mitral valve, and residual mitral regurgitation at dismissal were independent risk factors for death. The cause of mitral valve regurgitation (ischemic or degenerative) was not an independent predictor of long-term survival, class III or IV CHF, or recurrent regurgitation. CONCLUSIONS: Survival after mitral valve surgery and CABG is determined by the extent of coronary disease and ventricular dysfunction and by the success of the valve procedure; etiology of mitral valve regurgitation has relatively little impact on late outcome.     

心脏瓣膜手术后并发透析依赖的急性肾功能衰竭的危险因素

目的 探讨心脏瓣膜手术后并发透析依赖的急性肾功能衰竭(acute renal failure requiringdialysis,ARF-D)的危险因素.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2008年12月心脏瓣膜手术、年龄≥18岁、术前血肌酐＜300 μmol/L的病例资料.术后30天内并发ARF-D者为病例组,共55例.随机抽取同期未并发ARF-D的220例作为对照组.采用单因素分析及多因素Logistic回归探讨并发ARF-D的危险因素.结果 心脏瓣膜术后ARF-D发生率为1.78%,早期病死率65.5%.Logistic回归分析结果显示年龄、二次手术、术前血肌酐、心功能(NYHA)Ⅳ级、术后低心排血量综合征为心脏瓣膜术后并发ARF-D的独立危险因素.病例组与对照组相比,监护室停留时间、术后住院时间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 年龄、二次手术、术前血肌酐、心功能Ⅳ级、术后低心排血量综合征为心脏瓣膜术后并发ARF-D的独立危险因素.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the risk factors for the postoperative acute renal failure requiring dialysis (ARF-D)after heart valve surgery. Methods Adult patients (age≤18 years) underwent valve surgery with preoperative serum creatinine ＜300 μmol/L were included between January 2005 and December 2008. Fifty patients developed ARF-D within 30 days postoperatively (ARF-D group). While random 220 patients had the same operation without ARF-D served as the control group. Univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify risk factors of ARF-D after valve surgery.Results The incidence of ARF-D was 1.78%, and the early mortality rate was 65.5%. Multivariate analysis identified the following independent risk factors of ARF-D: age, previous cardiac surgery, preoperative serum creatinine, NYHA class Ⅳ,and low cardiac output syndrome. ARF-D group had a longer hospital stay and ICU stay than that of the control group ( P ＜0.001 ). Conclusion Conclusion ARF-D had a higher mortality rate and longer hospital stay following heart valve surgery.Age, previous cardiac surgery, preoperative serum creatinine, NYHA class Ⅳ, and low cardiac output syndrome were the independent risk factors of ARF-D after heart valve surgery.     

Permanent cardiac pacing following surgery for acquired valvular disease.

Between January 1980 and January 1998, implantation of a permanent pacemaker (PP) was performed in 22 patients (6.7%) following 327 acquired valvular surgeries. The indications for implantation of a PP were bradycardia with atrial fibrillation in 12 cases, sick sinus syndrome in 7 cases and complete atrioventricular block in 3 cases. These patients received an implantation after surgery for mitral valvular disease in 14 cases, aortic valvular disease in 3 cases and combined valvular disease in 5 cases. These cases were also concomitant with a tricuspid valve annuloplasty in 6 cases for secondary regurgitation and with a maze procedure in 4 cases. For the purpose of this study, these patients were compared to patients who did not require implantation of a PP after surgery. Univariate analysis showed the significant factors to be female gender (p = 0. 041), preoperative atrial fibrillation (p = 0.013), redo cardiac surgery (p < 0.0001), and the use of blood cardioplegia (p = 0.003). There were no differences in valvular disease, age at the last valvular operation, addition of tricuspid valve annuloplasty, extracorporeal circulation times, or aortic cross-clamp times between those patients with and those without PP. Among these factors, logistic regression analysis showed female gender, redo surgery and the use of blood cardioplegia to be more significant predictors for the requirement of PP after acquired valvular disease operation. Maze procedure was not a significant predictor for the requirement of PP after surgery.     

Beginning and development of surgery for acquired valvular heart disease in Japan

The initiation and development of surgery for acquired valvular heart disease in Japan was reviewed. The first series of attempts at closed valvular surgery were performed in 1951–1952 by collaboration between the brothers Tohru and Shigeru Sakakibara in patients with pulmonary or mitral stenosis. During the popularization of closed valvular surgery, open heart surgery under direct vision was successfully performed by Shigeru Sakakibara with cooling of the body in 1954 and by using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in 1956. With the development of CPB and artificial heart valves, closed valvular heart surgery was replaced by open surgery, which expanded rapidly during the 1960s and 1970s. Along with the serial introduction and improvement of mechanical vales thereafter, bioprosthetic valves were also introduced and were adopted for certain patients. Use of bioprosthetic valves in the aortic position exceeded 50% in 2005, along with the increase of elderly patients. Although trials of mitral valve plasty for mitral regurgitation were first done during the 1950s to1960s in Japan, interest in valve plasty only increased during the late 1970s. Considering the patient’s quality of life and the long-term results, mitral valve plasty became the major procedure (exceeding valve replacement) from 2004. In 2002, the Guideline for Surgical and Interventional Treatment of Valvular Heart Disease was published by a joint committee of the relevant academic societies, and it has made an important contribution to improving surgical outcomes.