Bosniak肾囊性病变分类的临床应用价值

目的 探讨Bosniak分类在肾囊性病变中的临床应用价值.方法 收集2002至2007年手术治疗497例肾囊性病变患者资料.男284例,女213例.平均年龄42岁.病变位于左侧212例,右侧265例,双侧20例.病变直径1.8～11.5 cm,平均5.4 cm.按照Bosniak分类,I类囊肿339例、Ⅱ类49例(其中Ⅱ F 23例)、Ⅲ类44例、Ⅳ类65例.行肾囊肿去顶减压术372例,肾部分切除术51例,根治性肾切除术74例.结果 病理报告为肾恶性肿瘤89例(透明细胞癌74例、乳头状癌12例、低分化癌3例),良性病变408例(单纯囊肿382例、囊肿伴出血6例、囊肿伴感染6例、多房囊性肾瘤5例、纤维囊壁组织9例).I类囊肿中恶性病变3例(O.9%)、Ⅱ类中5例[10.2%,其中非ⅡF为7.7%(2/26),ⅡF为13.O%(3/23)3、Ⅲ类中23例(52.3%)、Ⅳ类中58例(89.2%).组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05).403例获随访,随访时间1～5年.75例恶性病变患者中术后1～5年出现肿瘤局部复发和(或)转移9例;328例良性病变中,术后2～5年出现囊肿复发26例.结论 Bosniak分类I类和Ⅱ类肾囊肿一般并不需要积极的外科处理,但ⅡF类囊肿和直径进行性增大以及形态变化明显的囊肿需要引起重视;Ⅲ、Ⅳ类肾囊肿恶变率较高,具备明确手术治疗指征,建议积极处理.     

Simple renal cysts in children

Although renal cysts occur in children less frequently than adults, they are not as rare as once believed. Eight children with simple renal cysts are reviewed. The diagnostic and radiographic studies in each patient showed characteristic findings. A nonoperative diagnosis of simple renal cyst in a child usually can be made with confidence and surgical confirmation is not necessary.     

Benign multilocular cyst or multilocular cystic nephroma in adults: three case reports

Multilocular cystic nephroma is an unusual entity of uncertain etiology that typically arises from the renal parenchyma. We report three such cases in adult females, in their fourth and fifth decades. Since existing imaging modalities cannot definitely exclude the possibility of multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma these patients should undergo surgery.     

Bosniak Ⅱ～Ⅲ类型肾囊肿处理方式的再思考

目的 探讨BosniakⅡ类和Ⅲ类囊肿的治疗原则. 方法 2005-2008年手术治疗BosniakⅡ类和Ⅲ类囊肿68例,其中男48例,女20例;年龄23～ 78岁,平均40岁.病变位于左侧37例,右侧31例;病变直径2.1 ～9.5 cm,平均5.1 cm.BosniakⅡ类囊肿31例,其中ⅡF 13例,Ⅲ类囊肿37例.术前诊断为良性病变49例,行肾囊肿去顶减压术,其中5例术中冰冻切片提示恶性病变行根治性肾切除,4例术后病理切片提示恶性病变行二期根治性肾切除.术前诊断为恶性病变19例,其中行肾部分切除术14例,一期行根治性肾切除5例. 结果 68例患者中,病理报告恶性病变21例(30.9％),良性病变47例(69.1％).BosniakⅡ类囊肿中恶性病变3例(9.7％),Ⅲ类囊肿中恶性病变18例(48.6％).术前诊断为良性病变而病理诊断为恶性病变行根治性肾切除9例(18.4％,9/49),术前诊断为恶性病变而术后病理诊断为良性7例(36.8％,7/19).42例患者获随访,随访时间8 ～ 65个月,平均31个月.其中恶性病变15例,良性病变27例.恶性病变患者术后1～4年出现肿瘤复发和(或)转移3例,良性病变术后2～5年出现复发性囊肿6例. 结论 BosniakⅡ类和Ⅲ类囊肿手术时应尽可能行部分肾切除,也可以将囊肿完全切除后行冰冻切片,因为仅取部分囊壁组织有可能漏诊其他部位的恶性病变.     

Risk factors for intraoperative cyst rupture in partial nephrectomy for cystic renal masses

PurposeTo determine the risk factors of intraoperative cyst rupture in partial nephrectomy (PN) for a cystic renal mass (CRM) and their effect on the prognosis of patients.Materials and methodsPatients who underwent partial nephrectomy for CRMs from January 2009 to January 2015 were included. Uni/multivariate Logistic/Cox analysis and Kaplan–Meier analysis were performed.ResultsA total of 174 patients were included in this study. There were 27 (15.5%) intraoperative cyst ruptures. The median follow-up time was 60 months. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that the E component (P = 0.018) and N component (P = 0.022) of the R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score, Bosniak category III (P = 0.044), and surgeon's experience (P = 0.030) were risk factors associated with intraoperative cyst rupture in PN for CRMs. The 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS), cancer-free survival (CFS) and overall survival (OS) were 92.7%, 90.32% and 94.4%, respectively, in 124 cases of malignant CRM. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that 5-year RFS and 5-year CFS in patients with cyst rupture was worse than those without cyst rupture (P = 0.006 and 0.003, respectively). Multivariate Cox analysis revealed that intraoperative cyst rupture was independent risk factor for 5-year RFS and 5-year CFS (P = 0.039 and 0.013, respectively). However, there was no significant difference in OS between the two groups (P = 0.275).ConclusionsThe prevalence of intraoperative cyst rupture is relatively high. Higher E and N scores, Bosniak category III, and lacking surgical experience (<20 cases) increase the risk of occurrence of intraoperative cyst rupture.     

21例囊性肾癌的诊治和随访结果分析

目的：增加对囊性。肾癌真实发病率和生物学行为的认识，提高术前诊断准确性。方法：回顾性分析1997年5月～2007年5月收治的所有。肾癌中存在囊性成分病例的临床特点、影像学表现、手术治疗方式的选择、病理特点以及随访的情况。结果：以囊性成分所占体积不少于肿瘤总体的75％为入选标准，筛选出21例囊性肾癌（22个病灶，其中病例17为双侧病变），占所有肾癌总数（312例）的6．7％，患者平均年龄为47．3岁（30岁到77岁）．4处病灶行。肾部分切除术（18．2％）．18处病灶行肾癌根治术（81．8％）；按病理分期T1期16例（76．2％），T2期5例（23．8％），T3期1例（4．8％）；按Bosniak分类，Ⅱ类4例（18．2％），Ⅲ类12例（54．5％），IV类6例（27．3％）。术后随访平均39．0个月（2～110个月，中位数33个月），除1例因术后心脏合并症死亡外，余20例（95．2％）均生存，没有肿瘤复发和转移。结论：囊性肾癌是一种少见的临床病理亚型，Bosniak分类能在一定程度上提高术前诊断的准确性，手术切除特别是保留肾单位手术能有效地治疗囊性肾癌，临床预后很好。     

Cystic nephroma and localized renal cystic disease in children: diagnostic clues and management

Background and Purpose

Cystic nephroma (CN) and localized renal cystic disease (LRCD) are rare benign renal entities that can occur in children. A retrospective evaluation of the experience with these conditions was performed to emphasize the importance of differential diagnosis, recognition, and selection of the proper mode of treatment.

Materials and Methods

The medical records of patients treated for CN (n = 4) and LRCD (n = 1) between 1980 and 2007 were retrospectively evaluated. The age, sex, family history of renal cystic disease, presenting symptoms, physical examination findings, diagnostic radiologic imaging used, operative findings, details of the surgical procedure, histopathologic features, and outcomes were evaluated.

Results

There were 4 cases of CN and 1 case of LRCD without a positive family history. The age and sex of patients with CN were two 1-year-old girls and two 1.5-year-old boys. The patient with LRCD was a 4.5-year-old girl. The presenting symptoms were palpable mass in patients with CN and urinary tract infection in the patient with LRCD without impairment of renal function. Intravenous pyelography (n = 2), abdominal ultrasonography (n = 4), and computed tomography (n = 4) were used. All patients underwent an operation. Nephrectomy was performed in all 4 CN cases, and total excision of the cyst was performed in the LRCD case.

Conclusion

Pediatric surgeons should be familiar with the clinical, radiologic, surgical, and histopathologic characteristics of CN and LRCD. The presumptive diagnosis of CN prompts surgical intervention. Enucleation or partial nephrectomy is the treatment of choice in suitable cases. Nephrectomy should be reserved for CN, which totally replaces the parenchyma. Conservative treatment with follow-up imaging may be considered in selected cases of LRCD that have characteristic computed tomographic criteria. Operative intervention is indicated in symptomatic cases and should be limited to simple excision of the cysts.     

Pathological characteristics and radiographic correlates of complex renal cysts

ObjectivesTo characterize pathological and cancer-specific outcomes of surgically resected cystic renal tumors and to identify clinical or radiographic features associated with these outcomes.Methods and materialsAll patients at our institution who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy for complex renal cystic masses between 2004 and 2011 with available computed tomographic imaging were included. The Bosniak score was determined, as were 10 specific radiographic characteristics of renal cysts in patients with preoperative imaging available for review. These characteristics were correlated with cystic mass histopathology. Recurrence-free survival after surgery was determined.ResultsOverall, 133 patients underwent renal surgery for complex cystic lesions, 89 (67%) of whom had malignant lesions. Malignancy risk increased with Bosniak score (P≤0.01) and presence of mural nodules (P = 0.01). Most (63%) malignancies demonstrated clear cell histology. The papillary renal cell carcinomas (25%) exhibited lower enhancement levels (P = 0.04) and were less often septated (P<0.01). Of the malignancies, 79% were low stage (pT1), and 73% were Fuhrman grade 1 or 2. Large cyst size was associated with advanced tumor stage (P = 0.05). Neither Bosniak score nor any other radiographic parameter was associated with Fuhrman grade. In 70 patients with a median follow-up of 43 months, only 1 (1.4%) developed disease recurrence.ConclusionsMost cystic renal malignancies are low-stage, low-grade lesions. Papillary renal cell carcinomas account for nearly a quarter of cystic renal malignancies and have unique radiographic characteristics. Disease recurrence after surgical resection is rare. These findings suggest an indolent behavior for cystic renal tumors, and these lesions may be amenable to active surveillance.     

Acquired renal cystic disease in children and young adults on maintenance dialysis

Acquired renal cystic disease (ARCD) is a well-known complication of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We studied 24 patients, aged 8 – 27 years (mean 19.8±5.3 years), on chronic maintenance dialysis in our service. The duration of dialysis ranged between 13 and 192 months (mean 77.8±44.3 months). High-resolution ultrasonography revealed ARCD in 11 (45.8%) patients. No cysts were seen in 7 (29.1%) patients and solitary cysts in one or both kidneys were seen in 6 (25%) patients. Renal malignancy was diagnosed in 2 patients. One, 15 years old, had renal cell carcinoma after being on dialysis for 6 years. She did well after bilateral nephrectomy, left salpingo-oophorectomy, and regional lymphadenectomy. The second patient, 23 years old, had been on dialysis for 16 years when she developed renal oncocytoma. She died of congestive cardiomyopathy 6 months later. We conclude that ARCD is common in children and young adults with ESRD. Neoplastic transformation, although rare, is a potential complication. Annual follow-up with ultrasonography with selective use of computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging is advised. Received July 29, 1996; received in revised form and accepted November 15, 1996     

腹腔镜与开放保留肾单位手术治疗囊性肾癌的比较

【摘要】目的 评价腹腔镜保留肾单位手术(laparoscopice nephron-sparing surgery,LNSS)与开放保留肾单位手术(open nephron-sparing surgery,ONSS)治疗囊性肾癌的优劣。方法 回顾性分析14例分别行 LNSS 患者(n=6)与行 ONSS 患者(n=8)的临床资料,比较两组患者术中出血量、手术时间、热缺血时间、术后疼痛评分、术后引流管天数、住院天数及术后随访资料并行统计学分析。结果 LNSS 组术中出血量、术后疼痛评分明显小于 ONSS 组,LNSS 组热缺血时间及手术时间长于 ONSS 组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),引流管留置时间及住院天数两者差异无统计学差异。结论 LNSS与ONSS 两种术式在囊性肾癌的治疗中各有优势,LNSS创伤更小,术后恢复更快,但手术要求高。     

On the pathogenesis of simple renal cysts in the adult

Summary The simple cyst in the adult seems to be mainly an acquired disorder. Microdissection of the nephron in the adult kidney points to the presence of diverticula on the distal tubule as the starting point of the affection. A degree of obstruction in the urinary tract together with normal involutional phenomena of the basal membrane, both typical of the aging process, are believed to be precipitating factors.     

Case report: a left upper quadrant complex cystic mass

A 61-year-old woman presented with left upper quadrant/flank pain and increasing abdominal girth. CT scan showed a large complex, multi-cystic lesion in the left abdomen. Laparotomy revealed a large retroperitoneal mass attached to the left kidney. Left nephrectomy was performed and pathology demonstrated a benign cystic nephroma. Surgical oncologists should be aware of this rare renal lesion as the clinical and radiographic presentation may mimic other intra-abdominal cystic lesions.     

Classification Systems in Renal Pathology: Promises and Problems

Kidney diseases are morphologically heterogeneous. Pathologic classifications of renal disease permit standardization of diagnosis and may identify clinical-pathologic subgroups with different outcomes and/or responses to treatment. To date, classifications have been proposed for lupus nephritis, allograft rejection, IgA nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody -related glomerulonephritis, and diabetic glomerulosclerosis. These classifications share several limitations related to lack of specificity, reproducibility, validation, and relevance to clinical practice. They offer a standardized approach to diagnosis, however, which should facilitate communication and clinical research.     

Nephroblastoma and end-stage renal failure with bilateral cystic kidneys

A child of 10 years 5 months presenting with chronic renal failure had bilateral cystic kidneys. Biopsy of a right lower-pole solid mass revealed nephroblastoma. At bilateral nephrectomy, both kidneys were both replaced by variable-sized cysts with a unifocal nephroblastoma on the right. Renal failure with nephroblastoma is uncommon and is usually either a manifestation of the Drash syndrome or a complication of chemotherapy. The need to assess both kidneys in a child with any other renal abnormality in addition to a renal mass should always be considered.     

Retrospective evaluation of ultrasound-indeterminate renal multilocular cystic masses by using neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and computed tomography

Purpose

To evaluate the clinical usefulness of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in differentiating the ultrasound-indeterminate renal multilocular cystic masses (RMCM) in comparison with computed tomography (CT) and whether NLR has additional benefits to CT on sensitivity of detecting the malignant.

多房囊性肾细胞癌影像学特征与病理学关系的研究

目的 探讨多房囊性肾细胞癌(Multilocular Cystic Renal Cell Carcinoma, MCRCC)的影像学特征与病理学特点的关系,提高诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析24例MCRCC患者的临床资料,分析影像学及病理学的特点,探讨两者之间存在的关系.结果 所有患者术前诊断肾癌18例,肾癌坏死3例,肾复杂囊肿3例;行肾部分切除术18例,肾根治性切除术6例,术后病理20例提示MCRCC,4例提示肾透明细胞癌合并MCRCC,术后随访14~120个月,平均36个月,均未见明确的肿瘤复发和转移.结论 MCRCC是一种病因不明、恶性程度低、预后良好的疾患,提高影像学检查技术并结合病理学特点,能有效提高术前确诊率.     

离体肾动脉瘤修补、肾动脉重建和自体肾移植治疗复杂性孤肾肾动脉瘤一例并文献复习

目的探讨离体肾动脉瘤修补、肾动脉重建和自体肾移植技术治疗复杂性孤肾肾动脉瘤的安全性和可行性。方法CT血管造影（CTA）确诊复杂性孤肾肾动脉瘤1例,病变位于肾动脉主干分叉部,累及节段分支动脉,深入肾门内。肾脏暂时性离体后,在低温和肾脏灌注液灌注保护肾脏的前提下,体外进行肾动脉瘤修补和自体大隐静脉肾动脉重建,然后将肾脏异位移植到右侧髂窝。结果手术成功,围手术期无严重并发症发生。术后血肌酐暂时性升高至约200μmol／L,半个月后逐渐恢复正常;术后2周复查CTA示右髂窝移植肾动脉及其分支血流通畅无狭窄,肾静脉回流通畅,输尿管无狭窄。结论该方法治疗复杂性孤肾肾动脉瘤安全可行,并为以后类似的复杂性肾脏疾病的处理提供了可行方法。     

Percutaneous injection sclerotherapy with tetracycline hydrochloride in simple renal cysts

OBJECTIVES: Symptomatic simple renal cysts can be treated by combination of percutaneous aspiration and sclerotherapy. A number of sclerosing agents including glucose, phenol, iophendylate, polidocanol, minocycline and pantopaque have been used in the past to prevent reformation of cyst. In this study, tetracycline HCL solution is evaluated as a sclerosant for treatment of simple renal cysts. METHODS: Our study treated 76 cysts in 70 patients with symptomatic renal cysts. Aspiration and sclerotherapy was performed on 56 cysts, and 20 cysts aspirated without sclerotherapy as a control group. Treatment was performed under local anesthesia and punctured under ultrasound guidances with an 18-gauge needle. Tetracycline HCL (20%) was injected into the cystic cavity according to cyst diameter. All patients were followed up with an ultrasound examination at 3 months, 6 months, and then at yearly intervals. The reduction rate was estimated by a comparison of the volume of the cyst before and after treatment. A cyst reduction of 50% or greater in diamater was considered as a successful treatment. RESULTS: The average follow-up period was 9.8 months in the sclerotherapy group and 9.9 months in the control group. The success rate was 85.7% in the sclerotherapy group. There was a significant difference in the reduction rate of tetracycline HCL sclerotherapy group and control group. No major complications were encountered.     

颈静脉留置针穿刺治疗单纯性肾囊肿的体会

目的探讨颈静脉留置针穿刺治疗单纯性肾囊肿的疗效. 方法回顾分析61例单纯性肾囊肿在超声波定位下使用颈静脉留置针行囊肿穿刺并联合无水乙醇注射治疗的临床资料. 结果一次性治愈52例,复发9例,再次穿刺治愈6例,3例反复复发后改行囊肿去顶术治愈.除3例有一过性淡血尿外,余无并发症. 结论用颈静脉留置针行单纯性肾囊肿穿刺治疗具有微创、安全、有效和经济等优点.     

囊性肾癌诊治体会

目的 提高囊性肾癌的诊治水平. 方法 回顾分析10例囊性肾癌患者术前影像学特点、病理特征和治疗方法.男7例,女3例.年龄38～74岁,平均56岁.患侧腰酸3例,体检偶然发现7例,有肾囊肿病史者2例.囊腔直径3.5～8.2 cm.术前B超检查诊断为肾癌6例,CT诊断为肾癌7例.8例术中行冰冻病理:肾细胞癌6例,未发现恶性倾向2例.10例均行根治性肾切除术. 结果 术后病理诊断:肾透明细胞癌9例,颗粒细胞癌1例.病理学分型:肾癌囊性坏死6例,多房囊性肾癌2例,肾囊肿恶变型2例.8例随访6个月～5年,6例无瘤存活,2例分别于术后13、20个月死于肿瘤转移. 结论 重视囊性肾癌独特的影像学特点、病理学特征,术中行冰冻病理检查,是提高囊性肾癌诊治水平的关键.