腰椎双椎峡部裂并单椎滑脱症的手术治疗

目的:探讨腰椎双椎峡部裂并单椎滑脱症的手术治疗方法.方法:2000年8月～2007年11月收治腰椎双椎峡部裂并单椎滑脱症患者11例,其中L4、L5双侧峡部裂伴L4椎体滑脱4例,伴L5椎体滑脱4例;L3、L4双侧峡部裂伴L3椎体滑脱1例,伴L4椎体滑脱2例.均行后路脊柱矫形固定器椎弓根钉棒系统(3D)复位固定、滑脱椎体全椎板切除减压和植骨融合术,其中滑脱节段行椎体间+横突间+峡部植骨7例,横突间+峡部植骨4例;峡部裂而无滑脱节段均行峡部+横突问植骨.根据侯树勋等的疗效评定标准评价疗效.结果:手术时间180～260min,平均210min:术中出血量600-1200ml,平均800ml.术后无神经根损伤及脑脊液漏等并发症.随访8～30个月,平均18个月,X线片和螺旋CT检查显示滑脱节段完全复位10例,大部分复位1例;已骨性融合10例,融合时间为5～15个月(平均7个月),1例8个月随访时尚未融合,以后失访;内固定无松动及折断.末次随访时疗效评定结果优8例,良2例,可1例.结论:应用后路脊柱矫形固定器椎弓根钉棒系统(3D)治疗腰椎双椎峡部裂并单椎滑脱症具有较好的复位和固定效果,配合滑脱椎体全椎板切除减压和后外侧融合或后外侧+椎间融合可取得较好的疗效.     

椎弓根螺钉内固定结合椎体间植骨术治疗腰椎滑脱症的疗效观察

目的探讨应用后路椎板减压、椎弓根螺钉复位固定、椎体间植骨术治疗峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症的临床效果。方法对43例峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症行后路减压、椎弓根螺钉复位固定结合椎体间植骨术治疗。评价术后滑脱复位和椎间植骨愈合情况。结果随访6～24个月,平均14.6个月。术后6～12个月复查腰椎X线片,4例植骨区仍有透亮影,2例出现滑脱椎体复位丢失。结论椎弓根螺钉复位固定、后路腰椎椎体间植骨融合术治疗峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症疗效满意,植骨愈合率高。     

后路椎体间融合治疗腰椎滑脱症对腰椎生理前凸的影响

目的探讨后路椎弓根螺钉内固定加椎体间BAK融合手术治疗低度(Ⅰ～Ⅱ度)腰椎滑脱症的临床与放射学结果的变化。方法行椎弓根螺钉内固定加椎体间融合器BAK融合者共26例。峡部不连性18例,退变性8例。L4滑脱14例、L5滑脱12例。测量所有患者的术前、术后、最后一次随访的站立位侧位X线片,测量项目包括腰椎曲线指数(irldex of lumbar spinal curvaturc,LCI)、L4、5、L5S1节段前凸角、全腰椎前凸角。结果排除1例未融合数据,术后融合节段的节段前凸角明显改善,且经随访后无明显丢失。术前、术后、随访时全腰椎前凸角与LCI的差别无显著性意义。结论后路椎弓根螺钉内固定加椎体间BAK融合治疗腰椎滑脱症可以有效改善并维持腰椎的正常生理曲线。     

椎弓根螺钉内固定结合椎体问植骨术治疗腰椎滑脱症的疗效观察

目的 探讨应用后路椎板减压、椎弓根螺钉复位固定、椎体间植骨术治疗峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症的临床效果.方法 对43例峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症行后路减压、椎弓根螺钉复位固定结合椎体间植骨术治疗.评价术后滑脱复位和椎问植骨愈合情况.结果 随访6～24个月,平均14.6个月.术后6～12个月复查腰椎X线片,4例植骨区仍有透亮影,2例出现滑脱椎体复位丢失.结论 椎弓根螺钉复位固定、后路腰椎椎体问植骨融合术治疗峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症疗效满意,植骨愈合率高.     

椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗峡部裂伴腰椎骨脱症

目的 探讨峡部裂伴腰椎滑脱症的手术治疗。方法 应用后路短节段椎弓根螺钉固定椎板整体切除减压复位椎管重建360度植骨融合治疗峡部裂伴腰椎骨脱症,分析其临床结果。结果46例患者42例获得随随访随访时间6月至7年,平均3．6年,所有患者均获得融合。2例早期AF螺钉断裂,取出内固定,复位末丢失。1例患者术后四天出现原有症状加重,对症治三周后症状消失。6例患者术后有腰部僵硬感,4例女性患者术后月经期有腰部酸痛感。结论 应用后路短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定椎板整体切队减压复位椎管重建360度植骨融合治疗峡部裂伴腰椎滑脱症可取得良好的临床效果。     

腰椎双节段峡部裂伴滑脱的外科治疗

正腰椎双节段峡部裂伴滑脱指两个腰椎节段出现一侧或两侧椎弓上、下关节突之间的峡部骨质缺损,同时伴有椎体之间的相对滑移。腰椎双节段峡部裂伴滑脱在临床上较少见,Sakai等[1]报道在2000例行腹部和盆腔CT的患者中,多节段峡部裂仅占0.3%。Liu等[2]发现多节段腰椎峡部裂更易发生于男性,且多数腰椎峡部裂发生在L3～L5脊髓水平,常与体育、创伤或沉重的劳动有关;而Zhang等[3]报道两节段腰椎峡部裂并滑脱多发生在L3～L5水平,但更易发生于女性。目前关于腰椎双节段峡部裂伴滑脱报道较少,对不同节段峡部裂伴滑脱的治疗也尚无统一认识,本院自2014年1月～2017年12月共收治腰椎双节段峡部     

不同手术方式治疗腰椎滑脱症的比较

目的：比较采用不同内固定及植骨融合方式治疗腰椎滑脱症的手术疗效及适应证。方法：应用后路椎弓根螺钉复位内固定后．分别采用后外侧植骨融合术、后路椎体间植骨融合术及前路椎体间植骨融合术治疗不同类型及合并症的腰椎滑脱症患者67例，比较不同术式的手术时间与出血量、手术疗效与并发症、滑脱椎体复位率与复位丢失率以及椎间隙高度。结果：后路椎弓根钉固定加椎体间植骨融合术手术时间最长、出血量最多。手术总体优良率为88．71％，三种术式间无差异。所有椎体间植骨组植骨融合良好，椎间隙高度维持良好，滑脱椎体复位无丢失；12例后外侧植骨者平均复位丢失率为11．24％，2例椎弓根螺钉松动，2枚椎弓根螺钉断裂。结论：退变性腰椎滑脱者宜选用后路椎弓根钉固定加后外侧植骨融合术；峡部裂性腰椎滑脱者宜选用后路椎弓根钉固定加椎体间植骨融合术；腰椎滑脱翻修者宜选用后路椎弓根钉固定加前路椎体间植骨融合术     

短节段椎弓根螺钉后路椎间植骨治疗重症峡部裂型腰椎滑脱症

[目的]探讨应用短节段椎弓根螺钉系统内固定并后路椎间植骨融合治疗重症峡部裂型腰椎滑脱症的疗效和手术技巧.[方法]2005年1月～2007年1月,对51例重症峡部裂型腰椎滑脱患者行短节段椎弓根螺钉后路椎间植骨融合术,年龄25～67岁,平均41岁;术前滑脱程度按Meyerding分级标准均大于33%,平均为42%,均有不同程度的神经根受损症状.通过术前、术后脊柱正、侧位X线片和Beaujon functional score(BFS)评分,分析临床疗效,评价治疗效果.[结果]51例患者均获随访,随访时间为2～3年10个月,平均2年8个月.术后平均滑脱复位率92%;椎间隙高度由术前平均4.9 mm恢复至术后的10.3 mm;植骨融合率100%,平均融合时间4个月;BFS评分由术前平均8.1分升至术后2年的17.9分,疗效优良率为91%.随访期间滑脱复位率、椎间隙高度无明显丢失.[结论]短节段椎弓根螺钉系统内固定后路椎间植骨融合术可以用于治疗重症峡部裂型腰椎滑脱症,能保留更多的腰椎运动单元.     

腰椎峡部裂和滑脱症外科治疗的探讨

报告自１９６５～１９９１年９２例有症状的腰椎峡部裂和滑脱的外科治疗。１９６５～１９７１年采用经腹椎体间前植骨融合２２例； １９７１～１９７８年采取腹膜外入路椎间植骨融合或Ｒｏｍｂｏｌｄ法后外侧融合术２０例；１９８７～１９９１年峡部裂处植骨、螺钉和横突钢丝内固定１５例，短节段经椎寻根内固定３５例，其中改良Ｄｉｃｋ法７例．Ｓｔｅｆｆｅｅ槽式钢板２８例，同时行后外侧融合。作者认为，症状性的腰椎峡部裂或轻微滑脱，峡部可直接修整植骨、螺钉和横突钢丝固定。滑脱椎可采用经椎弓根Ｓｔｅｆｆｅｅ槽式钢板螺钉得到完全或部分复位．     

腰椎滑脱症外科治疗策略选择

目的探讨不同类型腰椎滑脱症及合并症的手术治疗方式、疗效及优缺点。方法2000年2月～2004年4月应用后路椎弓根螺钉复位内固定后，分别采用后外侧植骨融合术、后路椎体间植骨融合术及前路椎体问植骨融合术治疗不同类型腰椎滑脱症及合并症的患者78例，比较术后及随访时疗效、滑脱椎体复位率、椎间隙高度恢复率、植骨融合率以及复位丢失率。结果术后28例Ⅰ度滑脱及37例Ⅱ度腰椎滑脱患者获得解剖复位．9例Ⅱ度滑脱及4例Ⅲ度腰椎滑脱患者矫正至Ⅰ度滑脱。随访时总体优良率为89．72％，42例椎体间植骨患者植骨融合良好，滑脱椎体复位无丢失，椎间隙高度维持良好；36例后外侧植骨者有12例复位丢失，2例椎弓根螺钉松动，2枚椎弓根螺钉断裂：结论对小于Ⅱ度退变性腰椎滑脱合并腰椎管狭窄者宜选用后路椎弓根钉复位固定加后外侧植骨融合术；对峡部裂性腰椎滑脱合并腰椎管狭窄者宜选用后路椎弓根钉固定加椎体间植骨融合术；对Ⅱ度以上峡部裂性单纯腰椎滑脱者以及腰椎滑脱翻修者宜选用后路椎弓根钉固定加前路椎体间植骨融合术。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.