颞叶癫痫合并额叶运动症状对癫痫严重程度及预后的影响

目的：颞叶癫痫（TLE）是临床最常见药物难治性癫痫（DRE）。额叶运动症状的出现，提示颞外网络受累，可能是TLE患者预后不佳的重要因素。本研究针对确诊为TLE患者额叶运动症状的出现情况，并通过前瞻性研究分析其对预后预测作用，为临床诊疗决策提供依据。 方法：本研究共前瞻性入组符合国际抗癫痫联盟（ILAE）2017癫痫诊断及分类标准的颞叶癫痫患者151例。所有患者均采集临床发作症状学病史，记录合并额叶运动症状：头眼向对侧偏转、不对称姿势、过度运动的症状学特征，同时进行16小时连续长程视频脑电监测。采用VA-2量表对癫痫严重程度进行评分。对患者进行1年的前瞻性随访，依据ILAE 2010定义对DRE进行诊断。 结果：颞叶癫痫患者合并额叶运动症状（TLE/F+）42例，发生率27.81%。与不合并额叶运动症状的颞叶癫痫患者（TLE/F-）相比，TLE/F+组患者的发作频率（P = 0.002）、VA-2评分更高（P = 0.000），抗癫痫药物使用（TLE/F+ vs. TLE/F-：83.33% vs. 64.22%；P = 0.029）及多药联合率更高（TLE/F+ vs. TLE/F-：38.10% vs. 22.02%；P = 0.036）。多因素分析结果显示：头眼向对侧偏转是发作频率（OR = 8.246，95%CI = 1.977~34.405，P = 0.004）、VA-2评分的共同危险因素，其中头眼向对侧偏转（β = 0.277，P = 0.000）、过度运动（β = 0.343，P = 0.003）与VA评分独立相关。随访1年后TLE/F+组患者（21/42，50.0%）较TLE/F-组患者（16/107，15.0%）诊断难治性癫痫的比例更高（P = 0.000）。 结论：颞叶癫痫患者中约27.81%的合并额叶运动症状，与发作严重程度密切相关。颞叶癫痫患者出现额叶运动症状可能提示了不良的发作预后，应在临床诊疗中早期识别并予以积极干预。     

颞叶癫痫1H-MRS变化分析

目的：探讨颞叶癫痫（TLE）1H-MRS的变化及定侧诊断价值。方法：采用1H-MRS对147例TLE内侧颞叶结构NAA/Cr、NAA/（Cr+Cho）、Cho/Cr、mI/Cr结果进行分析。结果：TLE组患侧NAA较对侧及对照组减低（P<0.05），Cho和mI未见统计学差异；存在侧别优势的TLE组NAA减低以患侧为著，与无侧别优势的TLE组不同；海马硬化组和隐源性TLE组NAA定侧诊断阳性率分别为70.45%和50%，1H-MRS与脑电图（EEG）一致性分别为66％和50%，海马硬化组1H-MRS与EEG在TLE定侧诊断上未见明显差异。结论：NAA可提供与TLE定侧相关信息，未发现Cho、mI对TLE的定侧诊断意义。     

颞叶癫痫内侧颞叶结构体积变化及与临床因素相关性研究

目的：探讨颞叶癫痫（TLE）海马、杏仁核及内嗅皮层体积变化及与临床的相关性。方法：采用MRI对117例TLE患者的海马、杏仁核及内嗅皮层体积进行测量并进行临床相关性研究。结果：有侧别优势的TLE患侧海马体积较对侧小，其中海马硬化组患侧和对侧内嗅皮层体积也存在差异，而杏仁核体积均未见明显差异；海马及杏仁核体积变化与发作频率、起病年龄的早晚、病程长短、高热惊厥之间未见明显相关性，海马硬化组内嗅皮层体积减少程度与复杂部分性发作频率存在相关性。结论：内侧颞叶结构对颞叶癫痫相关的损伤敏感性存在差别。     

颞叶癫痫儿童灰质异常脑区与神经心理学测验的关系及意义

[目的]评估儿童颞叶癫痫（ TLE）临床表现和神经心理学测验成绩与局部脑萎缩的相关性.[方法]症状性TLE患儿14例（海马萎缩所致中颞叶癫痫 9例,颞叶新皮质损伤所致TLE 5例）,健康对照儿童14名;中颞叶癫痫（ MTLE）成人及其对照各9例.所有入组对象进行脑MRI获取T1结构像,用像素为基础的形态测定法分析图像.所有儿童进行综合神经心理学测验.[结果]TLE患儿同侧海马和海马外周区灰质体积显著减小,灰质体积减小与神经心理学测验成绩显著相关（P〈0.05）.单侧海马萎缩的MTLE患儿中,癫痫发作区域同侧的海马灰质体积显著减小,同侧扣带和对侧额中回皮质萎缩,皮质萎缩程度及范围较同类成人患者小.[结论]与成人MTLE患者相似,儿童MTLE与海马和海马外周的细胞减少有关;儿童TLE灰质萎缩的程度和范围较成人患者小,仅限于额叶区;中颞叶和额叶区灰质体积的减小与神经心理学测验成绩显著相关;TLE患儿的认知或行为障碍是神经网络损伤的结果.     

颞叶癫痫患者海马不同节段MR扩散张量成像研究

目的 探讨颞叶癫痫（TLE）患者海马不同节段的扩散张量成像（DTI）参数变化特点，评价DTI在TLE病灶定位诊断中的价值。方法对临床诊断的42例发作间期TLE患者和32例健康志愿者行常规MRI和DTI检查，定量测量海马不同节段的平均扩散系数（DCavg）、部分各向异性（FA）、1-容积比（1-VR）和相对各向异性（RA）值并统计。结果正常人海马不同节段间DTI各参数值均无显著性差异。TLE患者患侧海马头部DCavg高于海马尾部，但不同节段间FA、1VR和RA均无显著性差异；TLE患者健侧海马头部和体部DCavg高于海马尾部，但不同节段间FA、1-VR和RA均无显著性差异。结论TLE患者海马不同节段DTI参数变化程度不同，海马头部改变较尾部更明显。     

左侧颞叶癫痫患者脑皮质计算功能重组的fMRI研究

目的采用任务相关功能性磁共振成像技术（fMRI）观察左侧颞叶癫痫（TLE）患者与健康人完成计算任务时脑区激活差异。 方法选取右利手、左侧TLE患者16例作为TLE组,另选取相匹配健康受试者16例作为对照组。2组受试者均进行简单加法、简单减法及退位减法计算任务,同时进行脑部fMRI检查。采用神经影像学统计参数图（SPM-5）软件进行数据处理和分析,并比较2组间脑区激活差异。 结果计算任务中,TLE组的计算正确率为76.30%,显著低于对照组的96.80%（P<0.05）;而TLE患者组的计算反应时间为（2589±213.20）ms,与对照组的（1765±134.90）ms比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。对照组激活强度高于左侧颞叶癫痫组的脑区有左侧中央旁小叶、左侧中央后回、双侧顶下小叶、左侧角回、双侧缘上回、左侧额中回、左额上回、双侧后扣带回、双侧岛叶、双侧颞上下回、右侧海马、海马旁回、双侧丘脑和小脑。左侧颞叶癫痫组激活强度高于对照组的脑区有双侧顶上小叶、双侧前扣带回和右侧额中下回。 结论左侧TLE患者计算相关的脑功能区具有半球内及半球间重组,额顶叶可在计算功能的代偿中发挥一定的作用;任务相关fMRI技术可为无创评价TLE患者计算认知功能提供重要证据。     

3.0T磁共振波谱对颞叶癫痫的定侧诊断价值

目的：通过对颞叶癫痫的磁共振波谱研究,探讨3.0T超高场强MRS在颞叶癫痫的定侧诊断价值。方法对40例临床诊断颞叶癫痫患者及20例正常志愿者进行研究,所有实验对象行双侧海马的常规MRI和1H-MRS扫描,MR成像序列为轴位SE T1WI、T2WI,对双侧海马体部进行多体素波谱成像,将正常对照组MRS结果作为标准,评价颞叶癫痫患者MRS代谢物比值特点,分析MRS对颞叶癫痫定侧诊断价值。结果常规MRI诊断海马硬化共21例。癫痫组患侧、健侧与对照组间NAA/（Cho＋ Cr）、NAA/ Cho比值差异均有统计学意义（F分别=12.89、15.73,P均＜0.05）。癫痫组患侧与健侧、患侧与对照组NAA/（Cho＋Cr）、NAA/Cho差异均有统计学意义（q分别=7.32、8.47、7.33、8.47,P均＜0.05）;而癫痫组健侧与对照组差异无统计学意义（q分别=1.13、1.13,P均＞0.05）。结论常规MRI检查对颞叶癫痫的定侧具有一定的价值;3.0T超高场强MRS与常规MRI联合应用可以提高颞叶癫痫定侧的准确性。     

颞叶癫痫的1H MRSI和MRI体积测量研究

目的评价质子磁共振波谱成像(1H-MRSI)和MRI体积测量对颞叶癫痫(TLE) 的定侧诊断价值.方法对13例单侧TLE和13例对照者行MRI和1H-MRSI扫描,测量颞叶氮-乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)、肌酸(Cr)、胆碱(Cho)的浓度比率及海马结构体积.结果 TLE组8例海马结构萎缩,患侧海马结构NAA/Cr及NAA/(Cr Cho) 显著小于对侧及对照组(前者F=5.187,P=0.012;后者F=6.731,P=0.004);患侧颞叶外侧皮层的NAA/Cr显著小于对侧(t=-2.82, P=0.015).海马体积测量定侧敏感性为61.5%; 1H-MRSI定侧敏感性为84.6%.结论 1H-MRSI可发现颞叶广泛的代谢异常,增加定侧诊断敏感性.     

发作间期18F-FDG联合13N-NH3·H2O PET脑显像在颞叶内侧癫痫术前定位中的价值

目的：探讨发作间期18F-FDG联合13N-NH3·H2O PET脑显像在颞叶内侧癫痫术前定位中的价值。方法：收集行头部MRI、18F-FDG及13N-NH3·H2O PET/CT检查并经术中深部脑电图（DEEG）及皮层脑电图（ECoG）证实的颞叶内侧癫痫患者17例。所有PET图像采用感兴趣区（ROI）分析,对18F-FDG及13N-NH3·H2O PET显像结果进行比较。结果：18F-FDG PET显像对癫痫灶准确定侧12例（70.6%）,准确定位5例（29.4%）;13N-NH3·H2O PET显像准确定侧9例（52.9%）,准确定位4例（23.5%）。两种显像方法对癫痫灶定侧性能具有中度一致性（Kappa=0.638,P=0.005）,定侧准确性经McNemar检验,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。综合分析两种显像结果对癫痫灶准确定位8例（47.1%）。结论：发作间期18F-FDG PET显像对颞叶内侧癫痫有较高的定侧准确性,13N-NH3·H2O PET显像亦可以有效定侧颞叶癫痫。联合两种显像剂显像,优势互补,定位准确性明显提高,且癫痫灶低代谢、高灌注的表现使诊断特异性增加,更有助于颞叶癫痫灶的准确定位。     

癫痫患者语义加工的功能磁共振成像研究

目的分析颞叶癫痫（TLE）患者语义处理相关功能区的分布。方法左侧TLE患者、右侧TLE患者和健康对照各6例，均为右利手。对所有受试者进行逆序词任务功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）检查，以按键记录受试者反应，使用统计参数图2（SPM2）对fMRI图像进行个体水平的统计分析和组分析。结果右侧TLE患者主要激活左侧的额下回、额中回、颞上回、颞中回以及双侧扣带回、梭状回、基底节区、小脑（右著）等区域，与对照组的差异无显著性意义；左侧TLE患者与对照组相比语言激活区出现不典型化表现，右侧额下回、中央前回和左侧楔叶、楔前叶出现更多激活。结论左侧TLE患者的语义处理相关功能区不典型分布，出现激活区对侧镜像转移。     

Pannexins蛋白在颞叶癫痫患者脑组织中的表达及临床意义

目的:观察颞叶癫痫患者脑组织Pannexins蛋白(Panx1、Panx2)的表达,探索其在颞叶癫痫发病机制中的作用.方法:收集32例颞叶癫痫患者(实验组)和7例无癫痫病史的手术患者(对照组)的颞叶脑组织,采用免疫组化方法研究2组脑组织中的Panx1、Panx2蛋白的表达.结果:实验组与对照组比较,Panx1、Panx...     

儿童颞叶中内侧硬化所致颞叶癫痫的MRI研究

目的 对儿童颢叶癫痫进行前瞻性MRI研究分析。探讨儿童颢叶癫痫的MRI表现特征。方法 对127例临床和脑电图检查诊断为颢叶癫痫的儿童进行MRI多序列成像．分析研究颞叶的形态结构、信号并判断海马有无萎缩性改变。结果 127例颢叶癫痫患儿中，9例(7．1％)海马有萎缩性改变，且在T2加权成像和液体率减恢复(F1AIR)成像上呈高信号。9例中，6例伴有海马受累同侧颞叶信号异常；3例伴有同侧颞叶皮层结构不良；1例伴有同侧颞叶萎缩。结论 颞叶中内侧硬化是儿童颢叶癫痫的一个相对少见原因，受累侧海马MRI表现为萎缩和信号异常，同时常伴海马外颞叶结构受累。     

Voxel-by-voxel comparison of automatically segmented cerebral gray matter--A rater-independent comparison of structural MRI in patients with epilepsy.

Quantitative evaluation of MRI in patients with epilepsy can give more information than qualitative assessment. Previously developed volume-of-interest-based methods identified subtle widespread structural changes in the neocortex beyond the visualized lesions in patients with malformations of cortical development (MCD) and hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and also in MRI-negative patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). This study evaluates a voxel-based automated analysis of structural MRI in epilepsy. After fully automated segmentation of cerebral gray matter from structural T1-weighted, high-resolution MRI scans, we applied the automated and objective technique of statistical parametric mapping (SPM) to the analysis of gray matter of 35 control subjects, 10 patients with partial seizures and MCD, 10 patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and HS, 10 patients with left TLE and normal MR quantitation of the hippocampus, and 20 patients with JME. At a corrected threshold of P < 0.05, significant abnormalities were found in 3/35 controls; in all 10 patients with MCD, 6 of whom had additional lesions beyond the margins of the visualized abnormalities; in 2/10 TLE patients with HS; in 2/10 MRI-negative TLE; and in 4/20 JME patients. Group comparisons between control subjects and HS patients identified the affected left temporal lobe with an increase in gray matter in the posterior temporal lobe, but did not identify hippocampal atrophy. The group of MRI-negative TLE patients showed no abnormalities compared with control subjects. Group comparison between control subjects and JME patients identified a mesial frontal increase in gray matter. The SPM-based voxel-by-voxel comparison of gray matter distribution identified MCD and abnormalities beyond the visualized lesion in individual MCD patients. The method did not reliably identify HS in individual patients or identify abnormalities in individual MRI-negative patients with TLE or JME in a proportion larger than the chance findings in the control group. Using group comparisons, structural abnormalities in the neocortical gray matter of patients with TLE and HS were lateralized to the affected temporal lobe. In patients with JME as a group, an increase in gray matter was localized to the mesial frontal area, corroborating earlier quantitative MRI findings.     

Positron emission tomography and epilepsy.

PURPOSE: This review examines the current role of positron emission tomography (PET) in the investigation and management of patients with epilepsy. PROCEDURES: A literature review utilizing MEDLINE(R) and other sources was undertaken. For the comparison of the accuracy of PET with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for seizure focus localization, only publications since 1994 were examined. Individual patient data was tabulated to provide figures for seizure focus localization rates for different types of focal epilepsy and the prognostic value of PET findings for epilepsy surgery outcome. RESULTS: The majority of PET studies used 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG). The epileptogenic sites typically show reduced FDG uptake (hypometabolism). In patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), unilateral temporal lobe hypometabolism (UTH) corresponding to the seizure focus was seen in 86% of patients. In the same population, MRI demonstrated relevant abnormalities in 76%. UTH contralateral to the seizure focus was rarely seen (3%). Following temporal lobectomy, 86% of patients with ipsilateral UTH had a good outcome. When MRI was normal, UTH predicted a good outcome in 82%. Fifty percent with bitemporal hypometabolism had independent bilateral foci, and in those who proceeded to surgery only 50% had a good result. In extratemporal epilepsy, hypometabolism relevant to the focus was seen in 67% but, as in TLE, it was often more extensive than pathological abnormality. Recently evidence of a role for 11C-Flumazenil has emerged with reduced binding in the primary epileptogenic site. 11C-Flumazenil abnormalities appear more restricted to abnormal cortex and may be a better guide to the extent of resection required for surgical success. CONCLUSIONS: FDG-PET has a key role in the evaluation of patients with intractable partial epilepsy, particularly when surgery is a treatment option. Development and application of more specific biochemical probes may further improve the clinical value of PET for the understanding and treatment of epilepsy.     

颞叶癫痫患者静息态fMRI功能连接强度的研究

目的采用基于全脑体素水平的静息态功能磁共振成像(restingstate functional magnetic resonance imaging,rs-f MRI)功能连接强度(functional connectivity strength,FCS)方法分析颞叶癫痫(temporal lobe epilepsy,TLE)患者脑网络水平改变。材料与方法对30例TLE患者(TLE组)和27名年龄、性别和受教育程度相匹配的健康志愿者(正常对照组)进行rs-f MRI数据采集及行为学测评。对rs-f MRI数据后处理,得到全脑FCS图。两组被试间年龄、受教育年限等各项临床基本资料以及各项神经心理学测评结果的差异采用双样本t检验进行比较,两组间性别的差异采用卡方检验进行比较。采用一般线性模型比较TLE组与正常对照组全脑FCS的差异。采用线性相关分析评价组间差异脑区的FCS值与行为学评分的关系。结果与正常对照组相比,TLE组在左侧颞上回、右侧颞上回、右侧额上回以及右侧额中回等脑区FCS值显著减低(P0.05,错误发现率法校正)。TLE患者贝克抑郁自评量表评分与右侧额上回FCS值呈负相关(r=-0.433,P=0.024);特质焦虑问卷评分与左侧颞上回FCS呈负相关(r=-0.434,P=0.024)。结论本研究发现TLE患者多个脑区的全脑功能连接强度明显降低,有助于进一步揭示颞叶癫痫发病的神经机制。     

Quantitative analysis of temporal lobe white matter T2 relaxation time in temporal lobe epilepsy

The objective of this study was to assess temporal lobe white matter (WM) quantitatively using T2 relaxometry in patients with pharmacologically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). T2 relaxometry was performed using a dual-echo sequence with 23 contiguous oblique coronal slices in 56 consecutive TLE patients and in 30 healthy subjects. Averages of six slices were chosen to calculate T2 relaxation time in the temporal lobe WM (WM-T2) and the hippocampus (Hippo-T2). Twenty-seven patients had unilateral hippocampal atrophy (HA), and twenty-nine patients had normal hippocampal volumes (NV) on volumetric MRI. Mean WM-T2 was increased ipsilateral to the seizure focus in TLE patients with HA and those with NV (P < 0.001). Contralateral mean WM-T2 was increased in left and right TLE with HA (P < 0.001) and in right TLE with NV (P = 0.001). There was a positive correlation between WM-T2 and Hippo-T2. Individual analysis showed a prolongation of WM-T2 in about 70% of TLE patients with HA and NV. In half of the patients, WM-T2 increase was bilateral and symmetric. However, in 33% of patients with NV and bilateral symmetric increase in Hippo-T2, WM-T2 provided a correct lateralization of the seizure focus. Regardless of the pattern of T2 abnormalities, that is, bilateral symmetric or ipsilateral, the majority of patients with HA became seizure-free after surgery, while those with NV did not have a favorable outcome. In patients with NV, WM-T2 measurement may provide additional lateralizing information compared to Hippo-T2.     

Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Clinical Semiology and Neurophysiological Studies

Most partial epilepsy crises originate in the temporal lobe. Two main syndromes have been described in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE): mesial temporal epilepsy and neocortical temporal epilepsy. In recent years, the number and types of drugs used to control the crises have significantly increased, but almost 30% of patients do not have complete control of their epilepsy. In those cases, surgery is an efficient therapeutic option, especially in the case of mesial temporal sclerosis. Before surgery, wide and complex neurophysiological studies are needed to precisely delineate the epileptogenic area. The clinical and neurophysiological aspects of TLE that may be useful for understanding this pathologic entity are reviewed.     

MRI脑灰质形态学分析在双重病理所致颞叶癫痫的应用

目的应用基于体素形态学(VBM)及基于表面形态学(SBM)分析,探讨双重病理所致颞叶癫痫磁共振成像(MRI)脑灰质结构变化。方法收集病理确诊为海马硬化(HS)合并局灶性皮质发育不良(FCD)的双重病理颞叶癫痫患者36例(左侧癫痫组20例、右侧癫痫组16例)及健康对照组30例行MRI T_1WI 3D BRAVO序列扫描,使用SPM及Freesurfer软件分别进行灰质体积及皮层厚度、皮层表面积分析,并采用独立样本t检验获得有统计学差异脑区。结果左、右侧癫痫组与对照组比较,病侧大部分颞叶(含海马)灰质体积减小,左侧癫痫组同侧丘脑及杏仁核灰质体积减小,其差异均有显著统计学意义(FDR校正,P0.001,K≥20体素)。癫痫组均出现部分颞叶及颞叶以外脑区皮层增厚,但左、右侧癫痫组异常脑区存在不同;同时癫痫组病变侧颞叶脑区皮层表面积减小,上述差异均具有统计学意义(未校正,P0.01,顶点数≥100)。结论HS合并FCD致颞叶癫痫病变侧颞叶(含海马)灰质体积广泛缩小为主要形态学特征,皮层表面积减小对病变定侧也有一定作用,单纯通过皮层增厚观察双重病理中FCD存在一定局限性。     

T2 relaxometry can lateralize mesial temporal lobe epilepsy in patients with normal MRI

In unselected patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), approximately 15% do not have detectable hippocampal atrophy on MRI. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether T2 relaxometry can identify hippocampal pathology and lateralize the epileptic focus in patients with intractable TLE, who do not demonstrate hippocampal atrophy on volumetric MRI (MRIV). We selected 14 patients with unilateral TLE who had unilateral atrophy and 11 patients with unilateral TLE who had no evidence of atrophy on MRIV. Images were acquired on a 1.5 T MR scan using a dual echo sequence with 23 contiguous oblique coronal slices in all patients and in 14 healthy subjects. Fitting a single exponential decay equation to the imaging data generated T2 maps. Averages of six slices containing the head, body, and tail of the hippocampus were used to calculate hippocampal T2 relaxation times (HT2). The epileptic focus was defined by history, video-EEG, and surgical response. All TLE patients with hippocampal atrophy and 9/11 (82%) patients with normal MRI had abnormally high HT2 ipsilateral to the epileptic focus. Bilateral abnormal HT2 were found in 6/14 (43%) of patients with unilateral hippocampal atrophy and 2/11 (18%) of patients with normal MRI. However, this increase was always greater ipsilateral to the epileptic focus. Qualitative hippocampal pathology showed gliosis and neuronal loss in 10/14 operated patients with hippocampal atrophy on MRIV and in 5/7 operated patients with normal MRI. In conclusion, hippocampal T2 mapping provides evidence of hippocampal damage in the majority of patients with intractable TLE who have no evidence of atrophy on MRI and can correctly lateralize the epileptic focus in most patients.