胆管端-端吻合治疗腹腔镜下胆囊切除术中 胆道损伤的疗效

目的 评估胆道端-端吻合术与胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术、胆道壁横行修补术治疗胆囊切除术中胆道损伤的临床价值。方法 回顾性分析2000年1月~2013年12月重庆地区3家肝胆外科中心的87例胆囊切除术中胆道损伤的患者。18例行缺损胆道壁横行修补术的设为A组,32例行胆管空肠Roux-en-Y式吻合术的设为B组,37例行胆管端-端吻合治疗的设为C组;记录三组患者年龄、性别、原发疾病（胆囊结石/胆囊息肉）、胆总管直径及手术时机;比较三组手术时长、总住院时间、术后胆道狭窄、胆管炎、出血及胆漏发生情况。结果 C组患者平均手术时间为（119.24±43.61）min,多于A组的（101.23±32.11）min,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;C组患者平均手术时间少于B组[（119.24±43.61）min vs（175.56±41.52）min],差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;三组术后胆管狭窄、胆汁漏情况比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;B组患者术后胆管炎发生率为21.88%,高于C组的2.70%,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;C组患者总住院时间为（11.45±5.32）d,多于A组的（9.52±4.13）d,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;C组总住院时间少于B组[（11.45±5.32）d vs（17.71±5.27）d],差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 胆管损伤采用胆管端-端吻合术手术时间短,患者总住院时间少,术后胆管炎发生率低,不增加术后胆管狭窄及胆汁漏的风险,治疗胆囊切除术中胆道损伤效果较好。     

吲哚菁绿荧光成像技术在胆道外科的应用进展

吲哚菁绿（ICG）荧光成像技术在胆道外科的临床应用逐渐凸显其作用。ICG荧光胆道成像在腹腔镜胆囊切除术、腹腔镜胆总管探查再次手术和肝胆管结石、肝内胆管癌、肝门部胆管癌、胆囊癌等胆道外科疾病行肝切除术,以及淋巴结清扫手术、肝移植术和防治胆管损伤、胆漏等方面均具有积极作用。本文主要阐述ICG荧光成像在上述胆道外科的应用进展。     

Traumatic neuroma of the bile ducts with intrahepatic extension causing obstructive jaundice

Most traumatic neuromas of the biliary tract occur in the cystic duct stump after cholecystectomy and produce no symptoms. The authors report the rare occurrence of traumatic neuroma of the bile ducts that arose from injury to the duct occurring during cholecystectomy. The neuroma blocked the common hepatic duct and extended into the left hepatic duct, causing obstructive jaundice. The pseudotumor was removed from the common hepatic duct, but intrahepatic extension prevented complete removal. The patient remains well ten years after the surgical procedure.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术4420例治疗体会

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）并发症的预防及处理。方法回顾分析2002年2月至2010年10月我院4 420例LC的临床资料,分析手术并发症发生的原因,并发症的预防及治疗措施。结果 4 420例中实施4 332例LC,中转开腹88例,中转率2%;发生术后并发症8例,其中钛夹误夹胆总管2例,迷走胆管漏2例,肝右管损伤1例,胆总管损伤2例,钛夹致胆囊管坏死穿孔1例;全组无手术死亡病例。结论提高手术操作技巧及高度责任感是保障LC手术安全的前提,注重并发症的预防和正确处理是手术成功的关键,适时中转开腹可减少或避免并发症的发生。     

胆道造影检查在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中经胆囊管胆道造影的临床价值。方法通过对58例Lc术中经IOC的病人临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组病例成功55例,占94．83％,失败3例,占5．17％。50例胆总管未发现结石,占90．91％,发现胆总管小结石（0．4cm）5例,占9．09％。其中4例经中转开腹行胆道探查,1例经腹腔镜胆总管切开胆纤镜网篮取石。胆囊管汇入右肝管1例。全组病例无胆道损伤、胆总管结石残留、胆漏、腹腔感染及IOC相关并发症。结论LC术中行IOC操作简单易行,成功率高,显影效果好,能及时发现胆道解剖变异;对基层医院减少胆道阴性探查、术中胆道损伤、术后胆总管结石残留等具有重要的临床应用价值。     

Mirizzi综合征的误诊临床分析

目的 总结临床经验，提高Mirizzi综合征术前诊断率，提高疗效。方法 对1983年至2002年我院收治胆道手术病入中，术前误诊Mirzzi综合征15例，总结相关资料，做进一步总结分析。结果 15例术中诊断证实，手术试采用胆囊切除，胆囊大部切除加胆总管或肝总管探查，胆管修补，及胆肠吻合术。1例出现胆瘘，半月后自愈，1例因合并急性肾功能衰竭。结论 提高对Mirizzi综合征的认识，采用合理的诊断手段，术中精心操作，可减少Mirizzi误诊，提高疗效。     

胆肠吻合术式选择与疗效分析（附426例临床分析）

作者对1992年1月～1998年1月本院为426例阻黄病例所行的胆肠吻合术进行了总结。原发疾病有复杂的肝内胆管结石并高位胆管狭窄236例(56％)、无击切除的壶腹部周围癌98例(23％)、肝门部胆管癌64例(15％)和先天性胆总管囊肿28例(6％)。其治疗目的一类系胆道病变切除、胆道狭窄修复后的胆道重建．另一类是晚期肿瘤的姑息性内日引流。吻合的方式有：126例(29％)肝外胆管空肠吻合；34例(8％)肝门部胆管空肠吻合；其余采用多种路径的肝内胆管空肠吻合：包括肝方叶切除、左或右侧肝内胆管整形、肝门胆昔空肠吻合98例(23％)；左侧肝切除、肝内胆管空肠吻合137例(32％)；右侧肝切除、肝内胆管空肠吻合16例(4％)；肝圆韧带径路左侧肝内肝管空肠吻合34例(8％)；经胆囊床行右侧肝内胆管空肠吻合15例(4％)。术后近期和1-6年的髓访结果表明．不同的阻黄病例选用适当的胆肠吻合术式可达到有效解除黄疸的目的．作者对胆肠吻合术的手术要点、术式选择等进行了讨论。     

Atrophy and ductopenia of the right hepatic lobe in a patient with choledocholithiasis

An extremely rare case of atrophy and extensive ductopenia of the right hepatic lobe is presented. The surgically resected atrophic right lobe (100 g) did not show cholestasis or cirrhosis. The right hepatic bile duct revealed sclerosis with luminal obliteration and marked diminution of its branches. The extrahepatic bile duct contained a single cholesterol stone. The right portal vein branches showed luminal narrowing. Disturbance of biliary drainage following sclerosing cholangitis and impediment of portal venous flow in the right hepatic lobe were considered responsible for atrophy of the lobe. Although choledocholithiasis presumably played an important part in the pathogenesis of the sclerosing cholangitis and ductopenia, the reason for selective involvement of the right biliary tree remains nuclear.     

ATROPHY AND DUCTOPENIA OF THE RIGHT HEPATIC LOBE IN A PATIENT WITH GHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS

An extremely rare case of atrophy and extensive ductopenia of the right hepatic lobe is presented. The surgically resected atrophic right lobe (100 g) did not show cholestasls or cirrhosis. The right hepatic bile duct revealed sclerosis with luminal obliteration and marked diminution of its branches. The extrahepatic bile duct contained a single cholesterol stone. The right portal vein branches showed luminal narrowing. Disturbance of biliary drainage following sclerosing cholangitis and impediment of portal venous flow in the right hepatic lobe were considered responsible for atrophy of the lobe. Although choledocholithiasis presumably played an important part in the pathogenesis of the sclerosing cholangitis and ductopenia, the reason for selective involvement of the right biliary tree remains nuclear.     

Two cases of common bile duct stone after liver transplantation

Biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplants are a continuing cause of morbidity and mortality. Biliary stones and sludge are less well known complications of hepatic transplantation, although they have long been recognized. Recently we experienced two cases of biliary stones developed after liver transplantation. One 32-year-old male, who frequently admitted due to recurrent cholangitis, was treated with percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage and choledochojejunostomy with cholecystectomy. The other 58-year-old male, who had stones in commone bile duct, was treated by endoscopic manipulation. They are in good condition without recurrent bile duct stones or its accompanying complications. Although stones and sludge are relatively infrequent after liver transplantation, surgical or interventional radiologic treatments are usually performed for treatment.     

术中胆道造影对腹腔镜胆囊切除手术效果的影响

目的研究术中胆道造影对腹腔镜胆囊切除手术效果的影响,以防治腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆道损伤。方法临床入选102例行腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者,按照随机数字方法分成2组,每组51例,其中对照组患者在行腹腔镜胆囊切除术中未予以胆道造影,而研究组在行腹腔镜胆囊切除术中予以胆道造影。随访后,统计分析两组患者相关临床资料。结果与对照组相比较,研究组患者的出血量、手术时间、住院天数均显著减少（P〈0.05）。对照组有6例（11.76%）出现结石残余,9例（17.65%）胆管损伤,8例（15.69%）胆总管下端狭窄;研究组有1例（1.96%）出现结石残余,2例（3.92%）胆管损伤,2例（3.92%）胆总管下端狭窄,经统计学分析发现,两组患者在结石残余、胆管损伤、胆总管下端狭窄发生率方面具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论术中胆道造影对腹腔镜胆囊切除手术具有积极的指导意义,建议将其作为腹腔镜胆囊切除手术的常规检查。     

Intrahepatic cholangitis and arteritis after transcatheter arterial embolization in a patient with tumor-like lesion-associated autoimmune hepatitis

Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic liver disease characterized by immune-mediated, progressive hepatocellular damage, although the target autoantigen remains speculative. Intrahepatic biliary lesions are not a feature of this disease. We describe herein a female patient, 57 years, with autoimmune hepatitis who developed hepatic regenerative mass after acute exacerbation of hepatitis. This hepatic regenerative mass was clinically diagnosed as hepatocellular carcinoma and was surgically resected after transcatheter arterial embolization therapy. Widespread nonsuppurative destructive granulomatous cholangitis as well as necrotizing, granulomatous arteritis of the intrahepatic small arteries were found in the surgically resected hepatic regenerative mass. The bile duct lesions were histologically and immunohistochemically very similar to the granulomatous cholangitis of primary biliary cirrhosis. We would like to propose that these unusual lesions in the intrahepatic bile ducts and intrahepatic arteries represent a reaction of this patient to an anti-cancer drug included in chemoembolization. No such cases have been reported so far.     

Anatomical assessment of bile ducts of Luschka in human fetuses

Bile ducts of Luschka (also called subvesical or supravesicular ducts) can cause bile leakage during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, especially if surgery is carried out in ignorance of such variations. The aim of this study was to clarify the clinical anatomy of these ducts in human fetuses and frequency of the ducts locating near gallbladder fossa. Thirty-two fetal cadaver livers were dissected and the gallbladders were separated from the livers and ducts were investigated under a surgical microscope. All observed ducts were examined microscopically and connective tissue cords were excluded. Bile ducts of Luschka locating near cystic fossa were found in 7 of 32 fetuses (21.9%). Three of the seven ducts ran towards to liver segment 5 (S5); three ducts were found in the gallbladder fossa; and one duct ran towards to liver segment 4 (S4). Also it was found that three of the seven ducts drained into the subsegmental duct of S5, two ducts drained into the right hepatic duct, one duct drained into the right anterior branch bile duct, and one duct drained into the subsegmental duct of S4. Subvesical ducts running along the gallbladder fossa between the gallbladder and the liver parenchyma were found in a relatively high incidence in fetuses than adults. Awareness and knowledge about incidence of such ducts alerts the surgeon during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Therefore morbidity due to bile leaks can be reduced.     

Recurrent cholangitis in the tropics: worm or cast?

The development of biliary casts is very rare, especially in non-liver transplant patients. The etiology of these casts is uncertain but several factors have been proposed which lead to bile stasis and/or gallbladder hypo-contractility and promote cast formation. Here, we report a 54-year-old male, with diabetes and ischemic heart disease, who presented with recurrent attacks of cholangitis. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography revealed linear T1 hyperintense and T2 hypointense filling defects in the right and left hepatic ducts extending into the common hepatic duct, and a calculus in the lower common bile duct, raising a suspicion of worm in the biliary tree. In view of failed attempts at extraction on endoscopy, patient underwent surgery. At exploration, biliary casts and stones were extracted from the proximal and the second order bile ducts, with the help of intraoperative choledochoscopy and a bilio-enteric anastomosis was accomplished. Although endoscopic retrieval of the biliary cast can be employed as first-line management, surgery should be considered in case it fails.     

Right hepatic artery traveling anteriorly to the common bile duct

The topographic relationship between arteries and hepatobiliary ducts can be crucial during cholecystectomy. We observed the right hepatic artery traveling a rare route in a 91-year-old male. The common hepatic artery gave off the left hepatic, the right gastric, the gastroduodenal, and the right hepatic arteries consecutively without forming the proper hepatic artery. The right hepatic artery crossed the common bile duct anteriorly, ascended on the right side of the duct, passed the cystic duct posteriorly, and entered the right lobe of the liver. The so-called 9 o’clock artery running on the right side of the common hepatic and common biliary is reasonably speculated to be the aberrant right hepatic artery as presently shown. Developmental and clinical issues are discussed.     

肝外胆道的临床应用解剖学观测

目的观测肝外胆道解剖结构，为临床肝外胆道手术提供形态学依据。方法解剖30具甲醛固定的成人尸体．观察肝外胆道的形态，测量肝外胆道的外径、长度及各管道之间的夹角。结果肝左管细、直、略短，与肝总管延长线夹角较小；肝右管粗、斜、略长，与肝总管延长线夹角较大；肝左、右管汇合点距肝门较近；副肝管出现率高，胆囊下肝管较少见；胆囊管、肝总管汇合方式多为角形或平行型。在横断面上，胆囊纵轴与过脊柱椎体中心的水平线夹角约为45°。结论肝外胆道变异较多，手术者只有熟悉掌握肝外胆道手术正常解剖结构并了解可能出现的变异，才能减少术中胆道损伤。     

Primary follicular lymphoma of the extrahepatic bile duct mimicking a hilar cholangiocarcinoma: case report and review of the literature

We report a case of a 53-year-old Asian woman who presented with abdominal pain, bloating, dysphagia, and signs of incomplete biliary obstruction, having elevated liver function tests but without increased bilirubin. Imaging studies revealed a mass measuring 6.0 × 8.0 cm at the porta hepatis extending to the right lobe of the liver and obstructing the common hepatic duct, causing mild to moderate intrahepatic biliary dilation and variable occlusion of the right portal vein. At laparotomy, an infiltrative neoplasm was noted at the hilum that involved the common bile duct, right and left hepatic ducts, and the right lobe of the liver. Extended right hepatectomy and resection of the extrahepatic bile duct and right portal vein was performed. Histologic examination revealed a high grade follicular lymphoma (grade 3A) with a predominantly follicular pattern of growth. Portal lymph nodes and a staging bone marrow biopsy showed no evidence of lymphoma. The patient subsequently received chemotherapy. Postoperative follow-up of more than 4 years has been uneventful, without disease recurrence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the third report of a primary extranodal follicular lymphoma of the extrahepatic biliary system.     

Marked diffuse dilations of the biliary tree associated with intrahepatic calculi,biliary sludges and a mucinous cyst of the pancreatic head in a 99-year-old woman

A 99-year-old woman was admitted to Shizuoka Shimizu Municipal Hospital because of fever and anasarca. Imaging and laboratory tests showed pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and cardiac failure. The patient died 20 days after admission. An autopsy revealed marked diffuse dilations of the biliary tree ranging from the lower common bile duct to intrahepatic bile ducts. Intrahepatic calcium bilirubinate stones and biliary sludges were recognized within the dilated bile ducts. A unilocular cyst (2 cm in diameter) was present in the pancreatic head adjacent to the lower common bile duct, and it appeared to compress the common bile duct. Histologically, the walls of the dilated biliary tree showed proliferation of peribiliary glands, fibrosis, and infiltration of lymphocytes and neutrophils (cholangitis). The lumens of the dilated biliary ducts contained neutral and acidic mucins, fibrinous materials, bacteria, neutrophils, and Aspergillus fungi, in addition to the calculi and sludges. The background liver showed atrophy (400 g). The pancreatic unilocular cyst was composed of mucous columnar cells with a few infoldings, and the pancreas also showed foci of mucinous duct hyperplasia and ectasia; the pathological diagnosis of the cyst was cystic dilations of a pancreatic duct branch (mucinous ductal ectasia or mucinous cyst). Other lesions included aspiration pneumonia, emaciation, atrophy of systemic organs, gastric leiomyoma, serous cystadenoma of the right ovary, and arteriosclerotic nephrosclerosis. The present case suggests that a mucinous cyst of the pancreas may compress the biliary tree and lead to marked diffuse dilations of the biliary tree. Alternatively, the dilations of the bile ducts may be associated with aging or may be of congenital origin. The dilated bile ducts may, in turn, give rise to bacterial and fungal cholangitis and formation of biliary sludges and intrahepatic calcium bilirubinate stones.     

常规器械经脐单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床应用

目的:探讨常规腹腔镜器械经脐单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术的安全性及临床效果.方法:回顾分析我院2010年11月~2011年8月间开展腹腔镜胆囊切除术213例患者的临床资料,将其中使用常规腹腔镜器械经脐单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术的61例患者作为 A组,使用传统腹腔镜胆囊切除术的152例作为 B组,对比两组手术时间、术中出血量、手术并发症、术后疼痛程度、术后进食时间、下床活动时间、住院时间及住院总费用等指标.结果:两组均痊愈出院,无出血、胆漏、胆管损伤等并发症发生.术中出血量及并发症,术后进食时间,下床活动时间两组无差异(P>0.05);但 A组术后疼痛较轻,住院时间及住院总费用低于 B组(P<0.05).结论:只要适应证选择恰当,使用常规腹腔镜器械经脐单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术与传统腹腔镜胆囊切除术一样安全可行,美容效果及病人的心理满意度较好.     

液电碎石、扩张导管、支架技术在腹腔镜胆总管探查术中的应用

目的 探讨液电碎石、扩张导管、支架技术在腹腔镜胆总管探查术中的应用价值。方法 在腹腔镜胆总管探查术中，采用液电碎石技术处理梗阻性或嵌顿性结石，扩张导管技术对胆总管下端狭窄或结石梗阻部位施行扩张术，支架技术对胆总管下端梗阻为主的良恶性狭窄施行支撑内引流术或联合T管外引流术。结果 液电碎石技术处理梗阻性或嵌顿性结石27例均获成功，无并发症。扩张导管技术扩张膜状狭窄43例均获成功，处理胆总管下端结石梗阻16例成功13例，胆漏2例经术中常规放置的腹腔引流管引流自愈，残石3例经术中放置的T管引流术后2个月胆管镜取出，无中转开腹、肠穿孔、胆管穿孔、胆管大出血、胰腺炎，无死亡。支架技术治疗56例病人中49例手术获成功(无胆漏，支架位置正确、引流通畅、黄疸减轻或消退)，1例中转开腹，2例胆漏，1例残石，2例支架位置错误，1例死亡。结论 只要选择合适的病例，液电碎石、扩张导管、支架技术在腹腔镜胆总管探查术中的应用均有效、安全、简便、可行。