预防病态窦房结综合征心房颤动的心脏起搏模式探讨

目的 :观察何种心脏起搏模式能有效预防病态窦房结 (病窦 )综合征心房颤动 (房颤 )的发作。方法 :对 4 5例安置心房按需起搏器 (AAI)及房室顺序起搏器 (DDD)的病窦综合征房颤患者进行了平均 3.3年的随访观察。结果 :4 5例病窦患者仅 1例出现房颤 (2 .2 % )。对 5个典型病例进行分析的结果提示 ,超速持续心房起搏可以抑制病窦患者房颤的发生。结论 :心脏起搏抑制房颤发生的机制可能与快频率起搏加速心房内传导、抑制了房性期前收缩、消除了窦性心动过缓和心脏长 短间歇有关。双心房或AA起搏方式可能是一种比较理想的预防房颤的方法     

病窦综合征患者心房起搏的随访结果

<正> 病窦综合征患者既可以选择心房起搏方式(AAI),也可以选择心室起搏方式(VVI),或双腔起搏(DDD).但DDD起搏费用偏高,而使部分病人难以接受,VVI起搏方式存在室房分离,因而难以保持心房收缩时对心室充盈的辅助泵作用,起搏器综合征,心房颤动,心力衰竭,血栓栓塞等并发症均较高,而且不能改善生存率.AAI起搏保持了房室顺序及心室同步功能,具有良好的血流动力学效应.是近年来病窦综合征患者主要的起搏方式之一.本文对45例心房起搏患者进行了随访,现报告如下.     

生理性与非生理性起搏对术后房性心律失常的影响

探讨病窦综合征 (SSS)、房室阻滞 (AVB)患者安置生理性起搏器 (AAI/DDD)与非生理性起搏器 (VVI)对术后房性心律失常的影响 ,分别对 4 6例AAI/DDD与 6 1例VVI起搏患者进行术前及术后近 1年的心电图、动态心电图、心脏超声心动图检查随访。结果 :AAI/DDD组房性心律失常的发生率由术前的 5 0 %降至术后的 32 % ,VVI组发生率由术前的 4 4 .2 %上升至术后的 6 5 .5 % ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。AAI/DDD组术后左室射血分数和心输出量改善 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,房室大小无明显变化 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;VVI组术后左室射血分数和心输出血下降 ,心房、心室扩大 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :生理性起搏优于非生理起搏 ,前者有利于消除心律失常、改善心功能。     

长期心脏起搏对心房颤动发生率及其危险因素的临床研究

目的　观察长期心脏起搏心房颤动 (房颤 )的发生率及其影响因素 ,为选择起搏器种类和起搏方式提供理论和实践依据。方法　选择国内较大的三家医院安装人工心脏起搏器的患者进行了随访 ,回顾性分析房颤的发生情况 ,并且分析影响房颤的各种危险因素。结果　患者 30 6例 ,心房起搏占 2 1 9% ,心室起搏为 78 1%。平均随访 (5 11± 3 13)年 ,76例出现房颤。其中心房起搏和单纯心室起搏的患者房颤发生率分别为 5 97%和 30 12 % (P <0 0 1)。心室起搏组患者出现房颤 4年为33 % ,5年为 41% ,6年为 5 2 %。多元Logistic逐步回归分析表明 ,年龄和起搏方式是心脏长期起搏房颤独立预测因素 ,其相对危险度 (95 %可信限 )分别为 6 79和 6 94。结论　心室起搏与心房起搏比较 ,房颤的发生率高 ,并且随着起搏年限的增加而上升 ,患者有起搏适应证时应该尽量选择以心房为基础的起搏方式。除了起搏器类型可以影响房颤外 ,患者年龄也是一种与起搏器相关的主要因素 ,年龄越大 ,发生率越高。     

心房起搏治疗阵发性心房颤动的临床观察

近年来大量资料证实心房起搏有明显的抗房性心律失常作用 ,本研究对一组接受心房起搏治疗的缓慢型心律失常合并阵发性心房颤动 (房颤 )患者进行了回顾性分析。1.资料与方法 :选择 1993年 2月～ 2 0 0 0年 7月 ,对合并有阵发性房颤患者 38例植入永久性心房起搏装置 ,年龄 38～ 78(6 0± 17)岁。其中 33例为病窦综合征 (病窦 ) ,5例为高度房室传导阻滞。阵发性房颤指术前记录至少 1次房颤发作者。 5例病窦合并阵发性房颤患者 ,由于经济原因 ,行单纯右心房起搏 (ＡＡＩ) ;3例合并房间传导阻滞的患者 ,选择ＤＤＤ起搏器 ,行双心房 右心室三腔起…     

最小化心室起搏减少病态窦房结综合征患者心房颤动的发生

目的 探讨最小化心室起搏对病态窦房结综合征(病窦综合征)患者心房颤动(房颤)发生的影响.方法 入选2003年4月至2008年4月因病窦综合征植入DDD起搏器的患者112例,随机、单盲分为最小化心室起搏组56例(A组),和传统双心腔起搏组56例(B组),分别于3、6个月进行随访,以后每年1次,每次随访内容包括病史询问、起搏器程控、超声心动图.主要观察指标为房颤发生率,次要观察指标为超声心动图(包括左心房内径、左心室舒张末内径和左心室射血分数)和因心力衰竭再入院情况.结果 平均随访时间为(33.7±17.1)个月,与B组相比,A组的心室起搏平均比例显著减少(10.1%vs92.3%,P＜0.001),但两组的心房起搏平均比例相近(73.6%vs72.8%,P=0.98).B组累计房颤发生率明显低于A组(RR=0.65,95%可信区间0.59～0.93,P=0.015).与植入前相比,A组各阶段超声心动图变化差异无统计学意义;而B组左心房内径逐渐增大.术后2年起,B组左心房内径与植入前相比,或与同期的A组相比,差异有统计学意义.结论 右心室心尖部起搏使病窦综合征患者房颤发生率增加,左心房内径增大.因此,对房室传导正常的病窦综合征患者,建议最小化心室起搏,鼓励心室自身传导.     

心房感知起搏器的临床应用探讨

目的探讨心房感知起搏器(AAI)的临床应用状况和对病态窦房结综合征(SSS)患者预后的影响. 方法回顾性调查1998-2002年在长征医院进行起搏治疗的175例SSS患者的病例资料.将其中132例患者分成AAI、双腔感知起搏器(DDD)、心室感知起搏器(VVI)三组,定期门诊随访,观察房颤、中风、心力衰竭、起搏器综合征、手术并发症、起搏电极脱位、生活质量改善以及Ⅱ度以上房室传导阻滞(AVB)发生率等临床情况. 结果175例SSS患者中共有AAI适应证42%(73例),但仅有13%(22例)置入AAI起搏器.AAI组的房颤、中风、心力衰竭发生率显著低于VVI组.AAI组中未发现新发生的AVB. 结论AAI起搏较其他起搏方式更有利于SSS的预后.应该注意纠正临床上AAI起搏器应用率偏低的不合理情况.     

房室顺序起搏与心室按需起搏模式下多普勒血流频谱的改变

本文应用多普勒超声心动图观察房室顺序起搏 (DVI)与心室按需起搏 (VVI)模式下患者的多普勒血流频谱改变 ,同时测定血浆心房肽 (ANP)变化 ,探讨其临床意义。1　资料与方法1.1　观察对象安置埋藏双腔 (DDD)型起搏器患者 15例 ,男 10例 ,女 5例 ,年龄 6 6 .4± 13.5岁。自主心房率 6 9± 11次 /m in,心室起搏频率 70次 /min。为高血压性心脏病、冠心病伴有高度以上房室传导阻滞 (6例 )或病窦综合征 (9例 )在我院安置永久起搏器或起搏器随诊患者。除外瓣膜性心脏病及严重心功能不全。1.2　仪器及检查内容HP SONOS10 0 0彩色多普勒超声…     

心房感知起搏器的临床应用探讨

目的：探讨心房感知起搏器(AAI)的临床应用状况和对病态窦房结综合征(SSS)患者预后的影响。方法：回顾性调查1998-2002年在长征医院进行起搏治疗的175例SSS患者的病例资料。将其中132例患者分成AAI、双腔感知起搏器(DDD)、心室感知起搏器(VVI)三组，定期门诊随访，观察房颤、中风、心力衰竭、起搏器综合征、手术并发症、起搏电极脱位、生活质量改善以及Ⅱ度以上房室传导阻滞(AVB)发生率等临床情况。结果：175例SSS患者中共有AAI适应证42％(73例)，但仅有13％(22例)置入AAI起搏器。AAI组的房颤、中风、心力衰竭发生率显著低于VVI组。AAI组中未发现新发生的AVB。结论：AAI起搏较其他起搏方式更有利于SSS的预后。应该注意纠正临床上AAI起搏器应用率偏低的不合理情况。     

VVI和AAI起搏治疗病窦综合征的远期随访

目的　了解并比较VVI、AAI起搏治疗病窦综合征 (病窦 )的远期效果。方法　分别对87例、62例病窦患者的VVI、AAI起搏治疗进行临床、心电图、2 4小时动态心电图的定期随访 ,随访时间分别为 (60± 3 8)个月和 (3 6± 1 4 )个月。结果　心房颤动的发生率VVI组 (3 4 5 % )明显较AAI组(3 0 % )高 (P <0 0 1) ;血栓栓塞发生率 :VVI组为 10 4 % ,AAI组为 0 ,两组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1) ;心胸比值 :VVI组从术前 0 5 2± 0 0 9增大到术后 0 62± 0 13 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而AAI组无变化 ;VVI组 8例 (9 2 % )发生了心源性死亡 ,而AAI组无 1例发生 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　AAI起搏远期随访心房颤动、血栓栓塞、心原性死亡等的发生率明显较VVI起搏低。对病窦患者的预后 ,AAI起搏明显优于VVI起搏。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.