后肾间质肿瘤的病理观察

目的观察后肾间质肿瘤的临床病理表现,探讨其有病理诊断价值的组织学特征。方法对2例后肾间质肿瘤进行HE染色及免疫组织化学染色（EnVision法）,并进行观察。结果后肾间质肿瘤为单侧性肾占位,肿瘤位于肾髓质,边界清,呈“扇贝形”与相邻肾组织连接。镜下主要表现为：肿瘤内可见单个的肾小球和肾小管,梭形或星形肿瘤细胞呈“葱皮样”围绕肾小管和肾血管排列,细胞分布不均匀,在低倍镜下形成“结节样”图像;大部分肿瘤中内陷的小血管壁发育不良。肿瘤细胞CD34阳性表达。结论近肾小管区细胞和血管组成的“结节样”图像和CD34阳性是具有诊断和鉴别诊断价值的组织学特征。     

14例小汗腺汗孔瘤的临床病理分析

目的：分析小汗腺汗孔瘤的临床病理表现。方法：对１４例小汗腺汗孔瘤进行光镜观察，并对部分病例作免疫组化染色。结果：发现汗孔瘤是一种特异性的肿瘤类型：（１）肿瘤发生于表皮，部分累及真皮。（２）肿瘤细胞和周围棘细胞境界较清楚。（３）肿瘤细胞巢内可见有护膜内衬的小孔、小管状结构。（４）肿瘤以宽带方式向下延伸。（５）宽带之间的间质水肿、疏松。（６）部分肿瘤延伸达真皮深层者，下方形成有少许透明细胞成分的结节。（７）瘤细胞较棘细胞小，镶嵌排列，部分有细胞间桥。结论：汗孔瘤内有透明细胞成分的小结节为小汗腺汗孔瘤的一种亚型，即真皮内导管瘤。     

恶性颗粒细胞瘤临床病理、免疫组化和超微结构观察

目的：探讨恶性颗粒细胞瘤的病理学诊断和鉴别诊断要点及组织学起源。方法：对３例恶性颗粒细胞瘤进行临床病理、免疫组化及超微结构观察研究。结果：男性２例，女性１例，平均年龄为４９岁。部位分别为颈部１例，右大腿２例。其中２例分别于术后２年半及７年复发，并伴有区域淋巴结转移。组织学上３例与良性颗粒细胞瘤十分相似，局部区域出现梭形瘤细胞，空泡状核及明显的核仁，其中１例在肿瘤的周边部可见到瘤细胞与外周神经束支之间有直接移行关系。免疫酶标结果显示瘤细胞强阳性表达Ｓ－１００蛋白和神经特异性烯醇化酶（ＮＳＥ），１例电镜检测显示胞浆内充满膜包被复合性溶酶体。结论：对临床明显恶性而组织学上却极似良性的恶性颗粒细胞瘤，以下几点能提示恶性诊断：（１）肿瘤超过４ｃｍ；（２）核分裂象超过２个／１０ＨＰＦ；（３）核呈空泡状并有明显的核仁；（４）出现梭形瘤细胞；（５）有肿瘤性坏死。此外，免疫组化标记及超微结构观察有助于鉴别诊断及揭示组织学起源。     

伴淋巴间质的微结节型胸腺肿瘤5例临床病理特征

目的探讨伴淋巴间质的微结节型胸腺肿瘤(micronodular thymic neoplasm with lymphoid stroma, MTN)的临床病理特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析5例MTN的临床特点、组织学形态及免疫表型,并复习相关文献。结果 5例患者中2例为伴淋巴间质的微结节型胸腺癌(micronodular thymic carcinoma with lymphoid hyperplasia, MNC),3例为伴淋巴间质的微结节型胸腺瘤(micronodular thymoma with lymphoid stroma, MNT)。患者年龄49～68岁,平均60岁。肿瘤均位于前纵隔,肿瘤最大直径0.5～6 cm, 5例患者临床主诉症状不一,胸部CT偶然发现。镜下肿瘤与周围组织均界限清楚,1例为囊性,4例为实性。肿瘤上皮均呈结节状,实性巢状、梁状细胞岛被丰富的淋巴间质分隔,细胞岛内无淋巴细胞或仅有散在个别淋巴细胞浸润。上皮细胞呈不同程度的非典型性,呈短梭形、卵圆形～上皮样,胞质嗜酸,细胞核卵圆形或长梭形,核分裂象不等。5例肿瘤组织内均未见坏死。免疫表型:肿瘤细胞CK19、p63弥漫阳性,其中2例MNC上皮细胞CD5、CD117弥漫阳性,间质淋巴细胞CD20、CD3阳性,个别TDT阳性淋巴细胞散在分布于肿瘤细胞及淋巴间质中。Ki-67增殖指数为1%～15%;EBER原位杂交检测结果均为阴性。结论 MTN包括MNC和MNT,好发于前纵隔,大部分患者预后较好。     

伴淋巴样间质的微结节型胸腺肿瘤17例临床病理与形态学分化谱系分析

目的 探讨伴淋巴样间质的微结节型胸腺肿瘤(micronodular thymic neoplasms with lymphoid stroma, MNN)的临床病理学及免疫表型特征、形态学分化谱系。方法 收集17例MNN的临床病理资料,采用免疫组化SP法进行检测,并复习相关文献。结果 17例MNN中男性10例,女性7例,男女比为1.4∶1,年龄5～73岁,中位年龄55岁。肿瘤最大径1.4～6.0 cm,平均3.7 cm。Masaoka分期：Ⅰ期9例,Ⅱ期8例;TNM分级：17例均为Ⅰ期。随访时间2～97个月,平均随访50个月,所有患者均无复发。镜检：肿瘤呈结节状,间质大量淋巴细胞浸润伴淋巴滤泡形成。其中11例肿瘤结节细胞巢规则,瘤细胞形态温和。4例见肿瘤结节细胞巢不规则,细胞巢呈舌状及出芽式浸润淋巴样间质,瘤细胞多角形,伴轻～中度异型性。2例见肿瘤结节融合呈巢片状,部分呈条索状及岛状,可见粉刺样坏死,瘤细胞上皮样,核空泡状,见明显大核仁,间质见宽大的胶原纤维。11例为伴淋巴样间质的微结节型胸腺瘤(micronodular thymic thymomas with lymphoid st...     

巨细胞纤维母细胞瘤的临床与病理学观察

目的：研究巨细胞纤维母细胞瘤的临床病理学特点和免疫组织化学表型,探讨其鉴别诊断及组织学起源。方法：采用光镜观察结合免疫组织化学LSAB法标记对7例巨细胞纤维母细胞瘤进行分析。结果：7例患者中6例为儿童,1例为35岁成年人。男性5例,女性2例。临床上主要表现为躯干和四肢皮下缓慢增大的无痛性结节,平均直径2．9cm。镜下显示,肿瘤境界不清,主要位于真皮层。瘤细胞主要由轻至中度异型的梭形细胞组成,多呈疏松的束状或波浪状排列,间质呈纤维黏液样,部分区域呈致密胶原化。本病的特征性形态表现肿瘤内含有一些不规则分布的裂隙样或扩张窦样的假脉管性腔隙,其腔隙面内衬一层不连续的梭形细胞和核深染多核巨细胞,两种细胞在形态上有移行。免疫组织化学标记显示梭形细胞和多核巨细胞均表达波形蛋白和CD34.5 附有随访资料,其中2例术后复发。结论：（1）巨细胞纤维母细胞瘤是一种好发于儿童的中间性纤维母细胞性肿瘤,较易局部复发,掌握其独特的临床病理学特征对避免误诊为一些具有相似形态的病变具有重要意义;（2）巨细胞纤维母细胞瘤与好发于成人的隆突性皮纤维肉瘤的在临床表现、免疫组织化学、细胞及分子遗传学上均极为相似,在组织上也可共存,提示两者在组织学发生了关系密切,可能同属CD34阳性树突状纤维母细胞肿瘤一族。     

乳腺癌转铁蛋白受体与间质单个核细胞亚群的关系

应用单克隆抗体免疫组化染对５０例乳腺癌冰冻组织进行转铁蛋白受体与间质个核细胞亚群的关系进行观察，结果显示：（１）乳腺癌间质浸润的ＭＮＣ各亚群Ｔ细胞最多；（２）ＴｒｆＲ阳性组，导管浸润癌或组织学Ⅰ－Ⅱ级乳腺癌间质ＭＮＣ较单纯癌，不典型髓样癌或组织学Ⅲ级为多，而在ＴｒｆＲ阴性组，组织学Ⅱ级乳腺癌的Ｔ细胞，巨噬细胞及ＮＫ细胞数多于组织学Ⅰ级病例；（３）ＴｒｆＲ阴性乳腺癌中，ＬｅｕＢ＾＋１细胞在瘤体≤２ｃ     

肾脏混合性上皮间质肿瘤

目的探讨肾脏混合性上皮间质肿瘤的临床病理特征。方法观察4例肾脏混合性上皮间质肿瘤的临床资料、镜下及免疫组织化学特点。结果患者3例女性,1例男性。临床表现主要为腰部不适和血尿,影像学检查示肾脏囊实性占位性病变。病理检查：肉眼肿瘤呈囊实性结构,镜下肿瘤由上皮和间质成分共同构成。上皮细胞可呈立方状、柱状、鞋钉样;其中1例上皮成分呈苗勒管上皮分化和肠上皮分化。间质成分为梭形细胞,并可见特征性呈束状分布的平滑肌组织和厚壁血管。免疫组织化学：上皮细胞AE1／AE3阳性,间质细胞雌激素受体（ER）、孕激素受体（PR）、平滑肌肌动蛋白（SMA）阳性。患者行肾切除术,术后随访未见复发。结论肾脏混合性上皮间质肿瘤为具有独特组织病理学特点的良性肿瘤,需要和肾脏其他良恶性肿瘤鉴别。     

促纤维组织增生性小圆细胞肿瘤2例报道及文献复习

目的 探讨促纤维组织增生性小圆细胞肿瘤的临床病理特点,提高诊断水平.方法 对2例本病少见部位发生者临床病理资料进行分析,并行组织病理学(HE)和免疫组化(SP法)观察.结果 该肿瘤多呈单结节或多结节状浸润性生长,瘤细胞小圆形、核深染、胞质少,呈团、巢状排列,间质有大量增生的纤维结缔组织.免疫表型同时表达上皮性、间叶性和神经源性标记物.结论 促纤维组织增生性小圆细胞肿瘤罕见,临床表现复杂,可发生在腹腔也可在其他部位.肿瘤具有特征性的组织学和免疫组化表现.预后大多较差.     

化生性胸腺瘤2例临床病理分析

目的：探讨化生性胸腺瘤的临床及病理学特征。方法：应用光镜及免疫组织化学方法观察2例化生性胸腺瘤的组织学特点及免疫学表型,并复习相关文献。结果：2例均为男性,年龄55岁及56岁。组织学肿瘤显示双相分化特点,上皮细胞区域与梭形细胞区域交错分布并相互移行。上皮细胞呈相互吻合的束状、岛状及宽大的梁状排列,细胞轻度异型,可见核沟及核内假包涵体,偶见核分裂像;梭形细胞呈短束状或席纹状排列,细胞温和,未见核分裂像。免疫表型：上皮细胞区域CK19和AE1/AE3呈强阳性表达,上皮膜抗原（epithelial membrane antigen,EMA）弱阳性;梭形细胞区域表达Vimentin、Bcl-2及CD99,AE1/AE3局灶阳性,EMA弱阳性。两种区域中Ki67指数均〈5%。间质淋巴细胞CD3、CD5、CD20阳性,不表达Td T和CD99。结论：化生性胸腺瘤是一种罕见的良性或低度恶性胸腺肿瘤,诊断依靠病理组织学和免疫组织化学标记,完整切除预后良好。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.