宜昌市2005-2014年18岁以下人群疫苗针对呼吸道传染病特征

目的 了解宜昌市近年来18岁以下人群疫苗针对呼吸道传染病的流行特征,为制定免疫策略提供科学依据.方法 收集2005-2014来宜昌市麻疹、流行性腮腺炎、风疹、流脑、流感疫情资料,用描述流行病学方法分析流行病学特征.结果 宜昌市2005-2014间共报告18岁以下人群麻疹、流腮、风疹、流脑、流感疫苗针对疾病17 532例,年均发病率依次为:0.17/10万、3.38/10万、0.25/10万、0.003/10万、0.48/10万;麻疹、流脑流行类型为散在发生,流行性腮腺炎、风疹、流行性感冒以暴发出现;各年间报告发病数差别较大,呈季节性分布,不同年份发生强度不尽相同,但近年来发病总体呈下降趋势;地区分布差异除流脑外有统计学意义(P均＜0.01);人群特征分布上差异有统计学意义(P匀＜0.01),男性平均发病率高于女性(男性发病率依次为:麻疹0.20/10万、流腮3.91/10万、风疹0.27/10万、流脑0.006/10万、流感0.53/10万;女性发病率依次为:麻疹0.14/10万、流腮2.71/10万、风疹0.22/10万、流脑0.001/10万、流感0.41/10万),麻疹发病集中在＜3岁的婴幼儿及中学生.结论 宜昌市疫苗针对性五种呼吸道传染病的控制效果不同,各年间发生数变化较大,需进一步加强宣传教育普及呼吸道传染病防治知识,提高未成年人疫苗接种率,有效建立人群免疫屏障,控制针对性疾病的发生率.     

广西凤山县2004-2011年流行性腮腺炎流行特征分析

目的:了解广西凤山县近几年流行性腮腺炎的流行病学特征,为今后制定防治措施提供依据。方法:收集该县2004-2011年报告的流行性腮腺炎病例及儿童麻疹——腮腺炎——风疹疫苗的接种资料,采用Excel2007软件进行统计分析。结果:该县8年中共发现流行性腮腺炎584例,4-10岁儿童人群年均发病率在108.25-793.23/10万之间,1-7岁儿童麻疹——腮腺炎——风疹疫苗接种率仅为15.72%,入学后的儿童随年龄增大,人群发病率呈上升趋势。5月和11月为腮腺炎发病高峰期,男女发病比例为1.66:1。全县9个乡镇病例报告超出国家人群年均发病率22.80/10万的水平。结论:该县儿童发病率较高的主要原因是学龄前儿童麻疹——腮腺炎——风疹疫苗接种率较低,需进一步加强儿童麻疹——腮腺炎——风疹疫苗的接种及补种工作。     

扩大国家免疫规划对辽宁省流行性腮腺炎发病率的影响

目的 评估麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹联合减毒活疫苗?(MMR)?纳入扩大国家免疫规划?(NEPI)?对流行性腮腺炎发病趋势的影响.方法 收集辽宁省2005年至2019年流行性腮腺炎发病数据,利用中断时间序列分析方法,分析疫苗接种前后发病率变化趋势.结果 MMR接种前,流行性腮腺炎月发病率呈上升趋势,均值为2.33/10万,平均...     

2010～2012年黔南州免疫规划疫苗针对呼吸道传染病控制效果分析

目的：描述与分析黔南州2010～2012年免疫规划疫苗针对呼吸道传染病报告发生数与变化趋势,为辖区的国家扩大免疫规划工作效果提供评价依据。方法：收集全州2010～2012年免疫规划疫苗针对呼吸道传染病疫情资料和专题调查报告,应用流行病学方法与统计学方法进行分析和统计处理。结果：2010—2012年三年间,黔南州共报告发生4种免疫规划疫苗针对呼吸道传染病3294例,年平均发病率26．14／10万。按照发病数及年均发病率依次为流行性腮腺炎2898例,23．00／10万;风疹377例,2．99／10万;麻疹18例0．14／10万;流行性脑脊髓膜炎1例,0．007／10万。各年间发病报告数差别较大,显示不同年份发生强度不尽相同,但总的趋势呈递减走向。结论：黔南州免疫规划疫苗针对4种呼吸道传染病的控制效果不同。麻疹的病例报告率三年间波动范围仅限于0．12／10万-0．17／10万之间,流行类型为散在发生,发生数呈逐年小幅递减。流行性腮腺炎与风疹病例报告率三年间波动范围在14．00／10万-36．38／10万之间,流行类型常以暴发出现,各年间发生数变化很大,控制效果较差。流行性脑脊髓膜炎三年间仅在散居儿童中发生1例,控制效果明显。     

某市2004～2005年流行性腮腺炎流行情况分析

目的了解某市流行性腮腺炎的流行及预防控制情况。方法对某市2004～2005年流行性腮腺炎的流行情况进行调查分析。结果某市2004～2005年流行性腮腺炎报告发病率分别为34．19／10万和16．80／10万。其发病特点是：全年均有发病，以春术夏初为多．人群主要分布在学生、托幼儿童，以3—9岁年龄组的发病率最高。结论应重视流行性腮腺炎的预防控制和预防接种。     

承德县2004-2008年麻疹流行病学分析

目的了解承德县5年来麻疹的发病特征和流行情况,为控制和消除麻疹提供科学依据。方法收集2004-2008年相关的预防接种资料及现场流行病学、血清学资料进行调查分析。结果2004-2008年承德县报告疑似病例145例,确诊129例。最小发病年龄5个月,最大年龄20岁。5年发病率分别为7.02/10万、5.38/10万、5.96/10万4.89/10万、4.26/10万。结论承德县2004-2008年麻疹发病率呈逐年下降趋势,但每年都存在麻疹流行,应继续加强冷链运转、提高麻疹疫苗的接种率,以进一步控制麻疹流行。     

2004—2020年河北省麻疹、流行性腮腺炎和风疹流行病学特征比较分析

目的 对河北省2004—2020年麻疹、流行性腮腺炎(流腮)和风疹流行病学特征进行比较分析,为3种传染病的管理和控制提供依据。方法 用描述流行病学方法对河北省2004—2020年麻疹、流腮和风疹的发病数据进行分析。结果 河北省2004—2020年麻疹、流腮和风疹的年均发病率分别为4.17/10万、17.03/10万和2.09/10万,麻疹发病率曲线先与流腮并行,2010年后又与风疹趋同。麻疹和风疹的季节分布趋势基本一致,均为单峰曲线,高峰跨度主要在3—6月;腮腺炎显示为双峰曲线,分别为4—7月和11月至次年1月。麻疹和风疹的地区分布比较集中,而腮腺炎相对分散,超过全省平均发病率水平的市：麻疹和风疹均为5个,腮腺炎7个。3种传染病发病率男性均高于女性;病例主要发生在<15岁儿童,2004—2020年平均占比分别为67.81%、82.42%和69.37%,麻疹0～2岁年龄组病例更集中,平均占总病例数的49.14%;腮腺炎4～9岁更集中,平均占比为45.51%;风疹没有明显的集中现象。结论 建议因地制宜,各市制定针对性措施;在高发季节来临前开展麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹联合减毒活疫苗(meas...     

茂名市50年来麻疹疫情流行情况分析与控制策略的探讨

目的探讨实施计划免疫前后麻疹流行特征的变化规律。方法将1950年以来的疫情资料划分为疫苗前、预防接种和计划免疫三个阶段进行对比分析。结果疫苗使用前(1950～1965年)、预防接种阶段(1966-1983年)和计划免疫阶段(1984～2001年)的麻疹年平均发病率分别为669．63／10万、494．71／10万和6．72／10万。实施计划免疫后,麻疹的流行特征表现为流行强度大大减弱,流行周期消失,流行季节不明显．发病年龄后移,不典型病例增多。结论计划免疫阶段的麻疹流行特征已发生根本性改变,现阶段麻疹控制策略是保持高水平的麻疹疫苗接种率,加强麻疹流行病学和血清学监测,开展麻疹强化免疫活动。     

合肥市 2011 年健康人群麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎抗体水平调查

目的研究人群麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎免疫状况,为制定免疫对策提供科学依据。方法随机抽取1422名0～30岁健康人员及部分育龄期女性,用酶联免疫吸附试验检测麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎IgG抗体水平,并进行分析。结果1422名健康人员麻疹抗体阳性1071人,抗体阳性率为75．3％;风疹抗体阳性1149人,抗体阳性率为80．8％;流腮抗体阳性1097人,抗体阳性率为77．1％。结论合肥市麻疹有出现散发和小范围流行的可能,风疹和流行性腮腺炎学龄组出现暴发的可能性较高。在认真完成麻疹疫苗的常规接种的前提下,对大年龄组儿童进行MMR疫苗的强化免疫或查漏补种是消除麻疹和控制风疹及流行性腮腺炎的有效方法和途径。     

湄潭县2004～2008年麻疹流行特征分析

目的探讨湄潭县麻疹流行规律,为制定相应的防控对策提供参考依据。方法对湄潭县2004～2008年麻疹发病资料进行分析。结果2004～2008年湄潭县麻疹发生病例64例,无死亡病例,年平均发病率为2．68／10万。2004年发病率最高为9．88／10万,2005年、2006年发病率最低为0．23／10万,7岁以下病例为39例,占60．94％。结论除继续加强免疫规划工作外,在局部地区间隔一定的时间,应进行麻疹疫苗强化免疫,预防和控制麻疹流行。     

营山县2014年健康人群麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎抗体水平监测结果分析

目的:了解营山县健康人群麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎抗体水平,评价疫苗接种效果和人群免疫状况,为制定免疫规划策略和相应传染病防制措施提供依据。方法:按照分层随机抽样的原则,分<1岁、1岁~、3岁~、5岁~、7岁~、15岁~、≥20岁7个年龄组,每个年龄组随机抽取30人作为监测对象,共210人,采用酶联免疫吸附实验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)法检测麻疹IgG、风疹IgG、腮腺炎IgG。结果:共检测210份血清标本,麻疹IgG阳性率为86.19%,风疹IgG阳性率为80.48%,腮腺炎IgG阳性率为63.81%。结论:营山县健康人群麻疹IgG抗体水平1岁以上年龄组人群均达到《预防接种规范》要求的85%免疫成功率指标,建立了有效免疫屏障。风疹IgG抗体和腮腺炎IgG抗体水平较低,不足以达到有效免疫屏障,提示我们要加强风疹、腮腺炎接种率和接种质量。     

Measles,mumps, and rubella: A cross-sectional study of susceptibility to vaccine-preventable diseases among young people in India

BackgroundGlobal elimination of vaccine preventable diseases, such as measles, mumps and rubella is a priority. Many countries have reported diminishing of antibody titres against these diseases among young population as immunization coverage of adolescents and adults in not monitored. The objective of this study was to determine the susceptibility against measles, mumps and rubella among young adults.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study serological evidence of susceptibility to measles, mumps and rubella was determined by qualitative detection of IgG antibody titres by commercially available enzyme linked florescence assay (VIDAS, bioMerieux) in serum samples young adults.ResultsA total of 335 young individuals (mean age: 20.54 ± 1.37 years) participated voluntarily between May 2017 to September 2018, of which 183 (54.63%) were males. Seroprotection against measles, mumps and rubella were 87.16%, 82.69% and 79.10% respectively.ConclusionSerological surveillance is important to monitor immune status in population. Susceptibility of young adults to measles, mumps, and rubella indicates need for booster vaccination. With the recent launch of measles-rubella vaccination campaign in India, country specific data will be required to plan periodicity of such campaign, which in turn would be based on accumulation of susceptible individuals in a community. Lastly, inclusion of mumps vaccine in the national universal immunization program needs consideration.     

Immunisation before school entry: should there be a law?

An epidemiologist questions whether laws mandating vaccination of children before school entry are necessary in Britain to reduce the incidence of diseases such as measles, mumps, and rubella. Using vaccination against measles as his example, Noah compares the coverage rate in the United States, where 46 states have school immunization laws, with coverage rates in Norway, the Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, and England and Wales, where immunization before school entry is not required. The United States has achieved a high vaccination rate for school age children, as have the Scandinavian countries and the Netherlands without enforcement laws. Noah concludes that better organization of health services and increased promotion of vaccination among health personnel and the public may be sufficient to raise Britain's overall immunization rate without legislation.     

Swedish experience of two dose vaccination programme aiming at eliminating measles, mumps, and rubella

In 1982 a two dose regimen was introduced in Sweden for the combined vaccination against measles, mumps, and rubella of children aged 18 months and 12 years. Since 1977 about half of the preschool children were vaccinated against measles annually, and since 1974 about 80% of 12 year old girls were vaccinated against rubella. During the period 1982 to 1985 90-93% of the eligible age cohorts of 18 month old children and 88-91% of the 12 year old children were immunised with the new combined vaccine. A study in 1982 of about 140 18 month old children who were nearly all seronegative before vaccination showed that 96%, 92%, and 99% seroconverted against measles, mumps, and rubella, respectively. A second study was carried out in 1983 of 247 12 year old children, of whom 11% lacked antibodies to measles, 27% to mumps, and 45% to rubella. This showed seroconversion in 82% and 80% against measles and mumps, respectively, and all children seroconverted against rubella. In the latest study in 1985 of 496 12 year olds 9% and 13% were seronegative against measles and mumps before vaccination, and 41% against rubella. Of these, 88% seroconverted to measles and 80% to mumps, and all converted to rubella when sera were tested by the haemolysis in gel method. After a neutralisation test against measles as well all children showed immunity to the disease. A low incidence of measles and declining figures for mumps and rubella were reported in 1984 to 1986. An outbreak of rubella during 1985 affected mainly boys in age cohorts in which only the girls had been vaccinated during the 1970s.     

一起小学风疹麻疹混合爆发的调查

目的 分析郴州市宜章县莽山乡某小学2005年的一起风疹麻疹爆发流行情况，探讨风疹麻疹防治措施。方法采用描述性流行病学调查分析。结果该小学共发生出疹病人53例，罹患率27．32％，最小发病年龄7岁，最大年龄15岁，确诊为麻疹8例，风疹39例。病例多为11．13岁学生，53例病人无风疹免疫史，48例接种过1针麻疹疫苗。结论本起为风疹麻疹混合爆发疲情，主要由于免疫措施未落实造成。对未发病学生应急接种麻风二联疫苗有防控效果。     

Immunization policies in Canadian medical schools.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the policies of Canadian medical schools concerning immunization of students and the methods used to promote these policies. DESIGN: Mail survey with the use of a 12-item, self-administered questionnaire; telephone follow-up to ensure response. SETTING: All 16 medical schools in Canada. PARTICIPANTS: Deans of Canada's 16 medical schools or their designates. All of them responded to the questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Policies on vaccination of students against diphtheria, hepatitis B, influenza, measles, mumps, poliomyelitis, rubella, tetanus and typhoid fever; recommended or required timing of such vaccination; methods for making students aware of immunization policies and for making vaccinations available to students; responsibility for payment for vaccination; compliance rates; methods used to monitor compliance; problems associated with noncompliance; policies for compensating students infected with hepatitis B or other vaccine-preventable diseases; and future plans for vaccination of medical students. RESULTS: Vaccination against rubella was required in 11 (69%) of the 16 medical schools, and vaccination against tetanus, diphtheria and hepatitis B was required in 10 (63%). Nine schools (56%) required vaccination against measles and poliomyelitis, and eight (50%) required mumps vaccination. Only three schools (19%) required or recommended influenza vaccination, and only one recommended vaccination against typhoid fever. The authors identified various methods used to promote student awareness of immunization policies, make vaccinations available, pay for vaccinations and monitor compliance. CONCLUSIONS: Each medical school has a unique set of requirements and recommendations for the vaccination of medical students. National guidelines on immunization for medical students and a comprehensive and nationally coordinated vaccination program would help to ensure that students receive proper protection from disease.     

The susceptibility of young adult Americans to vaccine-preventable infections. A national serosurvey of US Army recruits

OBJECTIVE--Due to recent resurgences of measles, mumps, and rubella among young US adults, we sought to generate antibody prevalence data for national and military immunization policy evaluations. DESIGN--We used a questionnaire and serological survey of Army recruits to assess antibody status to measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and to poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 by microneutralization assay. SETTING--Basic training reception centers at Fort Benning, Ga., and Fort Jackson, SC. PATIENTS--The study included 1547 US Army recruits who were inducted during September and October 1989. OUTCOME MEASURES--Seronegativity by various demographic factors. RESULTS--Seronegativity rates, directly adjusted to the 15- to 24-year-old US population in 1980, were 20.7% for measles, 15.6% for mumps, 17.5% for rubella, and 6.9% for varicella. For measles, mumps, and rubella, susceptibility was less in females, blacks, and college-educated recruits, and varicella susceptibility was greater in females and blacks. Recruitment who were born after 1969 lacked measles, mumps, and rubella antibodies more often than older recruits. The adjusted seronegativity rates for poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 were 2.3%, 0.6%, and 14.6%, respectively; trends by age, sex, and race-ethnicity were generally unremarkable. CONCLUSIONS--Among young adult Americans, susceptibility to measles, mumps, and rubella is unevenly distributed and may be substantial. Our findings support national objectives to further improve immunization coverage in school-age and adult populations and provide further impetus for legislation requiring college entrants to present evidence of having received at least two doses of measles vaccine, with one on or after entry into elementary school.     

Immunization

Vaccines have eliminated or substantially reduced the incidence in Canada of smallpox, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis. The Canadian Medical Association (CMA) advocates a single immunization schedule, complete for all age groups and diseases where immunization is indicated and available. CMA has endorsed in principle (1984), the second edition of the Guide to Immunization for Canadians compiled by the National Advisory Committee on Immunization and requested that it be disseminated to all practising physicians in Canada. CMA also firmly endorses the concept of a readily accessible nationwide method of recording immunization status. In keeping with the World Health Organization's commitment to global control of measles, CMA (1981) supports and encourages mandatory vaccination against measles for children. The association advocates a much more aggressive and sustained public education program to promote public awareness and acceptance of immunization.     

城乡结合部社区学龄前儿童基础免疫状况调查

目的了解北京市城乡结合部社区学龄前儿童免疫规划疫苗基础免疫情况,为查漏补种、传染病防控提供依据。方法采用普查的方法对北京市某城乡结合部社区学龄前儿童进行调查。自行设计问卷,通过入户调查填写调查表,了解儿童基本信息;免疫接种信息由《儿童预防接种信息管理系统》导出。结果 1 315例本社区管理儿童的卡介苗(BCG)、乙肝疫苗(HepB)、脊髓灰质炎疫苗(OPV)、百白破疫苗(DPT)及麻疹疫苗基础免疫的合格率分别为99.0%、97.0%、95.4%、96.8%和93.5%,及时率分别为90.3%、90.4%、83.4%、79.4%和79.7%。"五苗"全程接种合格率为87.2%,及时率为57.9%。A群流脑疫苗(A-MCV)、甲肝疫苗(HepA)、乙脑疫苗(JEV)、风疹疫苗、流行性腮腺炎疫苗基础免疫合格率分别为93.7%,88.4%,92.7%、92.1%和92.4%。本市户籍儿童的麻疹疫苗、A-MCV、HepA、JEV、风疹疫苗及流行性腮腺炎疫苗的基础免疫合格率明显高于外地户籍儿童(P<0.05);不同年龄组的儿童接种率总体上无显著差异。结论北京市城乡结合部社区学龄前儿童基础免疫状况存在一定问题,应加大管理力度。